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„Malá slova“ a jejich podíl na stylu mluvených projevů

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Hoffmannová J.
Stylistyka
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2017
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vol. 26
155-171
EN
In contrast to written language, spoken utterances evince a much higher incidence of deictics, indefinite and pseudo-demonstrative pronouns, contact particles (phatic expressions), specific conjunctions and other connectives, interjections, fillers and hesitation sounds. Corpus-based data should make it possible to attempt a new typology of such expressions (of a broad category of “discourse markers”), independent of the traditional categorization of the parts of speech. The research of spoken Czech syntax must take into account these groups of lexical means that are innate to spoken discourse, i.e. this important area where lexis and syntax meet. Such words as the Czech jako, teda, jakoe, jakoby seem to be semantically vague or empty, but they have a special effect on the connectedness and cohesion of spoken discourse. Moreover, the syntax of spoken discourse has to be investigated in terms of its dialogic and processual nature, inevitably respecting the relationships between utterances and dialogue turns; that is why special attention must be given to “small words” employed at the beginning or end of various types of turns. Their participation in the turn-taking mechanismus, as well as other functions, demonstrates that the “small words” in most cases cannot be regarded as redundant expressions, and that they contribute to the style of spoken discourse.
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Radost z vícejazyčnosti

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Hoffmannová J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2013
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vol. 74
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issue 3
211-221
EN
The phenomenon of multilingualism can currently be observed and analyzed from various perspectives which are identified and summarized in this article. Multilingualism is of interest for psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, neurolinguistics, conversation analysis and discourse analysis, as well as for researchers working with language management, and phenomena including bilingualism, diglossia and code-switching are the objects of research. This article emphasizes the approaches used in two recent publications: Život s více jazyky (Life with Multiple Languages, 2011) by Ivo Vasiljev and Nejen jazykem českým: Studie o vícejazyčnosti v literatuře (Not Just in Czech: Studies on Multilingualism in Literature, 2011) by Petr Mareš. Ivo Vasiljev’s book is a language autobiography, yet it cannot be considered a mere personal testimony, because the biographic method is established in the social sciences as an important qualitative research method. Petr Mareš, for whom the use of more than one language in Czech literature has been a major long-term research topic, views multilingualism as the bearer of the aesthetic function and as a means of achieving heterogeneity in text structure. Though the perspectives guiding the two books differ greatly, the two authors share a common quest for connections between Czech and other languages (including various varieties of Czech and its overall stratification).
3
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Konstruování obrazu minulosti zaměřené na dětské adresáty: míšení stylů a žánrů

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Hoffmannová J.
Stylistyka
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2019
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vol. 28
143-156
CS
The monthly magazine Časostroj (Time Machine), published in the Czech Republic since 2011, is meant to enable “a fun journey into history” for readers aged 7–15. Several years ago, this magazine took 2nd place in a competition organised by the Czech Academy of Sciences for the popularisation of science. The paper considers how this specifically-profiled popularisation of history oscillates between academic (pedagogical, didactic), everyday communicative and “entertainment” styles, as well as how the entertainment function of language and texts is promoted in contemporary communication. Attention is devoted to the fact that in this popularising discourse – probably much more than in scholarly historiography – narration merges with commentary, and historical fiction has a specific use. The selection of topics and historical events is determined witha consideration of young readers, who are transported into history and directly integrated into past events. The magazine’s authors and editors engage their intended readers in continuous dialogue and maintain live contact with them. The paper also presents the various genres which appear in the magazine (from myths, legends and fables to comics, including, e.g. “historical detective stories”). It further recalls and accents everyday life in history in this popularising discourse and its connections to the gender perspective (female perspective), among others. Emphasis is also placed on the educational function of the texts – on how young readers are encouraged to be actively interested in history and to be independent thinkers (e.g. through alternative history).
4
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Jubileuszowy tom zbiorowy („Festschrift”) jako interakcyjny i intertekstualny gatunek komunikacji naukowej

