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Najnowsze zmiany w zakresie gospodarki odpadami – analiza prawno-ekonomiczna

100%
Żurawiecka A., Kocia A.
MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne
|
2019
|
issue 31
39-54
PL
Autorki poruszają tematykę najnowszych zmian w prawie w zakresie zarządzania i segregacji odpadów komunalnych. Temat ten analizują z punktu widzenia skutków prawno-ekonomicznych, jakie mogą one za sobą przynieść. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie polskiej gospodarki zarządzania odpadami w świetle regulacji prawnych oraz uwarunkowań gospodarczych. W artykule poruszona jest również tematyka wyzwań stojących przed samorządami lokalnymi i przedsiębiorcami, a zatem głównych interesariuszy wprowadzanych zmian. Aby zrealizować postawiony cel badawczy, Autorki wykorzystały przegląd literatury w zakresie prawa ochrony środowiska na poziomie polskim i międzynarodowym oraz wnioskowanie ekonomiczne. Przeprowadzone badanie ujawniło, że wprowadzanie zmian – zwłaszcza złożonych i niejednoznacznych – może prowadzić do pogorszenia ochrony środowiska oraz stawiać wiele wyzwań przed podmiotami niemającymi odpowiednich sił zasobowych do realizacji nałożonych wymagań. Artykuł został podzielony na pięć części. Pierwsze dwie wprowadzają czytelnika do aktualnego stanu prawnego w zakresie zarządzania odpadami i obowiązków, jakie w związku z tym spoczywają na przedsiębiorcy. Kolejna część porusza tematykę nadchodzących zmian w prawie, które mają dotknąć sposobu segregacji śmieci. Autorki wyjaśniają, na czym nadchodząca zmiana ma polegać oraz kiedy zacznie obowiązywać. Pozostałe dwie części artykułu to analiza ekonomiczna najnowszej zmiany prawa, jak i prezentacja miasta Wrocław, jako przykładu jednostki zarządzającej przejrzyście kosztami związanymi z segregacją śmieci.
EN
Authors of the article discuss the latest changes in the law in the field of management and segregation of municipal waste. They analyze the topic from the perspective of possible legal and economic effects. The article aims to present the Polish legal regulations and economic conditions of waste management. The article also describes the challenges that local governments and entrepreneurs face with the effective waste economy. To achieve the research goal, the authors conducted a literature review in the field of the Polish and international environmental law as well as utilized the economic inference. The study revealed that the introduction of changes – especially of the complex and ambiguous ones – can lead to a decline of environmental protection and pose many challenges to entities not having adequate resources to meet the imposed requirements. The article is divided into five parts. The first two introduce a reader to the current waste management legal status and the responsibilities for entrepreneurs. The next part deals with the subject of upcoming changes in the law, that will affect the waste segregation. The authors explain what the changes will consist of and when they will take effect. The remaining two parts of the paper focus on economic analysis of the latest change in the law. They also present the city of Wrocław as an example of a city managing costs of the waste segregation transparently.
2
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FDI IN POLAND: DETERMINANTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION

81%
Torrisi R. C., Delaunay C. J., Kocia A., Lubieniecka M.
Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo
|
2009
|
issue 23
3-15
EN
This paper examines the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Poland and the Polish FDI experience since economic transition to a market economy began in late 1989 and some policy implications for similar economies. Using the ARIMA regression methodology, with a one year auto regressive lag for the independent variables, the model tested the dependency of FDI in Poland to a number of macro-economic variables for the period 1991 to 2006. This paper validates the positive linkage between market size and FDI in Poland. In addition, other factors i.e. exchange rate, corporate taxes, and accession to the European Union were found to be significant determinants. However, both the variables associated with openness to trade and rising wages were not significant determinants. This paper suggests that macroeconomic performance, the relative strength of the US dollar and regional economic integration are important factors in attractiveness of FDI in host countries. Additionally, existing tax rates may impact FDI, but experience and data suggest that foreign investors with long term planning horizons are attracted by expected future profitability and future rate declines. From a firm's perspective, this paper suggests that the additional risks of market entry via FDI are acceptable to decision makers when the host economy is growing and committed to economic liberalization, market determined currency valuation and regional integration, while labour costs per se are not significant barriers to FDI. The successful economic transformation and the ensuing positive experience of foreign investors in Poland provide evidence and confirmation that significant FDI opportunities may be realized in similar transition economies.
3
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Optimal Fiscal Policy in an Open Economy with Capital Income Shifting and Consumer Cross-border Purchases

71%
Kudła J., Kocia A., Kopczewska K., Kruszewski R., Walczyk K.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
|
2015
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
9-30
EN
The paper presents a fiscal policy model integrating tax avoidance, the complexity of tax systems and the fiscal solvency hypothesis within the traditional framework of tax competition. Furthermore, we take into account: taxation of consumption, possibility of capital income shifting and foreign goods purchases (untaxed in the destination country). We conclude that if fiscal policy is by no means unfettered the equilibrium can be allocation efficient, provided that the marginal rate of substitution between private and public goods is one. The changes in public debt affect tax rates in equilibrium differently: positively for the consumption tax rate and negatively for the labor tax rate. The change of the capital tax depends on the level of economic internalization. This approach is especially useful during a solvency crisis and can be applied to predict tax rates’ adjustment when the bonds issuance decreases or public debt accelerates.
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