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1
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Wędrowni pracownicy. Szkic o pracy migrantów

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2020
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vol. 41
5-20
EN
The paper aims at discussing the labour issue in the context of labour or economic migration. The broader dimension of the presented discussion supplies the Pope’s teaching regarding social issues. The discussion focuses on the following issues: labour as a value, labour as a duty, labour as social cement, dignity (standing) of labour.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest szkicem o pracy w warunkach migracji pracowniczych. Punkt wyjścia i ramy tego szkicu wyznacza refleksja o pracy inspirowana przez dotyczące tej kwestii encykliki papieskie. Skupia się ona wokół następujących, kolejno podejmowanych w szkicu, zagadnieniach: praca jako wartość, praca jako obowiązek, praca jako społeczne tworzywo i spoiwo oraz ranga pracy.
2
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Społeczeństwo rynkowe po socjalizmie: koncepcje Polanyiego w interpretacji Chrisa Hanna

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Romaniszyn K.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2020
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vol. 64
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issue 2
217-225
PL
The author discusses Chris Hann’s book Repatriating Polanyi, as a good opportunity for remembering Karl Polanyi’s character and output. In their time, Polanyi’s ideas about human economies were widely discussed in the social sciences, including in economic anthropology, and had a considerable impact on them. The text deals with those themes of Polanyi’s work that Hann addresses, that is, the question of forms of economic integration and his concept of double movement.
3
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W obliczu końca Europy, jaką znamy

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Romaniszyn K.
Roczniki Kulturoznawcze
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2020
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vol. 11
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issue 1
17-40
EN
The paper aims at discussing the issue of mass migrations as the coefficient of European societies and civilization change. The papers draws upon the statistical data regarding global migration, in particular the inflows into Europe from the South. It focuses on the following issues: the volume of inflows into Europe; the push-pull agents; the socio-cultural determinants of migration; possible socio-cultural consequences of the mass immigration to Europe and its political context.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest namysł nad masową migracją jako współczynnikiem zmiany społeczeństw europejskich i ogólnie europejskiej cywilizacji. Zostały w nim wykorzystane dane statystyczne dotyczące globalnej mobilności ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem napływów z Południa do Europy. W centrum uwagi znalazły się następujące wątki: rozmiary imigracji do Europy; czynniki wypychające z krajów pochodzenia imigrantów i czynniki przyciągające ich do krajów europejskich; społeczne mechanizmy i kulturowe determinanty mobilności, prawdopodobne społeczne i kulturowe konsekwencje masowej imigracji do Europy oraz jej polityczny kontekst.
4
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Migracje a styl życia

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2021
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vol. 42
153-173
EN
The paper aims at discussing relations between spatial mobility and life style. The discussion begins with the presentation of life style migrations. It focuses however, on interdependence between both analyzed categories, that is: on life style expectations as one of the pushing factor in migrations decision, and on life style change as an unexpected result of migration. The empirical basis of the presented analysis builds upon data obtained from migration researches curried out in the last decades and from biographical material dated back to XIX and XX centuries.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest kwestia zależności zachodzących między mobilnością przestrzenną a stylem życia. Prowadzoną analizę rozpoczyna omówienie specyficznego typu migracji, nazwanego w literaturze przedmiotu migracjami stylu życia (life style migrations). Następnie wskazana i omówiona została dwustronna zależność między obydwiema zmiennymi, czyli udział pożądanego i oczekiwanego stylu życia w podjęciu decyzji o migracji oraz niezakładany przez osoby mobilne, niemniej faktyczny wpływ migracji na przemiany przyjmowanego przez nich stylu życia. W artykule wykorzystane zostały zarówno dane empiryczne pochodzące z badań prowadzonych w okresie ostatnich trzech dekad, jak i historyczne materiały biograficzne pochodzące z przełomu XIX i XX wieku.
5
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Social Networks as a Perpetual Vehicle for Migration

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2022
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vol. 43
365-380
PL
Przepływy migracyjne, które nasiliły się w ostatnich kilku dekadach stanowią wielkie wyzwanie natury politycznej i społecznej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie jak niezmiennie wielkie znaczenie w tych przemieszczeniach mają sieci migracyjne. Stanowią one, bowiem podstawowy społeczny mechanizm wzmacniający i ukierunkowujący przepływy migracyjne. W tekście uwagę poświęcono szczególnie kwestii różnorodności sieci, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sieci szmuglerów ludzi. Zaplecze empiryczne artykułu stanowią dane z badań.
EN
Migration processes have accelerated in the past few decades all over the world, and pose major social and political challenges. The paper aims to discuss the constant importance of personal networks in these movements. It addresses the phenomenon of networks viewed as a prime social mechanism which amplifies and directs migration flows. Close attention has been paid to the variety of networks in which migrants operate in the host country, and the specific nature of the illegal border-crossing networks. The paper is based on relevant monographs and research data.
6
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Obraz Polski a świadomość narodowa. Analiza pamiętników imigrantów polskich w Kanadzie

