The horse is not only an animal for the farmer, is also a valuable “tool” for working on the land and a friend sharing hardships. In this article I will try to determine how users perceive of a horse by the dialect, in his simple, but deeply traditional memories about horses. The paper is a clear two–part structure. The first part contains an image interpretation and its horse hierarchy, the second part presents the dialect texts, first spoken, next written, told by older residents explored the environment, written in a simplified manner, based on and which have been analyzed.
The article is an attempt of a genre analysis of the nineteenth-century sale alcohol agreement as a contract. This is a special document, because this type of act was written only once (L-140) on 412 analyzed contracts. The genre scheme of the old contract is possible to compare it with other nineteenth-century contracts. Although not easy to describe because of the typological confusion and not always the unambiguous genre signals (contract / intermediary declaration / sale alcohol agreement), they are similar to modern notarial contracts of this type. The basic registers of quality features of a nineteenth-century contract are: a clear functional intention, a coherent, formalized structure, a monolithic, specific dialogue between the sender and the receiver, the sender’s autocreation as an expert in legal action serves to build the impression of a contract involving two parties. At the source of the contract lies one of the basic speech acts: a declaration that evokes agreement, used in many social and communication situations.
Many legal actions from the early 19th century were new issues related to the adoption of the Code of Napoleon, which greatly expanded the scope of activities of notaries. Undoubtedly, this situation could lead to instability in the nomination of a consistent set of notarial contracts. The analysis of texts from Łuków shows that many species of acts had not yet specialized in one notarial activity, which meant that housed / combined in itself some legal forms. Synonymous names of some contracts might also result from imprecise notarial activities, with perhaps their source in the first stage of communication in which they defined a form of action. Nineteenth-century notaries called contracts too general, as compared to a legal transaction, a wide variety of agreement sets they defined as statements, intermediate statements, voluntary statements. Sometimes a subject area in the notarial acts of the early 19th century was clearly defined in the final formula.
A child in the acquisition process assimilates different concepts, many of the phenomena is trying to call the same thing. Of particular interest in the development of language is to discover the meanings of words by children, on the one hand, the limited empowerment of language patterns from the environment, on the other – giving the full activity of the child's cognitive, linguistic counterparts and unusually broad mindedness These issues worth a closer look by examining six years old children's understanding of meanings of words and show the children’s definition of names. An important interpretative context for the presented material is a reference to the linguistic skills, perceptual and cognitive young child, thought to certain transactions occurring school on the threshold of maturity. The very definition of consciousness is extremely important from the perspective of linguistics. This refers to the child's understanding that words are merely conventional signs of referential function, which – as a world language elements – subject to the rules of morphology, structural, semantic, and others. Conscious use of language by the child appears at the time of achieving maturity of the child's schooling. Using the method suggested by the description of cognitive linguistics has attempted to describe the language of the world an image of love and happiness of those definitions contained in the token. The study children's language deliberately chose the concept of love and happiness, because they do not correspond to real designata, refer to abstract phenomena associated with the sphere of feelings and emotions. I was interested in how children come to the meaning of these words and what they refer in their definition, and understand their nature and scope. For research purposes, to see a reference to the abstract concepts of extra-linguistic knowledge, abusing a symbolic representation of the drawing. Specific, the importance of abstract concepts studied launched the ability for original thinking and creative language kindergarten, which is an expression of their vulnerability and how to receive the world. Abstract nouns: happiness and love are well known to all 6-year-olds. Children determine its meaning in different ways. For 6-year-olds may be a synonym for happiness, both have toys, and meet good deed, helping the poor and that they are not in an orphanage. The feeling of love preschoolers combined with home and family, sometimes in multi-generational aspect. Language performances of children show a 6-year old invention, creativity, authenticity and originality in defining the meanings of words. The ranges of meaning of these concepts, which allow you to operate children's identification of the most typical features of the data tokens, and a fuller picture for their cultural values to add appeal and linguistic stereotypes, which appeared in the children cited in the world.
Leksem święty jest obecny w polszczyźnie od dawna w tym samym brzmieniu i w takiej samej postaci graficznej co dzisiaj, ale na przestrzeni dziejów języka podlegał różnym zmianom semantycznym. Niektóre ze starszych znaczeń, tych podstawowych, są żywe także współcześnie. Artykuł jest próbą eksplikacji zamieszczonego w tytule słowa oraz jego znaczenia, użyć w konkretnych tekstach i kontekstach, jego sensu oraz definicji słownikowych – co znaczą i jak się od-noszą do podstawowej wartości semantycznej wyrazu święty.
The lexeme saint has been present in Polish for a long time in the same sound and graphic form as today, but throughout the history of the language it has undergone various semantic changes. Some of the older meanings, the basic ones, are still alive today. The article is an attempt to explain the word in the title and its meaning, its use in specific texts and contexts, its sense and dictionary definitions, what they mean and how they relate to the basic semantic value of the word saint.
PL
Leksem święty jest obecny w polszczyźnie od dawna w tym samym brzmieniu i postaci graficznej co dzisiaj, ale na przestrzeni dziejów języka podlegał różnym zmianom semantycznym. Niektóre ze starszych znaczeń, tych podstawowych, są żywe także współcześnie. Artykuł jest próbą eksplikacji zamieszczonego w tytule słowa oraz jego znaczenia, użyć w konkretnych tekstach i kontekstach, jego sensu oraz definicji słownikowych, co znaczą i jak się odnoszą do podstawowej wartości semantycznej wyrazu święty.
The aim of the paper is to show the patterns of formulas as typical phenomenon for the notarial texts from the early nineteenth century, as well as the repertoire of terms forming the text frame of agreements and their functions. It is not so much important to prove that the formulas are characteristic for official documents, what has repeatedly been indicated by researchers dealing with this issue, but to examine whether this feature depends on the intention of communication termed by specific legal convention, which determines the variety of species of protocols.
