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PL
Wśród wielu kwestii, jakie poruszane są w kontekście rozwoju m.in. dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, pojawia się ta poświęcona zagadnieniu zabaw i gier. Potrzeba bawienia się nie wygasa jednak wraz z zakończeniem etapu rozwoju, jakim jest dzieciństwo. Zabawy jako naturalna potrzeba gatunku homo sapiens wraz z aktywnością poznawczą (potrzebą uczenia się) i społeczną uznawane są za elementarne formy ludzkiej aktywności także w okresie dorosłości i starości. Podejmując rozważania dotyczące ewolucji zabaw w gry, zaakcentowano fakt tożsamości pojęć „zabawa” i „gra” oraz możliwych odmienności znaczeniowych tych dwóch pojęć. Żywiołowość zabaw może podlegać zdyscyplinowaniu. Istnienie dużego zasobu literatury poświęconej zabawom (dziecięcym, dorosłych) odsuwa niekiedy na dalszy plan analizy procesu ewolucji aktywności zabawowej w granie (cykl: zabawa-gra). Pewne kategorie zabaw i gier układają się bardzo wyraźnie w sekwencję czasową związaną z pojawianiem się ich oraz przechodzeniem jednych w drugie (zabaw w gry). Zagadnienie to nie należy do dobrze zbadanych, jednak pewien zarys tej myśli można już opisać.
EN
Among the many issues that are raised in the context of the development of preschool children, among others, there is the one devoted to the issue of play and games. However, the need to play does not cease with the end of the developmental stage that is childhood. Playing as a natural need of the species homo sapiens, along with cognitive activity (the need to learn) and social activity, are considered elementary forms of human activity also in adulthood and old age. In considering the evolution of playfulness in games, the fact of the identity of the concepts of “fun” and “play” and the possible differences in the meanings of these two concepts were emphasized. The vividness of play may be subject to discipline. The existence of a large body of literature on play (children’s, adult) sometimes relegates the analysis of the process of evolution of play activity into play (cycle: play-game). Certain categories of fun and games are very clearly arranged in a temporal sequence related to their appearance and the transition of one into another (fun into games). This issue is not one of the well-studied, but some outline of this thought can already be described.
EN
After brief remarks related to the current discourse present in the professional literature on the perspective of the development of competences and professional improvement, this text focuses on ideas which have important implications for their perspective of development and the assessment of the process of professional improvement of teachers, namely (a) building teachers’ professionalism, especially for those who are trapped in an increasingly formalized system, based on documents, content of teachers training courses and then in a rigid career path and (b) defining and assessing the standards of the professional development process. The text ends with the thesis that the most valuable resources available in each school are the teachers, that there is an urgent need to remodel the current system and to concentrate on strengthening the potential present in the idea of the professionalization of teachers (and their assessment) in terms of teaching standards (related to what they should know and be able to do).
EN
The formation of civic values should be a priority in education, because the perceived image of our homeland in our eyes and it the citizens’ of other countries depends on the extent of the knowledge and awareness of the country’s cultural heritage acquired by our youngest citizens. This predominantly is the task of families and schools. Families and institutions through cooperation and complementarity should prepare students to actively participate in social and cultural life. Thanks to this children since an early age will have respect towards their homeland and will also be tolerant towards the differences of other nations.
PL
Kształtowanie postaw obywatelskich powinno być priorytetem w wychowaniu, ponieważ od tego, ile wiedzy i dziedzictwa kulturowego przekażemy naszym najmłodszym podopiecznym zależy, jak będzie postrzegana nasza ojczyzna zarówno przez nas samych, jak i przez naszych sąsiadów na całym świecie. Zadanie to należy głównie do rodziny i szkoły, które dzięki współpracy i uzupełnianiu się przygotowują uczniów do aktywnego udziału w życiu społecznym i kulturowym. Sprawiają, że dzieci już od najmłodszych lat mają poszanowanie dla ojczyzny, a także są tolerancyjne wobec odmienności innych narodów.
EN
Nowadays everyone faces the necessity to answer many questions concerning the difficult and complex processes shaping one’s identity. Therefore, civic and social education should be promoted from a young age. This can be accomplished by passing on cultural herit¬age and regional culture to children as well as by teaching them respect for national traditions and for their country.Shaping civic and social attitudes in students at an early school age is one of the main tasks of the Polish school. The future of our country depends on that. With the presence of conditions allowing the comprehensive development of the students, future generations may be raised as people aware of their roots, who can find their way in Europe and the world as well.
PL
Obecnie każdy człowiek staje wobec konieczności udzielania odpowiedzi na wiele pytań dotyczących trudnego i złożonego procesu kształtowania swojej tożsamości. Od najmłodszych lat należy więc zadbać o wychowanie obywatelskie i społeczne. Czyni się to poprzez przekazywanie dziedzictwa kulturowego z uwzględnieniem kultury regionu, poszanowanie tradycji narodowej oraz szacunek dla historii i teraźniejszości własnego kraju.Kształtowanie postaw obywatelskich i społecznych uczniów w edukacji wczesnoszkolnej to jedno z fundamentalnych zadań polskiej szkoły. Uznaje się, że od jego wykonania zależy m.in. sposób rozumienia i wypełniania w dorosłym życiu roli obywatela, istnienie lub brak więzi z krajem ojczystym czy godne reprezentowanie Polski poza jej granicami. Dzięki warunkom do wszechstronnego rozwoju uczniów można wychowywać przyszłe pokolenie świadome swoich korzeni, a jednocześnie potrafiące odnaleźć się w Europie i świecie.
EN
New legal regulations in Poland provide for the need of earlier diagnosis and intervention. The regulations refer to two different diagnoses, i.e. a teachers’ diagnosis and that of the specialist (clinical). The teachers’ diagnosis (of the kindergarten and school) results from the process of recognizing and assessing a child’s problems. While the specialist (clinical) diagnosis is carried out at the psychological and pedagogical clinic. Both forms complement each other. A preliminary assessment of the lack of readiness to attend school and the risk of specific learning difficulties should be made as early as at the preschool stage within the teachers’ diagnosis. The discussed directive (RMEN-PPP) imposes an obligation on the kindergarten and the school and makes the institutions responsible for recognizing children’s difficulties and providing them with assistance. However, if the assistance is to be effective, the mentioned centres should cooperate with parents and specialists from the clinic.
EN
This study has been devoted to creative attitudes represented by 6-7-year old children, evaluated by the creative and re-constructive attitudes rating scale (SPTO)1. The central focus was to relate differences in attitudes among children commencing their education at the age of 6 to those who had started their school attendance before the reform (at the age of 7). An attempt was made to answer the question whether pupils differing in the year of birth, joined within one school form, would generate any disruption of their potential creativity. A complementary issue was to evaluate the level of creative attitudes along the dimorphic pattern.
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