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PL
The article investigates two mysterious feminine figures appearing in the 13th century Old French prose romance Le Haut Livre du Graal (Perlesvaus). Their ontological status, which remains uncertain until the end, gives them, along with the sexual violence and castration phantasms they incarnate, a highly troubling and uncanny aspect. The analysis highlights also the textual strategies used by the author in order to create such an effect
FR
Partant d’une réflexion générale sur la signification de la mémoire au Moyen Âge, l’article propose une analyse approfondie des fonctions du souvenir dans le Roman de Tristan de Béroul et dans celui de Thomas d’Angleterre. Le rôle du souvenir, prédominant dans les deux œuvres, s’avère en fait fondamentalement différent dans les deux cas. Chez Béroul, les amants vivent sous l’emprise du philtre amoureux qui les cantonne dans le présent et ne leur permet de penser qu’à un futur immédiat ; ainsi, le souvenir sera traité par eux de manière instrumentale, dépourvue de toute valeur sentimentale : il est une arme dont ils se servent pour convaincre le roi de leur innocence, et pour inverser une situation a priori défavorable. Les héros du roman de Thomas d’Angleterre, par contre, vivent leur séparation en vacillant entre un présent fallacieux – celui des erreurs et des doutes – et un passé mythique, celui de leur amour idéalisé. Le souvenir acquiert une autonomie au point de renverser le cours de l’action, en s’imposant aux protagonistes pour ainsi dire malgré eux ; il est capable de transmuer la réalité désolante et decevante en un rêve consolant, vivant dans le passé transformé par la mémoire. C’est aussi, semble-t-il, la même consolation que Thomas propose (et d’autres auteurs avec lui, peut-être) à ses lecteurs / auditeurs : celle de l’activité artistique, capable de transformer la réalité en une œuvre d’art.
EN
The article analyses the vision of the devil in the selected tales of the Vie des peres, a collection of pious tales from the thirteenth century, freely inspired by patristic literature and medieval exempla. The period in which the collection was written, the thirteenth century, bridges the gap between the early and late Middle Ages: it is a time when the perception of the devil is changing, and he is becoming increasingly feared. The analysis focuses mainly on four stories in which the devil is at the centre of the story, and in which his very image is a source of fear and a key element of the story: ‘Devil’s Mouth’, ‘Devils Vision’ and two versions of ‘Devil’s Image’. The vision of the devil in these stories coincides with the teratological vision that is dominant in the iconography, to which the stories directly allude. The message of these stories is generally positive: the protagonists almost always manage to overcome their fears and free themselves from the power of the devil. In this way, the authors avoid the trap of Manichaeism: the devil, despite his cunning and sophistication, is in the end only a caricature of an angel, unable to oppose God effectively. The fear of the devil appears several times on the pages of Vie des peres, but it is the message of hope that dominates.
FR
L’article analyse la vision du diable dans les contes choisis de la Vie des peres, recueil de contes pieux du XIIIe siècle, librement inspiré de la littérature patristique et des exempla médiévaux. La période de la rédaction du recueil, le treizième siècle, marque la transition entre le haut et le bas Moyen Âge : c’est une époque où la perception du diable évolue et où celui-ci devient de plus en plus redouté. L’analyse se focalise surtout sur quatre récits dans lesquels le diable est au centre de l’histoire, et où son image même est source de peur et élément clé du récit : « Gueule du diable », « Vision de diables » et deux versions d’« Image du diable ». La vision du diable dans ces histoires coïncide avec la vision tératologique qui domine dans l’iconographie, à laquelle les histoires citées font d’ailleurs directement allusion. Le message de ces histoires est généralement positif : les protagonistes parviennent presque toujours à surmonter leurs peurs et à se libérer du pouvoir du diable. Les auteurs évitent ainsi le piège du manichéisme : le diable, malgré sa ruse et sa sophistication, n’est finalement qu’une caricature d’ange, incapable de s’opposer efficacement à Dieu. La peur du diable apparaît à plusieurs reprises sur les pages de la Vie des peres, mais c’est le message d’espoir qui domine.
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Tristan et le démon de midi

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EN
The paper analyses medieval Tristan romances by Béroul and Thomas of Britain in the light of Evagrius of Pontus’doctrine of acedia. The starting point is the concept of ‘Noonday Demon’: understood by Evagrius as the devil tempting the monk into acedia –a state of listlessness and spiritual torpor. It is used today to describe a ‘midlife crisis’ affecting married men in their erotic and sexual behaviour. The analysis tends to prove that the confusion between these two meanings can be traced back to the medieval Tristan legend, especially in Thomas’ version: in fact, Tristan’s supposed melancholy resembles acedia as defined by Evagrius, with its essential characteristics: instability, inconstancy, desire of novelty and perpetual dissatisfaction.
