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Społeczeństwo obywatelskie jako metoda i podejście w badaniach społecznych

100%
Schattkowsky R.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2011
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vol. 31
54-81
EN
Civil society has become a central subject in the intellectual discourse. It pulls attention to basic questions that so far have been omitted for long. Moreover, it is interesting because it can be dealt with to the same degree by historians, political scientists and sociologists. Beyond, through essential social events and existential problems media and politics define civil society as a model and functional imperative upon which, as a kind of practical test, improvement of the dialogue between science and politics can be based. In research and journalism three basic forms of civil society are to be encountered: in historical analysis as a model for describing the level of social development by means of measurement of participation in political life and socialization; as a result of research on contemporary society in terms of adult citizens` self-reflection on existence correlated with the state; finally, as a utopia, as an eschatological goal of citizens` social development as an alternative to the state and as a result of individual maturity as well as conscious and reasonable processes of social formation. These forms of appearance exist neither in a sequence nor in a succession and they strongly mesh with each other. A wide range of formulated opinions corresponds to the vast and diffuse expectations towards the notion of civil society. In order to ease this tense relationship a multilayer offer of definitions is used. In most cases methodically traditionally applied empirical surveys serve the verification of these definitions. This begins already with the creation of the notion: civil society, society of citizens reflect not only the variety of opinions as regards content but they also express diverse methodical approaches and basically different application fields that are not necessarily to be related to different disciplines. Opinions and concepts circle around the determination of modern society by means of description of area and actor as well as the relationship between the masses and the power in order to detect the functionality of a society. First of all, civil society means to take stronger into account the dichotomy between individual and collective coping with life as well as to consider more the variety of individual existence, its impact factors and alienation. This discourse between individual and societal perceptions constitutes the process of learning in the civil society and it determines its functionality. Civil society as an open principle of structure remains an experiment. That is not only because subject and method determine each other and thus, they build self-reflexivity into the process of cognition, but also because civil society as an interdisciplinary challenge formulates the pretension to a diagnosis of contemporary history and transnational situation as well as it tries to comprehend the life in reflected past and projected future. This complex view excludes an approach with prepared unities and fixed categories. It is rather about problems that have been identified as relevant in the process of dealing with the subject ”civil society”, such as norms creation and tolerant behavior that are proved on the concrete object and thus, they are to be more precisely defined. What constitutes the modernity is a contradiction between the world explanation capability and the capability to change. The adjustment factor of this contradiction can be the civil society as it communicates the sensation of formation ability and durability of a society. It appears to be a logical consequence of the rationality of the world. In the central point there stands the sovereign thinking subject that pushes through interests. The civil society seems to be the right means of determining relationship of this subject to the society and its attitude in the society
2
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East European Research as Political Science in the Second Polish Republic

100%
Schattkowsky R.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2019
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vol. 64
133-152
PL
Po okresie rozbiorów i ponownego zjednoczenia podzielonych terytoriów organizacja nauki w II Rzeczypospolitej stała się zadaniem politycznym, któremu naukowcy wszystkich dyscyplin poświęcili się z wielkim zaangażowaniem. Studia historyczne zajmowały w tym procesie szczególną pozycję. Służyły odnalezieniu tożsamości społeczeństwa i legitymizacji współczesnego polskiego państwa narodowego. Na tej podstawie powstały nie tylko ścisłe powiązania między nauką a polityką, ale także osobiste powiązania z często niejasną granicą między naukowcami a politykami. Biorąc pod uwagę historyczne obciążenie relacji ze wschodnimi sąsiadami, zwłaszcza z Rosją, na badaniach nad Europą Wschodnią spoczywała szczególna odpowiedzialność. Stanowiły one polityczną argumentację dla wschodnioeuropejskich modeli Polski jako miejsca granicznego cywilizacji zachodniej, służącego jako mur ochronny przed zagrożeniem rosyjskim, które pod postacią bolszewizmu okazało się szczególnie groźne dla obszaru całej Europy. W tej dziedzinie tradycyjne badania nad Rosją pozostawały w ścisłej współpracy ze sferą polityki i tworzyły nowe dziedziny badań, jak ukształtowana w Polsce sowietologia. W takim układzie Polska zdecydowanie określiła poziom badań w Europie.
EN
After the times of partitions and reunification of partitioned territories, organisation of science in the Second Polish Republic had become a political task, to which the scientists of all disciplines devoted themselves with great engagement. Historical studies had a special position in this process. They served finding the identity of society and the legitimacy of the modern Polish national state. On this basis not only close connection between science and politics were formed, but also personal links with often unclear boundaries between scientists and politicians. Considering the historical burden on relations to eastern neighbours, especially to Russia, research on Eastern Europe had a special responsibility. It provided the political argumentation for the Eastern European paradigms of Poland, as a location on the border of the Western civilisation, serving as a protection wall against Russian danger which proved to be especially dangerous in the form of Bolshevism for the whole area of Europe. In this field the traditional research on Russia cooperated equally close with politics and formed new fields of research, like formed in Poland Sovietology. In this constellation Poland decisively determined the level of research in Europe.
3
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Role of Emotions and Commitment in an Influence of Remembrance Narratives: Report from the Experimental Study

51%
Wawrzyński P., Czarnek G., Muszyński M. A., Schattkowsky R.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2015
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vol. 48
107-116
PL
W raporcie zostały zaprezentowane wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nad związkiem między wzbudzeniem emocji i zaangażowania a skutecznością polityki historycznej rządu. Przeprowadzone pomiary pozwoliły zespołowi manipulować emocjami inspirowanymi w narracji (neutralne – pozytywne – negatywne) i stopniem zaangażowania uczestników w popularyzację opowieści (brak zaangażowania – niskie zaangażowanie), a także umożliwiły obserwację różnic między warunkami w wynikach dla zmiennych niezależnych: zapamiętywania informacji, zmiany postaw i zachowania. Oprócz przedstawienia zgromadzonych danych raport zawiera zwięzły wstęp teoretyczny do badań (zwłaszcza hipotez teoretycznych weryfikowanych w projekcie) i krótką dyskusję wyników końcowych.
EN
The report presents results of the experimental study on relationships between arousal of emotions and commitment, and an effectiveness of the government’s remembrance policy. In measurements, the team manipulated emotions inspired in a narrative (neutral vs. positive vs. negative) and participants’ commitment to popularization of a narrative (no commitment vs. low commitment), and it observed how different conditions influenced independent variables: memorization of information, attitude change and real-life behavior. Besides presentation of collected data, the report also includes brief introduction to the theoretical background of the study (especially theoretical hypotheses which verification was project’s objective) and a short discussion of final results.
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