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Graves beneath barrows on Ancient necropoleis in the North-Pontic area

100%
Machowski W.
Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization
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2011
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vol. 15
127-149
EN
Under the barrows of the necropoleis on ancient cities in the North-Pontic area one can find different types of graves: 1) earthen graves (pit, niche or small chamber tombs); 2) cist graves (built of terracotta tiles, dried bricks or stone slabs); 3) stone-built chamber tombs. The types of the graves vary mainly depending on the specific period and the necropolis. In the early period of the colonization Greeks buried their dead in simple graves, primarily in pit graves, whose walls were lined sometimes with wood, roof-tiles or stone slabs. In the 5th century BC on the necropoleis of ancient cities in the North-Pontic area niche graves appeared. Starting from mid 4th century BC niche tombs have undergone a gradual evolution into massive chamber tombs, sometimes built of stone. These types of tombs became the most popular, with mounds built over them. The greatest period of development of under-kurgan burials was in 4th-3rd centuries BC. Within this period the largest amount of the greatest and most complex tombs under the barrows were created. Examples of these are the great stone chamber tombs in the necropolis of Pantikapaion. After a period of decay in the erecting burial mounds in 2nd-1st centuries BC, due to the economic situation of Greek colonies, this custom was revived again in the 1st-2nd centuries AD. The most interesting examples of tombs of this period are the barrows built at the necropolis of Olbia.
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Michał Pietrzykowski, Adyta świątyń palmyreńskich. Studium funkcji i formy, Warszawa 1997

100%
Machowski W.
Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny
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1999
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vol. 52
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issue 1
3
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Polish-Ukrainian Koshary Project, seasons 2007–2008

51%
Papuci-Władyka E., Bodzek J., Machowski W., Redina E. R.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2010
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vol. 2
257-275
EN
In 2007, a Polish-Ukrainian expedition operating within the framework of the Koshary Project conducted the tenth season of excavations on the complex of sites in Koshary. Within the trenches III and VII exploration of layers and features (mainly storage pits) discovered in 2006 was continued. Field works conducted in this part of the site allowed to reveal the eastern border of the fortified town. Outside it the remains of “suburb” are located, which were the subject of investigations during the campaigns 2003-2005. Trench VIII provided some new informations. Relics of town’s fortifications were uncovered here in the form of stone wall and ditch. The wall itself had not been preserved, but its trace, left after the dismantling of presumably regular blocks cut from limestone. The ditch laid at a distance of 10 m away from the face of the wall and might have served as a moat. Both the wall and ditch ran in the southeasterly direction, toward the edge of the liman. Future explorations should determine the extent of destruction suffered by the eastern part of the settlement due to the collapse of the promontory edge in this area. As a result of investigations made up to 2007 (both archaeological excavations and geophysical prospection), it may be assumed that the main part of the “town”, encompassing the architectural relics uncovered in trenches III, IV (explored in 1998–2002) and VII was situated in the northeastern part of the promontory, on naturally elevated ground. It was walled off from the northwest, west and south by a defence wall with a system of ditches. This then would have been the fortified town, the space inside the walls packed with houses built of stone and dried brick. The evidence now favours the existence of an open settlement outside the fortified enclosure – a “suburb”, comprising scattered, isolated homesteads, such as Farm 1 discovered in trench VI (2003-2005).
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