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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1986
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vol. 10
295-308
EN
The article deals with the problem of national identity. Some autobiographies of the Polish immigrants in Canada were made use of. The memoirs were collected as a result of the contest held among Polonia by the Institute of Social Possessions in 1936. The research problem can be expressed by the two following questions: What is /if any/ the image of Poland in the autobiographies? What is /if any/ the national identity of the memoirists? It is assumed that the national /individual/ identity is designated by the opinions and images of the country of origin. The analysis revealed the existence of many divergent opinions about Poland. All the memoirists call themselves Poles but their opinions and images greatly differ. Thus, it follows that the national identity may be understood in a different way in each individual case. This identity may focus on various aspects of reality concerning the existence of the nation. A few autobiographies, however, share similar opinions. This concurrence appears to be a result of a similar social status of the memoirists. The article suggests a new analytical understanding of the problem of national identity. Besides, the analysis deals with individuals and not larger groups or even nations.
7
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Współcześni Europejczycy o Europie, Unii Europejskiej

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2005
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vol. 26
7-28
EN
This article presents and discusses the representations of Europe and the European Union held by contemporary Europeans. It is based on the comprehensive and recent data collected within the framework of the international research project EURONAT (all its findings are available at: www.iue.it/RSC/Euronat) curried out in nine European countries – Greece, Italy, Spain, G. Britain, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary − in years 2001-2003. The in-depth interview findings gathered in all enumerated states have been selected for the text's empirical source. In the opening section of the article attention has been paid to the methodological issues of the in-depth interviews. Then follows presentation and analysis of the representations of Europe and the EU. The analysis shows that: our respondents from all researched countries commonly perceive Europe as divided into West and East, the former being often portrayed as the “core” of Europe; the UE, seen as the emanation of Western Europe or just the Europe, has been both praised for its virtues and criticised for its shortcomings, above all “the Brussels bureaucracy”. The enlargement of the UE to the east (that of year 2004) has been portrayed as a globalizing process that leads to the establishing of a “one-state” that will counter-balance the USA. Respondents from both the EU and the accession countries viewed the enlargement through the prism of the economic issues.
8
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O kanadyjskiej polityce wielokulturowości

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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1989
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vol. 12
213-223
EN
The present paper is devoted to the Canadian policy of multiculturalism: its foundation, experiences from the first decade of its existence and its originality. Social, demographic and political factors created a foundation for the multicultural policy. It was called into being as the result of a dialogue among the elites of ethnic groups, federal and provincial authorities, and members of the Royal Commission for Bilingualism and Biculturalism. The basic principle of this policy is to create societies of equal chances of developing and expressing the cultural identity by each of the ethnic groups of society. Experiences of the first years of the adoption of this policy point to the fact that in practice it was reduced to promote folklore and thus got the name of „song and dance” policy. It has not, however, contributed to the creation of stable social structures in which the equality of component cultures of social ethnic groups could be expressed. Experiences which were gathered allowed to correct the policy. At present, its main aim is to promote the cooperation of all ethnic groups in order to eliminate different forms of discrimination and to create a symbolic universe, which could express and shape the group identity of society. The care for the whole and unity of society in the face of different threats is a guiding principle of the policy of multiculturalism. The idea of multiculturalism under Canadian conditions serves to defend the unity and whole of society. This idea could be in full interpreted as the ideology of multiculturalism and become an alternative for the existing anglophone and francophone ideologies. The ideological aspect of the policy of multiculturalism has not been so far fully developed.
9
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Struktura i mechanizmy współczesnych migracji ze Wschodu na Zachód

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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1998
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vol. 19
7-31
EN
This article addresses the problem of mass migration movements experienced by, and observed, in central and eastern European countries. As a result of democratisation processes citizens of the former Soviet-bloc states acquired the right to leave their home country at any time they so decided, the problems with obtaining a passport ceased to exist. The newly obtained right, along with economic hardships, and in some places, political unrest set into motion numerous migrants which have been heading for the west. Migratory potential generated by the former Soviet-bloc states has been further augmented by outflows from a number of developing countries in Asia, Africa, and in the Middle East. The latter migrants move into the region of central and eastern Europe in search for opportunities for further migration to the Western democracies. Thus, current migratory movement experienced by the regions are generally westward oriented. The article examines the problem of this westward migration, in particular the migratory routes, patterns and mechanisms.
10
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Wpływ migracji zagranicznych na formę organizacji rodziny

