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Socjalizacja ekonomiczna dzieci i młodzieży

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Harmacińska M., Szmelter M.
International Business and Global Economy
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2015
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vol. Volume 34
184–197
EN
This paper focuses on children’s economic socialisation, especially its financial aspect. It adopts an interdisciplinary approach and the aim of its authors is to indicate the tendencies in global business life which influence the process of economic socialisation, as well as to present the conclusions based on the analysis of the stages and factors of economic socialisation and the behaviour contract as a very effective method of children’s financial socialisation. The methods used in the paper include the analysis of specialist literature and observation. Economic socialisation continues through childhood into adult life of an individual and determines the process of his pursuit of enrichment, which takes place both in the context of the child’s cognitive and social development. Paying attention to children’s economic socialisation is important, because it is during childhood when the habits related to the consumption, budgeting and saving are being shaped.
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Retail investors in the foreign exchange market

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Sobol I., Szmelter M.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
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2020
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issue vol. 64, nr 6
168-181
EN
The foreign exchange market (FX market, forex) is the largest and the most liquid market of the world. Up to the late 1990s, the FX market was dominated by financial institutions and large corporations, which conducted FX transactions for hedging, speculation and arbitrage purposes. While these participants still constitute the most important part of the market, the role of retail investors has been increasing since the beginning of the 2000s. FX trading conducted by retail investors has become significant enough to be included in the FX market statistics, provided by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The data collected by BIS is the basis for the analysis conducted in this paper. The main objective of the study is to examine the factors which contributed to the emergence and development of the FX retail market as well as to analyse its size and structure in comparison with the total FX market.
PL
Rynek walutowy jest największym i najbardziej płynnym rynkiem na świecie. Do końca lat 90. XX wieku był zdominowany przez instytucje finansowe i duże korporacje, które przeprowadzały transakcje walutowe w celu zabezpieczenia, spekulacji i arbitrażu. Mimo że podmioty te nadal stanowią najważniejszą część rynku, od 2000 roku rośnie również rola inwestorów indywidualnych. Wartość obrotów na runku walutowym, za które odpowiedzialni są inwestorzy indywidualni, stała się na tyle duża, że jest uwzględniana w statystykach rynku walutowego publikowanych przez Bank Rozrachunków Międzynarodowych (Bank for International Settlements – BIS). Dane zebrane przez BIS są podstawą badań przeprowadzonych w tym artykule. Głównym ich celem jest przedstawienie czynników, które przyczyniły się do rozwoju detalicznego rynku walutowego, oraz analiza wielkości i struktury tego rynku na tle całego rynku walutowego.
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