The implementation of the revised Lisbon strategy and new strategic document Europe 2020 require establishment of a general framework for effectiveness of a modern economy, based on high quality research and innovative products, instruments for marketization and good balance between the interests of consumers and owners, facilitating free circulation of knowledge. Technology transfer has some evident advantages and strengths. It comprises of various actors and building up of specific elements which play different roles in the transferring process. The technology transfer possesses an ability to deal with complexity of the innovation system, etc. However, there are still many deficits as barriers in effective and competitive economy such as insufficient knowledge of the opportunities for commercialization of inventions and difference in IP management approaches implemented by the industry and research organizations, etc. Technology transfer is a unique element of the innovation system aiming to overcome shortcomings of the system and to create a sustainable link between research and business communities. Technology transfer is a milestone for establishment of new types of relationships with the businesses, providing modern IPR knowledge and commercializing innovative technologies. Favorable legislation targeted at technology transfer is a prerequisite, and a new attitude towards IP rights is required, in a broad sense - a proactive role in innovation by managing IPR from research is needed.
This paper explores social responsibility training as part of university educational programmes. The authors compare French and Bulgarian students’ perceptions of various elements of social responsibility and how social responsibility is approached in universities’ curricula. Bulgarian students see social responsibility more often in terms of volunteer work, charitable activities and career opportunities, while French students associate it with environmental aspects. The only statistically significant gender difference in Bulgaria emerged in linking improving working conditions with social responsibility. French students placed stronger emphasis on business and the possible practical applications of social responsibility training offered by universities.
W niniejszym artykule omówiono trzy powiązane narracje. Pierwsza z nich opisuje dynamikę definicji gospodarki społecznej i przedsiębiorstw społecznych. Druga przedstawia bułgarskie spojrzenie na przedsiębiorstwa społeczne na podstawie różnych źródeł danych, koncentrując się na poszczególnych lukach prawnych utrudniających rozwój specyficznych dla Bułgarii przedsięwzięć społecznych zwanych czitaliszta. Mają one najdłuższą i najtrwalszą tradycję pośród organizacji pozarządowych w kraju. Trzecia narracja to historia przedsiębiorstw społecznych non-profit jako czynników zmiany instytucjonalnej. Przykłady wykorzystane w artykule narodziły się w różnych okresach, mają różną specyfikę, ale wskazują na znaczenie otoczenia gospodarczego i społecznego dla stopnia zróżnicowania profilu instytucjonalnego czitaliszt. Zbadano specyficzne formy bułgarskich podmiotów społecznych w celu wykazania ich potencjału zmian instytucjonalnych, oczekiwanego stopnia oddziaływania oraz zgodności ze spójnymi politykami. Przeanalizowano również niektóre braki regulacyjne zawężające zakres ich działania.
EN
The following paper presents three related narratives. The first one looks at the dynamics of definitions of social economy and social enterprises. The second presents the Bulgarian perspective on social enterprises from different data sources with a focus on particular regulatory gaps, which impede the development of specific social enterprises in Bulgaria, called chitalishte. They have the longest and most steady tradition in the country among the not-for-profit organizations. The third narrative presents a story of non-profit social enterprises as agents of institutional change. The examples used in the paper arose in different time periods, have different specifics, but all emphasize the importance of the economic and social environment for the degree of sway on the institutional profile of chitalishta. The specific forms of Bulgarian social entities were studied in order to demonstrate their potential for institutional changes, expected level of impact, and compliance with coherent policies. Some regulatory deficiencies that narrow the scope of their action were also analyzed.
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