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2000
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vol. 21
7-40
EN
This article addresses the problem of the impact of international migration on the evolution of family models. In particular it examines the formative influence of women’s migration on the evolution of family organization and sexual mores. It utilizes the relevant concepts pf „folways” and „sex mores” coined by William G. Sumner, as well as William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki's theory on disorganization in immigrant families. The findings of the three-month fieldwork carried out by the author in Vienna among Polish immigrants provides the empirical background of the article. The discussion of the fieldwork findings focuses on the variety of the family models developed by Poles in Vienna, and on their responses to the existential situation of being between „two worlds”.
11
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The Immigrant as a Not-invented “Other”

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2018
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vol. 39
5-26
PL
Imigrant jako niewyimaginowany „inny” Artykuł poświęcony jest omówieniu kwestii adaptacji w kraju przyjmującym imigrantów pochodzących z odległych kultur. W szczególności jego celem jest analiza kulturowych determinant adaptacji, przy uwzględnieniu kluczowej dla tego wymiaru badań koncepcji „innego” („obcego”). Szerszy kontekst prowadzonej analizy stanowią studia poświęcone kulturowym determinantom migracji i adaptacji. Sama zaś analiza skupia się na problemach związanych z migracją Muzułmanów do krajów Unii Europejskiej. Artykuł wieńczy przegląd głównych stanowisk w debacie o migracji.
EN
The paper aims at discussing the problem of adaptation of newcomers who originate form distant cultures. In particular it aims at examining the cultural factor – a key dimension of the concept of the “other” that influence immigrants adaptation to the receiving society. The discussion enters into the wider phenomenon of the cultural determinants of migration and adaptation. It focuses on the encounters with the Muslim immigrants into the European Union states. The paper ends with brief notes on the migration discourses.
12
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Imigracja – w czym zagrożenie, a w czym szansa dla Unii Europejskiej

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2009
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vol. 30
15-31
PL
It is doubtless that mass immigrations are a factor with many far-reaching consequences for the nations and for the regions where they occur. In the present article attention is focused on the observable and potential cultural and social effects of migration for the European Union as a whole as well as for its particular member countries. The effects may be evaluated from the point of view of the interest of the target countries and regions, including the multi-national structure that is being created, that is the European Union. The European Union has been described and has been appraised as a protector of safety and prosperity, that is de facto it has been presented as an exclusive Club of the Wealthy. Certainly safety and prosperity are desirable values, and one can only be proud of their acceptance and realization – which was the intended and, as it turns out, fully realized aim of forming the Commonwealth. However, without the values that were typical of the ethos that determined the peculiarity and greatness of the European civilization in the past, our Club is poor despite its material well-being and, what is more, it lacks the cultural basis for surviving. But it is doubtless that the European ethos will be revived only when common citizens and the creators of the Club working together will go back to the forgotten values and ideas, and the impulse for it may only be education and self-education. Immigration to the UE is one of the factors that may contribute to reconstructing the European ethos. Newcomers, when they become citizens of member countries of the European Union, and in this way also members of the European Union, should at the same time have an opportunity to create their new European identity, which is conditioned by the existence of basic European values and ideas, to which they could refer. Otherwise the formal Union citizenship of such people will not be complemented by their European identity. They will only remain members of the Club of the Wealthy and their European identity will be reduced to this. This perspective urges us to think of what makes us Europeans, and what – as Europeans – we may offer to the newcomers arriving from other countries. Up till now our ideology of tolerance and openness, which we are proud of, first of all seems to hide the fact that we do not have much to offer to immigrants. Our openness – if it is real – may hide our emptiness, and our tolerance may disguise our indifference towards others, including newcomers.
13
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Dyskurs postkolonialny a dzieje Polski