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Hoffmannová, J.
tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs
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2013
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issue 6
EN
The article is devoted to the genre of Festschrift, i.e. a volume dedicated to an eminent scholar in a particular field (linguistics in this case) on the occasion of his or her birthday/jubilee. It focuses on the position of the Festschrift in scientific discourse, its intertextual character and its relationship to other genres with similar communicative intentions (laudatio/eulogy, brief biographical portrait, obituary). It further analyzes the interactional aspects of the Festschrift: the way in which authors of contributions manifest their relationship to the personality and works of the honoree, citing and analyzing his or her opinions, dealing with the honoree’s individual style, utilizing his or her topics or terminology, or reminiscing about collaboration with the scholar. The article also devotes attention to titles of the individual contributions to the volume, their ordering, rhetorical pathos, figurative expression and humorous dedications. Frequently-used speech acts such as thanking, congratulat¬ing, praising and complimenting are also analyzed.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest gatunkowi księgi jubileuszowej – zbioru ofiarowanego wybitnemu specjaliście z jakiejś dziedziny (w tym przypadku z dziedziny lingwistyki) z okazji jego jubileuszu. Rozważane jest miejsce zbioru jubileuszowego w obrębie dyskursu naukowego, zwraca się uwagę na jego intertekstualny charakter i na jego stosunek do innych podobnie motywowanych gatunków (laudacja, portret, nekrolog). Następnie analizowane są interakcyjne aspekty księgi jubileuszowej – w jaki sposób autorzy artykułów manifestują swój stosunek do osoby i dzieła jubilata (cytują lub analizują jego opinie, odnoszą się do jego indywidualnego stylu, podejmują jego tematy bądź terminologię, wspominają swoją z nim współpracę). Uwagę poświęca się także tytułom poszczególnych artykułów w zbiorze, ich układowi, retorycznemu patosowi, figuralnym sposobom wyrazu i pełnym humoru dedykacjom. Analizowane są też najczęściej używane akty mowy, jak podziękowania, gratulacje, pochwały i komplementy.
DE
Der Aufsatz befasst sich mit der Textsorte Festschrift, d. h. Sammelbänden, die bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten eines Faches (hier: der Linguistik) zu einem Lebensjubiläum gewidmet sind. Er konzentriert sich auf die Position der Jubiläumsfestschriften im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs, ihre intertextuelle Natur und ihre Beziehungen zu anderen Textsorten mit ähnlicher Kommunikationsmotivation (Laudatio, Medaillon, Nekrolog). Ferner werden die interaktionalen Aspekte der Festschrift analysiert: die Art und Weise, wie die Autoren der Beiträge im Sammelband ihre Beziehung zu der Persönlichkeit und zum Werk des Jubilars zum Ausdruck bringen (ob sie ihn zitieren und seine Ansichten erörtern, sich mit seinem Individualstil befassen, seine Themen bzw. Terminologie übernehmen, sich an ihre Zusammenarbeit mit dem Jubilar erinnern usw.). Der Artikel richtet seine Aufmerksamkeit auch auf die Titel der einzelnen Beiträge im Sammelband, die Art und Weise ihrer Reihung, rhetorisches Pathos, figurative Ausdrucksweise und humorvolle, witzige Dedikationen. Auch häufige Sprechakte wie Danksagung, Glückwunsch, Lobpreisung oder Komplimente werden dabei berücksichtigt.
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Syntax mluvené češtiny jako nástroj subjektivizašních postupů v prózách P. Soukupové

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Hoffmannová J.
Stylistyka
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2016
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vol. 25
229-252
EN
The first part of this study is an attempt to summarize Czech theories which develop the topic of reported speech (forms of presenting speech) and reported thought in literary works, that is, the use of direct speech/thought, indirect speech/thought, free direct speech/thought and free indirect speech/thought. Special attention is devoted to the internal monologue (the “reproduction” of unspoken utterances which only occurs as thoughts), most often based upon the alternation of free direct speech/thought and free indirect speech/thought, and how it is made into dialogue. This theoretical summary is based mainly on the works of L. Dole el, but on other authors as well (J. Haller, J. Hoffmannová, R. Adam, D. Hodrová, J. Koten and others). In the second part, these theories are applied in an analysis of texts by the young Czech author Petra Soukupová. In her individual works, we demonstrate coinciding as well as differing ways of subjectivizing the narrative: the narrator’s identification with the characters, the use of ich-forms, various forms of reproduction speech and thoughts (including hypothetical utterances) and the dialogized construction of internal monologues. The final part of the text focuses on the way in which typical elements of spoken Czech, above all syntactic ones, are utilized in the reproduction/reporting of the speech as well as the thoughts, reflections, and feelings of Petra Soukupová’s characters. On the one hand, there are linguistic means used to achieve reduction: the minimalization of expressions, concision and fragmentation (ellipsis, mainly the omission of the finite verb, parceling, in- dependent sentence elements, list structures, infinitive constructions). On the other hand, there is juxtaposition, which enables the free addition of syntactic units, which is often used for the associative construction of the internal monologue.
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Intertextualita a její podíl na vyjednávání pozic účastníků talk show

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Čmejrková S., Hoffmannová J.
Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)
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2012
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vol. 73
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issue 4
263-285
EN
The paper examines the discourse of the Czech weekly talk show Uvolnete se, prosim (Relax, please). For this purpose, we have chosen an interview of the moderator Jan Kraus with the former chairman of the Social Democratic Party of the Czech Republic, Jiri Paroubek, who was invited into the studio on the occasion of his appointment as prime minister in 2005. The analysis focuses on the polyphony of voices arising in the talk show and on the intertextual techniques used in the process of positioning the guest, as well as the self-positioning of the moderator. The interview is thus analyzed as an intertext built upon other texts, which are both external and internal to the current speech situation. The host’s practices employ allusions to the voices coming from “outside”, i.e. through the introduction of quotations of the voices of third parties and the guest’s prior words, as well as responses to the voices heard “inside” the current interaction, i.e. the host echoes the guest’s utterances and moreover, assumes the guest’s voice, positioning the prime minister mostly in an unfavorable, but humorous manner. The guest’s work with these voices is also traced.
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