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EN
The article discusses Elisha Qimron’s suggestion that the syntagm חוק ומשפט וטהרה (B 52 = 4Q394 8 IV,2; 4Q396 1–2 II,3-4) from 4QMMT indicated the tripartite division of Jewish law in the understanding of the Qumran community. The first part presents the context of the use of חוק ומשפט וטהרה in 4QMMT, and briefly analyses the use of each of these terms in the literature of the Second Temple Period. The second part raises arguments refuting E. Qimron’s idea and proposes an alternative meaning of חוק ומשפט וטהרה.
PL
The article presents the major hypotheses concerning the emergence of the 364-day calendar within Judaism and the related calendrical controversy, which presumably caused the separation of a certain group of Jews, known to us as the Qumran Community, from the temple cult in Jerusalem. It is not known whether the 364-day calendar tradition is older than that of the Astronomical Book, or whether the adoption of this tradition was accompanied by conflicts. The Qumran texts do not provide unequivocal evidence for any calendrical polemics. The only witness to these polemics is The Book of Jubilees, copies of which were found in the Qumran library. However, the Qumran Community itself did not share the radical line of The Book of Jubilees, which condemns reliance on the moon in time-keeping. The 364-day calendar is presumed to have been a distinctive feature of the Qumran Community, which however did not arouse any controversies within Second Temple Judaism.
EN
This article presents a 364-day year as a schematic year, being an innovation within Second Temple Judaism which emerged from Neo–Babylonian astrology in the Hellenistic period. The very first appearance of the year is found in the Enochic Astronomical Book (1 Enoch 72–82), after which it was set in the context of the covenant by an author of the Book of Jubilees. Scholars suggest that the year was transformed from a Babylonian ideal year (i.e. 360-day year) into the 364-day year by means of four phenomenal days added singly at the end of each quarter, so as to adjust the year to a sabbatical temporal system. In the Qumran scrolls, the 364-day year is a common denominator for all calendrical texts.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia rok 364–dniowy jako rok schematyczny, będący innowacją w ramach judaizmu okresu hellenistycznego, która wyłoniła się z astronomii-astrologii mezopotamskiej. Po raz pierwszy na gruncie judaizmu rok ten spotykamy w Księdze Astronomicznej (1 Hen 72–82), a następnie w Księdze Jubileuszy, której autor włącza go w ramy przymierza z Bogiem. Rok schematyczny prawdopodobnie wyłonił się z babilońskiego roku idealnego, złożonego z 360 dni, do którego dodano cztery dodatkowe dni na koniec każdego kwartału, tak aby dostosować go do cyklu szabatowego. Świadkami tego dostosowania roku schematycznego są zwoje wspólnoty z Qumran, w których wszystkie teksty kalendarzowe oparte są o 364–dniowy rok. Rok schematyczny nie należy identyfikować z rokiem słonecznym, gdyż uwzględnia on również fenomeny związane z księżycem.
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