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Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2013
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vol. 34
7-38
PL
This paper seeks to answer whether it is right to refer to the concepts of colonialism and colonization when interpreting the history of the Republic of Poland. Drawing on the so-called post-colonial discourse in Poland, the author puts forward the problem of methodological nature. The point is that the basic concepts in this discourse are not well-defined and yet, despite this drawback, they are used as analytical categories in the reinterpretation of the history of Poland. This fact, as the author notes, deprives the post-colonial discourse of its being reliable and scientifically valuable. Addressing the problem posed by the initiator of the discourse under consideration, the author analyses first the concept of colony, colonization, and colonialism, and then examines whether it is justified to apply them in relation to the Republic of Poland. In the course of her analysis, she focuses also on the problem of the colonization of Poland by her three invaders: Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It follows from the analysis the, firstly, the concept of colonialism has no application in the interpretation of the past of Poland and its usage is a categorical abuse; the concept of colonization is used within certain limits and does not concern the state's activity, but the migration of settlers and attitudes adopted by some citizens in some periods of the Republic of Poland and her history; the concept of colonization, however, can be applied to the interpretation of politics of all three invaders towards the Polish Republic and all her resources.
14
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Kanadyjska polityka wielokulturowości z perspektywy czasu. Sukces czy porażka?

100%
Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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1993
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vol. 15
69-78
EN
The multicultural policy in Canada was born as a result of the dialogue between the representatives of the Canadian ethnic groups, the federal authorities, the provincial authorities and the Royal Committee for the Affairs of Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Due to the activity of the latter the government in Ottawa passed a bill in 1969 on two official languages in Canada. Another result of the Committee’s actions was the process of the reinterpretation of the history of Canada in the spirit of affirming the equal value of the merits and contributions on the part of Anglophones and Frankophones in the forming of the State. As a principle of social policy they accepted the idea of multiculturalism. This meant that pluralism won as the principle perceiving and solving the problems which result from the great number of cultures and from their various character. The programme of this policy can be summarized in the following points: supporting all cultural groups which want to multiply their heritage and contribute to the development of Canada, promoting contacts and cultural exchange among particular groups, helping the members of the ethnic groups in overcoming barriers which impede their full participation in society. This multicultural policy was successful in the following points: tolerance for the different character of other cultures, elimination of ethnic conflicts. This is a partial success, because the tendencies on the part of the aboriginal ethnic groups to regain their autonomy are increasingly stronger.
15
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Kulturowe implikacje współczesnych migracji międzynarodowych. Zarys problematyki na przykładzie Polski

100%
Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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1999
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vol. 20
85-110
EN
This article addresses the general problem of cultural change as a result of contemporary international migrations, and focuses on the Polish case. It examines the formative influence of current migration flows on the culture of the receiving country as well as the sending one. The article begins with a brief presentation of the structure of migration flows experienced by Poland, followed by the discussion of their impact on the sphere of culture. This discussion is organised according to the adopted basic theoretical categories, namely: "material culture", "social culture", and "symbolic culture". Special attention has been paid to the following problems: migration as a specific mode of entrepreneurship; patterns of behaviour in the migrant communities; new consumption models in the sending country; and change of the social values as a result of migration. The article utilises the relevant sociological and demographic studies on migration into and from Poland.
16
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Współżycie społeczne polskich i ukraińskich wychodźców w Kanadzie (1896-1939)

100%
Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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1984
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vol. 8
213-226
EN
The aim of the article is to present the complexity of the process of ruthenization of the Polish emigrants in Canada. The analysis of the problem has been conducted in the historical- -sociological perspective. The starting point for the analysis is the conviction that from the very beginning both Ukrainian and Polish population took part in the exodus from the Polish territories (especially from East Małopolska), and then from the reborn Poland to Canada. The Ukrainians were more numerous. These facts as well as founding settlements in Canada in common colonies or in close neighbourhood favoured the assimilation of the Polish and Ukrainian emigrants. An analysis of the data has led to the conclusion that of these two cultures the Ukrainian culture and community proved to be stronger. As a result of the coexistence of the two communities, a process of assimilation of Polish emigrants to the culture of Ukrainian emigrants took place. The assimilation comprised two spheres; language and customs. Another conclusion from the analysis is that the assimilation process followed a different course in different generations and depended on the time of emigration. The coexistence of Polish and Ukrainian emigrants who arrived and settled in Canada before World War I was peaceable and was a continuation of patterns from the native country. World War I and the war of 1919-1920 brought significant and unfavourable changes of this pattern. The antagonism which arose in Małopolska between the two nations was transferred to Canada. It had a restraining effect on the assimilation process. The fact that a new wave of emigration from Poland arrived and settled in Canada had a similar effect. The newly arrived Polish emigrants proved to be less open the assimilating influence of the Ukrainian culture and community. In describing the assimilation process it is important to differentiate between the generations of those who left the native country, i.e. the father generation, and the generation of those who were bom and brought up in Canada, i.e. the son generation. In the father generation the ruthenization process, if it took place, was brought about in the above mentioned spheres of language and customs. Paradoxically, it was accompanied by a lasting sense of Polish national identity, expressed in declarations like „I am Polish”. A complete assimilation, including a loss of the sense of Polish national identity, if brought about, concerned only the son generation. The statement that in those cases of complete ruthenization of Polish emigrants’ descendants the assimilation to the Ukrainian emigrants’ culture constituted a transitional stage in the assimilation to a global society, remains hypothetical. The analysis has shown, that religion was the sphere, which was not included in the ruthenization process. The catholic faith proved, both in the father and son generations, to be the most lasting and imperishable inheritance from the forefathers. This is the most important conclusion from the analysis of the complex process of ruthenization of Polish immigrants to the culture and community of Ukrainian emigrants.
17
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Migracje międzynarodowe jako zapoznany aspekt procesu globalizacji

