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Praca z aktorem w reżyserskiej sztuce Lidii Zamkow

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Łubieniewska E.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Historicolitteraria

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2019

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vol. 19

257-274

RU

Lidia Zamkow, a great individual in the theatre, a hero of numerous press arguments in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, is mainly remembered as a shocking stage arranger with innovative ideas. Classics (Sophocles, Euripides, Shakespeare, Gorki, Dostoyevsky, Wyspiański) and contemporary period (Wiszniewski, Kafka, Brecht, Durrenmatt, Mrożek), were crucial for her achievements as a director. However, she was underappreciated as an actress with a few brilliant roles. Little did one realize how great her influence was on actorship, both as a director and an actress. This paper is an attempt at filling this gap; the author discusses some statements, which could be regarded as Zamkow’s aesthetic credo; she describes the characters played by Zamkow (especially Medea from the performance in the Kameralny Theatre); different critical opinions, as well as fragments of letters from the artist to actors, which show her skills. She was a rebellious, but curious and meticulous observer of Brecht’s work. By modifying the rules of epic play, she worked out her own methods of building roles. Distance and expression, elements of realism and symbolism, irony and pathos created in them a harmonious combination, against the contrasts which separated them.

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„Teatralność” – zakazany język w teatrze doby performatywnej

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Łubieniewska E.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Poetica

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2019

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vol. 7

222-233

EN

The notion of “theatricality”, transferred by Goffmann from the sphere of aesthetic dispute to the area of sociological considerations, has become the quintessence of “pretence”, “falsehood”, and immersion in “illusion”. As its opposite, the performative idea of theatrical theory and practice proposes “truth”, “agency”, and immersion in “reality”, although it does not reject all of the theatrical effects. While inscribing those effects into a performance enriches its appeal, applying performative actions that deconstruct the show turns against the nature of the theatre. The performances: Na niby – naprawdę, directed by Andrzej Dziuk, Być jak Steve Jobs, directed by Marcin Liber, and Akropolis, a project by Łukasz Twarkowski, presented and analysed in this paper, show various ways in which theatre – urged to chase modern reality – deals with the radical change in the cultural situation. Dziuk’s staging is a confrontation between the poetics of the stage metaphor (‘pretence’) and the performative theatrical devices (‘reality’), yet their values are reversed. The act of dramatic creation of the main character, actor Ginesius, proves spirituality to be the “real” dimension of the world, while the actual “reality” turns out to be a “faked” life. In Liber’s show, the precious “relic” of the “old” theatre is the character whose Brechtian songs comment on the world’s convulsions after the 1989 transformation. In his vision, the dominant elements are the digital effects, the audience is entertained by the revolving stage, and the actors create characters taken straight from the tabloid reality. At the end, one of the beneficiaries of the political changes provocatively announces taking over the theatre building, closing the theatre and laying off the actors: theatre has become redundant; we can only watch the methodical deconstruction of what used to define its significance. In turn, in Twarkowski’s show most of the action takes place on a screen hung above the stage, which features the actors’ partner – a computer equipped with a speech synthesizer. The director admits that he dreams of “a computer actor”. In the future, implementing this idea may replace the live relationship between the actor and the spectator. The only element of the show that offers a direct actorspectator contact is the performative “interlude”, in which an actress presents to the audience the sensations of a person who has suffered a stroke. Are we, then, witnessing the times when the performance overwhelms theatre altogether, and the audience, driven by new desires, bids farewell to the loathed “theatricality” with no regrets? Perhaps, instead of yielding to this expansion, we should revise the label of “theatricality”, which reduces the rich tradition of diverse artistic conventions to one dramatic model of naturalistic origin. Perhaps, the term “theatricality” should be redefined in the spirit of Artaud, Witkacy, and Brecht, for whom “theatricality” is the opposite of “pretence”, a manifestation of the artistic creation process. Thus understood, “theatricality” has the potential – through metaphor, poetic image, and other acts stimulating the imagination – to transform “the fake” into “the real”, and to transfer the spectator into a “reality” of higher order: the reality of art.