PL
Artykuł proponuje odczytanie średniowiecznych powieści o Tristanie autorstwa Béroula i Thomasa z Anglii w świetle doktryny acedii Ewagriusza z Pontu. Punktem wyjścia jest pojęcie „demona południa”, rozumianego przez Ewagriusza jako demon popychający mnicha do acedii – stanu apatii i duchowego odrętwienia. Dzisiaj terminem tym określa się często „kryzys wieku średniego”, dotykający żonatych mężczyzn i skłaniający ich do poszukiwań erotycznych i seksualnych. Analiza zmierza do udowodnienia, że początków pomieszania tych dwóch pojęć można szukać już w średniowiecznej legendzie Tristana, zwłaszcza w wersji Thomasa. W istocie, często przywoływana melancholia Tristana przypomina acedię zdefiniowaną przez Ewagriusza, z jej podstawowymi cechami – niestabilnością, niestałością, pragnieniem nowości i wiecznym poczuciem niespełnienia.
Terminus
|
2023
|
vol. 25
|
issue 3 (68)
285-298
EN
In his Confessions, Saint Augustine formulates the idea of human time as distentio animi (extension/distraction of the soul/spirit), which he contrasts with divine eternity. The opposition between the temporal and subjective ‘earthly’ and the eternal ‘heavenly’ is part of the Augustinian ‘analogical matrix’ that has been part of the framework of Western thought for more than a millennium. Medieval thought on time is situated within this framework, although other influences should also be added (e.g. the archaic conception of cyclical time perceptible in the liturgy), and its characteristic duality is reflected in literary texts. This article aims to demonstrate the exceptional complexity and originality of the reflection on time in Thomas of England’s Tristan, as well as its links with the Augustinian matrix. The analysis focuses on a double temporality contained in the narrative: one, linear and subjective at the same time, tends inexorably towards death; the other introduces a dimension of eternity through the ideal of love, represented by the golden ring, whose role goes beyond a symbolic function, since it can revive the past and determine the future. In this way, Thomas offers a substitution of the elements of the Augustinian matrix, replacing the divine absolute by that of the fin’amor raised to the level of the spiritual ideal.
EN
In his autobiographical novel, Promise at Dawn, Romain Gary, in addition to numerous confabulations, also made several borrowings from various works of world literature; a considerable number of these have been identified by researchers. The article adds to this list the hitherto undiscovered plagiarism of Bezgrzeszne lata [Innocent Years] by Kornel Makuszyński, a writer whom Gary read in his youth. One of the most recognisable episodes of Promise at Dawn – the story of the author’s/narrator’s childhood love for Valentina, for whom he ate, among other things, a kilo of cherries with seeds or, finally, the eponymous galosh – bears a striking resemblance to the description of narrator’s love for Inka Leszczyńska in Innocent Years. In addition to this connection, there are other, less obvious similarities between the two works, related to the authors’ creative paths, their first literary attempts or difficulties at school, and the subsequent experience regarding their first publications. There are also similarities between the authors themselves, both achieving ‘celebrity’ status through their writing successes, both equally averse (with reciprocity) to any avant-garde or political involvement, both adhering to humanist ideals in their writing and seeking to right wrongs and injustices, each in their own way. 
PL
W autobiograficznej powieści Obietnica poranka Romain Gary, prócz licznych konfabulacji, dokonał też wielu zapożyczeń z rozmaitych dzieł literatury światowej. Znaczna część z nich została zidentyfikowana przez badaczy. Artykuł uzupełnia tę listę o nieodkryty dotąd plagiat z Bezgrzesznych lat Kornela Makuszyńskiego, pisarza, którego Gary czytał w młodości. Jeden z najbardziej rozpoznawalnych epizodów Obietnicy poranka – historia dziecięcej miłości autora/narratora do Walentyny, dla której zjadł między innymi kilo czereśni z pestkami czy wreszcie tytułowy kalosz – jest bliźniaczo podobny do opisu miłości narratora Bezgrzesznych lat do Inki Leszczyńskiej. Oprócz tego nawiązania między oboma utworami istnieją dodatkowe, mniej oczywiste podobieństwa, dotyczące drogi twórczej autorów, pierwszych prób literackich, a trudności szkolnych, a także doświadczeń pierwszej publikacji. Podobieństwa dotyczą też samych autorów – obu osiągających status „celebrytów” dzięki sukcesom pisarskim, obu jednakowo niechętnych (z wzajemnością) wszelkiej awangardzie i zaangażowaniu politycznemu, obu wyznających w swoim pisarstwie ideały humanizmu oraz dążących do naprawy krzywd i niesprawiedliwości – każdy na swój sposób.
EN
The aim of this paper is to propose an analysis of the Cahus’ Dream, a well known episode of the Perlesvaus, Arthurian romance from the 13th century, within the context of the medieval dream theories. Inspired mostly by Macrobius’ Commentary on the Dream of Scipio – focusing on the divinatory (or deceptive/ illusory) role of dreams – as well as by Tertullian’s and Augustine’s Christian reflections on the relations between the soul and the sleeping body, these theories permit to shed a new light on the oneiric adventure of the squire. In fact, the author furnishes numerous clues which make it look as an insomnium or fantasma: a false, illusory dream, deprived of any deeper signification. Thus, unable of uncovering some hidden, symbolic meaning, the mirage paradoxically turns out to be a material, “ugly”, as the text has it, truth, blurring the border between dream and reality in a most confusing way, and setting the specific Perlesvaus tone from the very beginning of the romance.
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