Deposits on offices are acts which have their own linguistic dimension – they are a communication and cultural activity with clearly delineated intent supported by the institutional basis. There are also documents that have certain criteria occurred in the text and communication situation, made up of the same operations, aiming to the pragmatic target. The contracts are the type of texts which have one intention, are formalized, with a strict logical structure with a high degree of consistency. 19th deposits on offices are autonomous, interesting in terms of the structural, pragmatic, and cognitive style.
Personal names form part of legal and moral traditions of every society. They keep elements of material and spiritual culture. In the lexical and grammatical system genetic link names and general system of language was revealed. Names in a society operate as one of cultural components. The name Bogusław appears in its original function – as a name, but also as a base of secondary surnames, geographical names (local, toponyms), manifesting in the cultural and onomasticon sphere with multiple meanings.
The subjects of the article is to analyze the motivational-semantic field names from the 19th-century notarial acts from the area of Łuków. There are 117 units, so called land, semantically and structurally varied, with the exception of the names of waterways that are not represented in the material. The way of description these microtoponyms in documents leaves no doubt that it is a nomen proprium, which is connected with locating and characterizing functions, serving as landmark in the definition of the borders of fields, meadows, departments of succession, forests. In the material from Łuków is revealed characteristic concentration of the process of formed names, including topographic motivation, having the largest share in the creation of these units, followed by possession and cultural. Lexical basics of microtoponyms provide information about the terrain, determine its relative position or shape of social relations and human activities. These names are generally structurally and semantically transparent with reference to the historical names of Mazovia.
The implication of legends, fairy tales or stories to the teaching of foreign languages is not a new idea: the usefulness of such texts teaching Polish as a foreign language has already been emphasized in the literature of the subject. Researchers point to an important fact that manifests itself in teaching: we teach the language to adults, but we teach them as if they were children. The essential attributes of the texts in question make us refer to our personality and cultural identity, because fairy tales and legends are deeply rooted in us and co‑create an intercultural and intergenerational bridge between the past and the present. They are also the cradle of linguistic and cultural interactions with family, people of the same nationality, but also people from other cultures and languages. These texts show how much we grow into the culture of a given society and adopt traditional patterns of behavior, and hence they prove that the cycle of linguistic and cultural transmission is permanent. The cultural message takes place by introducing young generations to tradition and fundamental values of national, European and world culture.
In this article I will look at the phenomenon of intertextuality in the 19th-century contracts from the notary office of Józef Kalasanty Szaniawski in Łukow. The repertory of the files shows that acts of respect and permission to marry were often practiced activities at that time. In the years 1810–1811 in the firm registered a total of 63 units (33 acts of respect and 30 acts of permission).Number of the notarial documents is similar because of the reciprocity and bidirectional designated activities. In both types of contracts we find many signs of bilateral relations textual references in the form of structural and pragmatic interactions and communication. The article indicates them, describes and presents the conditions and functions of intertextual references.
The stereotypical vision of Polish people clearly reveals two groups of terms and associated with them components, the first – referring to Polish as a nation, which combines ties of blood and territory. In this section, have been cited comments, showing the relevant features of Polish people as an ethnic, linguistic, moral and cultural units. The second image, based on a binary opposition our – a stranger, which reveals the internal national divisions, is more complex and stratified. The authors of this model are different people, who look back on Polishness from a variety of perspectives, according to their needs and feelings and experiences, which also relativizes the reception. The more you can expect not only the one picture cited by the match cancellation. Both factions give a relative idea of Polish man, which is completed by the assessment, some visions are in competition with each other, partly overlapping each other.
PL
Stereotypowy obraz Polaków wyraźnie ukazuje dwie grupy terminów i związanych z nimi komponentów. Pierwsza odnosi się do Polaków jako narodu, który łączą więzy krwi i terytorium. W tej sekcji przytoczono komentarze, ukazujące istotne cechy Polaków jako jednostki etnicznej, językowej, moralnej i kulturowej. Drugi obraz, oparty na binarnej opozycji nasz – obcy, ujawniającej wewnętrzne podziały narodowe, jest bardziej złożony i warstwowy. Twórcami tego modelu są różne osoby, które postrzegają polskość z różnych perspektyw, zgodnie ze swoimi potrzebami, uczuciami i doświadczeniami, co również relatywizuje odbiór. Tym bardziej można się spodziewać nie tylko jednego obrazu, przytaczanego przez odwołanie do meczu. Obie frakcje dają względne wyobrażenie o Polaku, które jest uzupełniane przez ocenę, niektóre wizje konkurują ze sobą, częściowo się pokrywając.
The basis of this article are some behavioral observations courtesy of the deafyouth in typical communication situations. To identify a phenomenon consistent orinconsistent with the norms of social behavior, we isolated these facts, which are unusualfrom the perspective overview of hearing students, return their attention and leftout those ones that are known and well recognized in the environment. Some specificfeatures and behaviors characteristic of people with hearing deficit were analyzed anddescribed. Sent to us text messages were used for this purpose. Such contact requiresthe language skills of deaf people, both in the transmission and reception of information.Polite behavior of students with impaired hearing, and the result depends onmany complex factors: experience (sensory information), education at home, knowledgeof the traditions, manners, language skills, a body of knowledge.As a speech therapists, we know that the “language of politeness” pose to personswith hearing a lot of perplexity and doubt. This phenomenon is not easy, given that onthe use of one or other form is determined not only good knowledge of Polish language,but also the rules convenance, labels, and to the point of embarrassing that deafpeople prefer avoiding these issues and to communicate using sign language.
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