PL

Pojęcie „teatralności”, przeniesione przez Goffmanna ze sfery rozważań estetycznych w dziedzinę rozważań socjologicznych, stało się dziś kwintesencją „udania”, „fałszu”, pogrążenia w „iluzji”. Performatywna koncepcja teorii i praktyki teatralnej przeciwstawia tej kategorii „prawdę”, „sprawczość” i zanurzenie w „rzeczywistości”, choć z pewnych efektów teatralnych nie rezygnuje. O ile inkrustowanie nimi performansu wzbogaca jego atrakcyjność, o tyle stosowanie dekonstruujących spektakl działań performatywnych obraca się przeciw naturze teatru. Analizowane w artykule przedstawienia (Na niby-naprawdę, w reżyserii Andrzeja Dziuka, Być jak Steve Jobs, zrealizowane przez Marcina Libera oraz Akropolis, według projektu Łukasza Twarkowskiego) ukazują różne sposoby jakimi teatr, poddawany presji pościgu za współczesnością, radzi sobie z radykalną zmianą sytuacji kulturowej. Spektakl Dziuka konfrontuje poetykę scenicznej metafory („na niby”) z zabiegami o charakterze performatywnym („naprawdę”), lecz odwraca znaki wartości: akt teatralnej kreacji głównego bohatera, aktora Ginezjusza, odkrywa duchowość jako „prawdziwy” wymiar świata, podczas gdy rzeczywistość „prawdziwa” okazuje się życiem „na niby”. W spektaklu Libera drogocennym „reliktem” teatru „starego” jest postać, której brechtowskie pieśni komentują konwulsje świata po transformacji 1989 roku. W jego wizji dominują efekty komputerowe, cieszy oko obrotówka, aktorzy zaś budują figury żywcem wzięte z rzeczywistości „tabloidowej”. W finale jedna z beneficjentek politycznych przemian prowokacyjnie zapowiada przejęcie budynku, likwidację teatru i zwolnienie aktorów: teatr stał się zbyteczny; możemy jedynie obserwować metodyczną dekonstrukcję tego, co stanowiło niegdyś o jego fenomenie. Natomiast w spektaklu Twarkowskiego większość akcji ma miejsce na ekranie wiszącym nad sceną, gdzie głównym partnerem aktora jest wyposażony w funkcję mowy komputer. Reżyser wyznał, że marzy o „aktorze komputerowym”; realizacja tego pomysłu zastąpić może w przyszłości żywą relację między aktorem i widzem. Bezpośredni kontakt z publicznością wnosi w spektaklu jedynie performatywny „przerywnik”, gdy aktorka przekazuje widzom doznania osoby, która przeszła udar mózgu. Czy nadchodzą więc czasy, gdy performans pochłonie teatr bez reszty, a publiczność, powodowana nowymi potrzebami, pożegna wzgardzoną „teatralność” bez żalu? Może zamiast poddania się tej ekspansji należałoby raczej zweryfikować przypiętą „teatralności” etykietę, która sprowadza bogatą tradycję różnorodnych artystycznych konwencji do jednego modelu scenicznego o rodowodzie naturalistycznym i redefiniować pojęcie „teatralności”, w duchu, jaki nadawali mu Artaud, Witkacy, Brecht. Dla nich była ona przeciwieństwem „udania”, stanowiąc demonstrację procesu kreacji artystycznej. „Teatralność” tak rozumiana może – operując metaforą, obrazem poetyckim, działaniami, które pobudzają wyobraźnię – przeobrazić „na niby” w „naprawdę”, przenosząc widza w wyższego rzędu „realność”, w realność sztuki.

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Telewizyjne gry z Pirandellem

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Łubieniewska E.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Historicolitteraria

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2017

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vol. 17

135-149

PL

Televisions Play with Pirandello Abstract In the beginning of 1960s, the Polish press witnessed a discussion on Pirandello’s rightfor innovation, which was started by Zygmunt Greń who harshly attacked the writer for„pseudointellectualism” and using the metaphor of a mask as an empty stage effect. At thesame time, however, in Polish theatres, the author witnessed great prosperity. This includedalso Teatr Telewizji (Television Theatre) which in the course of 30 years showed his mostimportant plays, i.e.: Six Characters in Search of an Author, Henry IV, Right You Are (If You Think So), and comedies The Man, the Beast and the Virtue, Cecè, Il berretto a sonagli, The Manwith the Flower In His Mouth, and Tutto per bene.When analyzing two of them – Right You Are (If You Think So) from 1967 directed by IreneuszKanicki and Henry IV directed by Maciej Prus and shown as late as 1989 – it should be notedthat in both plays political undertones could be noticed. A characteristic interpretativefeature of adaptations of Pirandello in Polish theatres was the manifestation of the “role”his characters are doomed for, which happens at the price of their internal truth. Society,often using the institutions of power, tries to trespass the intimate space in order to conformit to predictable stereotypes uncovered by – real or pretend – “madness” of Pirandello’scharacters. Both Right You Are (If You Think So) and Henry IV gave us two different faces ofresistance of an individual in the context of pressure of collectivity, regardless of whether it isgoverned by institutions or stereotypes of worldview.Even though in the contemporary (almost non-existent) Teatr Telewizji it is difficult toimagine new adaptations of the author’s plays, in spite of gloomy prognosis of criticism, Polishtheatres are still interested in the author. Six Characters in Search of an Author treating abouta destruction of subjective structure and attempts of rebuilding it is especially constantlypresent in theatre programme. The play was even used in an experiment with theatre therapyin Lublin – a disabled group prepared the production.Therefore, maybe the Italian Nobelist still has a lot to offer to contemporary theatre? Keywords: innovation, myth, reception, truth, illusion, mask, theatricality, collectivity,stereotype, power, madness

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Portret „teatrała”. Tadeusz Kudliński – krytyk...

100%

Łubieniewska E.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Historicolitteraria

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2018

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vol. 18

104-112

RU

Tadeusz Kudliński remained in the memory of Cracovians, above all, as a theatre critic and the author of books dedicated to this topic, which have been republished many times. Serving the function of an educational mission, they combined a harmonious perspective of a historian, researcher, critic, polemicist and apologist, who was also a great story-teller. The role of a ‘theatre man’, which he assumed, also included contacts with amateur theatre, discussions with audience and cooperation with the Theatre Lovers Club. Views on art which had clashed in the preceding century, were clearly reflected in the monographs and collections of reviews written by the author, for whom the history of the theatre was, in fact, the history of drama. For years, Kudliński consistently carried out his ‘theatre lesson’. It revolved around numerous issues – from the description of various theatrical aesthetics, through the search for ‘a Polish style’ of performance, to the characterisation of experimental groups (e.g. Grotowski’s or student theatre). The critic placed experiment on the side of cultural life, on no account in the popular theatre, therefore, he criticised all Polish directors from the second half of the 20th century who staged ‘experimentally’, especially classics. Being a traditionalist and a supporter of theatrical illusion, he attacked Brecht’s model of epic performance, glorifying ”the process of actor transformation”, although he emphasised that it doesn’t have to ”concern only reality.” He provoked, irritated – and taught, which can be confirmed by the fact that his books about theatre are still widely read nowadays.

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Praca z aktorem w reżyserskiej sztuce Lidii Zamkow

„Teatralność” – zakazany język w teatrze doby performatywnej

Telewizyjne gry z Pirandellem

Portret „teatrała”. Tadeusz Kudliński – krytyk...