100%
Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2001
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vol. 22
9-29
EN
Presented article examines the problem of interrelationship between modem international migrations and globalization. It puts forward and defends a thesis holding that current migratory inflows constitute a vital, however still unrecognized, aspect of economic globalization. In particular the article analysis the essence of globalization process and the structure of contemporary world system, followed by the discussion on the relation between the two processes: international migrations and globalization. It discovers and justifies a feedback-like relationship between the two phenomena. The article utilizes resent publication on globalization as well as statistics on the volume of international inflows.
18
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„Saksy” i odraczana konsumpcja − propozycja nowego podejścia w badaniach nad migracją zarobkową

100%
Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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1997
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vol. 18
7-18
EN
This paper addresses the problem of contemporary economic migration discussed on the case of economic migration from Poland to Greece. In particular it examines the usefulness and importance of emerging anthropological and sociological perspectives on consumption for the successful explanation of the phenomenon under discussion. The paper is based on ethnographic data collected during fieldwork carried out by the author in Greece in the autumn of1993.
19
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Polacy – Europa – Unia Europejska: tożsamość, wyobrażenia, oczekiwania

100%
Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2004
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vol. 25
7-29
EN
The Eastern enlargement of the EU makes the national and European identities a topical issue. This paper addresses it with regard to the Polish national identity and how it is intertwined with the European identity of contemporary Poles. The paper is based on the comprehensive and very recent data collected within the framework of the international research project (Euronat, all findings available at ) that entails: the survey and the in-depth interview findings, as well as the analysis of the media and political party discourses. In the opening section of the paper attention has been paid to the concepts of `nation' and `identity', and Anthony Smith's theory of the two ways of nation development. Within this theoretical framework, and on the basis of the data, the national identity of contemporary Poles has been discussed, followed by an analysis of their European identity, and their images of Europe and the EU. The analysis has confirmed that: Poles have strong national and European identities constructed mainly with regard to ethno-cultural elements, while civic ones remain in the background. Poles also unhesitantly regard themselves as Europeans, and see Poland as belonging to Europe when they refer to the cultural, historical, and geographical dimentions. They, however, raise some doubts about the country's belonging to Europe when they take into account living standards and technological advancement. With regard to our integration with the EU structures a sober „Eurofatalistic” attitude seems to prevail.
20
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Międzynarodowe migracje a tożsamość. Zarys problematyki

100%
Romaniszyn K.
Studia Polonijne
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2003
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vol. 24
7-25
EN
Encounters with bearers of different and often distant cultures in receiving societies strongly influence the identities of both newcomers and indigenous people. This paper addresses the issue of the evolution of migrant and host identities resulting from the spatial mobility of the former. In the opening theoretical section attention has been paid to and differences have been discussed, regarding self-identity, i.e.: the identity possessed by individuals, and ascribed identity; and individual versus group identities. International migrations are not ethnically neutral. The newcomers often (re)discover and (re)construct their identity vis-a-vis the receiving society, and the re-Islamisation of the second generation of Muslim migrants in Western European countries proves that this is a long-lasting process, the consequences of which are difficult to predict. The cultural mobilization of the migrants, when it occurs, does not necessarily lead to assimilation to the host society's dominant culture. Too often it results, and is a result of, the clash of cultures that, in turn, influences the evolution of ascribed identities. Currently, in Western European societies the cultural mobilization of the newcomers has been perceived as a threat to the country's cultural core. Such attitudes and prejudices necessitate a debate on the symbolic universum and the national identity of the hosts, the alternative would be the intensification of xenophobic prejudice.
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