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Religiosity of the future members of the Stańczycy group in their youth in comparison with their later religious views

100%
Gancewski M. P.
Folia Historica Cracoviensia
|
2021
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vol. 27
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issue 2
115-144
PL
W artykule omówione zostały poglądy religijne Stanisława Koźmiana, Ludwika Wodzickiego oraz Stanisława Tarnowskiego, a także kształt ich pobożności przed powstaniem styczniowym. Religijność ich młodzieńczych lat skonfrontowana i porównana została z ich późniejszymi zapatrywaniami religijnymi, co pozwoliło ukazać zmianę ich poglądów na przestrzeni lat. Pracę rozpoczyna omówienie formacji duchowej bohaterów tego artykułu, na którą olbrzymi wpływ miało środowisko rodzinne, w którym zostali wychowani – środowisko patriotycznej szlachty i arystokracji, szczerze oddanej katolicyzmowi (z osobistego i narodowego powodu). Mimo przywiązania do religii oraz wypełniania praktyk religijnych (zwłaszcza w przypadku Stanisława Tarnowskiego i Ludwika Wodzickiego) przyszli stańczycy nie byli jednak bezkrytycznie nastawieni do Kościoła katolickiego. Wprost przeciwnie – podobnie jak większość generacji, do której należeli –  niejednokrotnie negatywnie wypowiadali się na temat kondycji moralnej kleru, a także byli przeciwnikami świeckiej władzy papieża, co stawiało ich w opozycji do ultramontańsko nastawionych członków ich rodzin oraz niektórych członków Hotelu Lambert – organizacji z którą byli ideowo-politycznie związani. Po powstaniu styczniowym następowała stopniowa ewolucja ich poglądów w kierunku niemal całkowitego posłuszeństwa Kościołowi instytucjonalnemu. Niemniej jeszcze przez kilkanaście lat ich zapatrywania religijne naznaczone były pewnym liberalizmem, a spojrzenie na postępowanie Kościoła katolickiego było niejednokrotnie krytyczne, co skutkowało oskarżeniami o moderantyzm kierowanymi w ich stronę przez ultramontańskie środowisko „Przeglądu Lwowskiego”.   
EN
This article discusses the religious views of Stanisław Koźmian, Ludwik Wodzicki and Stanisław Tarnowski, as well as the shape of their piety before the January Uprising. The religiousness of their youth was confronted and compared with their later religious views, which allowed for a change in their views over the years. This work begins with a discussion of the spiritual formation of the heroes of this article, which was greatly influenced by the family environment in which they were brought up - an environment of patriotic nobility and aristocracy, sincerely devoted to Catholicism (for personal and national reasons). However, despite their attachment to religion and fulfilment of religious practices (especially in the case of Stanisław Tarnowski and Ludwik Wodzicki), the future Staśniks were not uncritically inclined towards the Catholic Church. On the contrary - just like the majority of the generation to which they belonged - they often expressed negative opinions about the moral condition of the clergy, and were opposed to the secular power of the Pope, which put them in opposition to ultra-Montane members of their families and some members of the Hotel Lambert - the organisation with which they were ideologically and politically associated. After the January Uprising there was a gradual evolution of their views towards almost complete obedience to the institutional Church. Nevertheless, for several more years their religious outlook was marked by a certain liberalism, and their views on the behaviour of the Catholic Church were often critical, which resulted in accusations of moderantism being levelled at them by the ultramontane milieu of the "Przeglad Lwowski".
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1989 in Poland (Up to the June Elections) in the Journalism of Le Monde

100%
Gancewski M. P.
Historia i Polityka
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2024
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issue 50 (57)
101-123
EN
The article aims to show how one of the most influential centre-to-left French journal Le Monde assessed the political developments in Poland from the end of 1988 until the Solidarity victory in the June elections. The attitude of Le Monde towards the changes in the Soviet Union and its external empire is considered as well but it serves only as a contextual backdrop. The French newspaper observed the irreversible nature of the ongoing processes in the Soviet Union that marked a significant change in Gorbachev’s foreign policy approach. The political developments of all members of the Eastern Bloc were closely examined by the daily but the changing dynamics in the Polish People’s Republic directed most of the magazine’s focus towards the situation in that country. It may seem astonishing that the journal analysed the puzzling murders of Polish priests and scrutinised the reforms introduced by M. Rakowski in significant detail. However, these issues were considered intertwined with the progress of Poland’s political transformation. The agreements made at the Round Table and the results of the June elections were viewed as significant accomplishments. The Solidarity was commended for abstaining from abrupt actions that could threaten the agreement with the authorities. Le Monde opines that such actions could be hazardous owing to the present geopolitical situation and the likelihood of resistance within the party.
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