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EN
This paper is an attempt to describe the Department of Political Economy at the Institute for Training Scientific Cadres (IKKN), which operated in Warsaw in years 1950−1953, and later changed its name to the Institute for Social Sciences (INS). I endeavour to analyze the influence of the Department’s graduate students (aspiranci) on the Polish economics. I disagree with John Connelly’s opinion that the Institute had only a small contribution in strengthening the position of Marxism-Leninism in Polish academia. In case of economics the situation was different. I present numerous ways in which young economists from IKKN supported their teachers and mentors: Włodzimierz Brus, Bronisław Minc, Józef Zawadzki, Seweryn Żurawicki and others, who in Stalinist Poland took over high schools of economics through administrative and police methods. In particular, aspiranci from the IKKN hold the key positions in the structures of the Marxist political economy, newly formed after 1949. It helped them to gain strong influence over its crucial aspects, starting from access to economic information, through the research and publishing economic papers and books on economy, to the teaching. As a result IKKN, next to the Main School of Planning and Statistics (SGPiS) opened in 1949, proved to be one of the main tools in transforming Polish economics into communist political economy.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą opisania kierowanej przez Włodzimierza Brusa Katedry Ekonomii Politycznej w Instytucie Kształcenia Kadr Naukowych (IKKN), który działał w Warszawie w latach 1950–1953, a następnie zmienił nazwę na Instytut Nauk Społecznych. W oparciu m.in. o dane archiwalne analizuję wpływ aspirantów Katedry na ekonomię w Polsce. Polemizuję z poglądem Johna Connelly’ego, który twierdzi, że Instytut jedynie nieznacznie przyczynił się do umocnienia marksizmu-leninizmu na polskich wyższych uczelniach. Usiłuję wykazać, że w przypadku ekonomii było inaczej. Młodzi ekonomiści z IKKN wieloma różnymi sposobami wsparli swoich nauczycieli i wychowawców: Włodzimierza Brusa, Bronisława Minca, Józefa Zawadzkiego, Seweryna Żurawickiego i innych, którzy po pogromie polskiej ekonomii w 1949 roku przejęli wpływy na polskich uczelniach ekonomicznych.
EN
In this article, utilizing the appropriate statistical data, I analyse the economic results of the Nordic countries i.e., Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. I begin from the Human Development Index (HDI). This index describes the objective conditions, impacting upon the incomes, health and levels of education, upon which the possibility of utilizing the natural capacities of persons depend. Then I make use of the subjective evaluations of the satisfaction from life. For this I look at the results of research undertaken in the context of the economics of happiness. In approaching another type of economic analysis I look at the behaviour of variables upon which economic efficiency and justice in the Nordic countries are directly dependent. I recognize the size of GDP per capita and innovation in the economy as efficiency indicators, and as indicators of justice I rely on the intergenerational mobility of earnings, the variability of incomes, the extent of poverty and also the situation in the labour market. I present the results of national economic management in the Nordic countries against the backdrop of economically developed countries (namely the countries of continental Europe, southern Europe, Great Britain and – the United States). The analysis shows that the societies of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden managed to achieve some of the best (if not the best) results in the management of their national economies. At the same time, it is noticed that differences in the economic performance in individual Nordic countries are relatively small.
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