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Zróżnicowanie terytorialne dostępu do sądów na podstawie analizy stron internetowych sądów rejonowych

100%
Więcek-Durańska A.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii
|
2017
|
vol. 24
89-105
EN
Access to the court can be understood on different ways. This may be the distance to the court building or some organizational and technical solutions related to the development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) and the access oAccess to the court can be understood on different ways. This may be the distance to the court building or some organizational and technical solutions related to the development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) and the access of potential "clients" to justice information via the website. This is a more important topic that in recent years, the Ministry of Justice has seen a significant increase in the expenditure on computerization of the judiciary. The actions taken were aimed both at facilitating work and supporting judges and court staff as well as facilitating communication between courts and clients. However, as is clear from the analysis of international statistical data, Poland, in spite of its considerable expenditure on computerization of justice, was among the ten European Union countries with the lowest ICT access rates in the courts. The weakest link is the use of information technology in the field of communication between the court and the clients.The article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the standards of conducting websites by the judicial authorities. The second part presents methodology and results of own empirical analyzes.
2
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Psychospołeczne czynniki ryzyka zachowań niezgodnych z prawem młodzieży

100%
Więcek-Durańska A.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii
|
2018
|
vol. 25
84-138
EN
Crime is a multidimensional social phenomenon, important for the whole society For years,researchers have been conducting research to increase knowledge about the factors responsible for criminal behavior and to look for such factors that play a positive (protective) role.Depending on the leading research trend, such factors were sought in the individual’s characteristics or in the external environment (family, local environment). Many studies have also been devoted to verifying external signs and genetic deviations indicating predisposition to criminal behavior. Some scientists also point to neurobiological factors, in particular the prevalence of mental disorders in the population. Currently, the trends of research are taken from many fields of science. It is emphasized, however, that every human behavior is determined not only by his personality, but also by the environment in which he is located. The issue of crime is more important when this phenomenon applies to children and young people. The analysis of available statistical data on criminal offenses committed by minors shows that this issue is a significant social problem. In 2015, in court statistics there were over 12 000 criminal offenses committed by juvenile offenders and over 14 000 court judgments on demoralization of minors. Furthermore it stresses that the age of young people committing crimes significantly decreased.The aim of the study was the evaluation of prevalence and analysis of determinants of „risk factors” in the etiology of criminal acts. Risk factors are defined as individual personal properties,environmental characteristics and mutual interactions between them. In the statistical sense,risk factors are properties that coexist with abnormal behavior or precede its formation. Based on knowledge about risk factors, we can try to estimate the occurrence of certain negative phenomena, including for example committing offenses by young people. It should be emphasized that the emergence of risk factors does not necessarily lead to negative consequences, but they increase the risk of their occurrence.The study used a self-report questionnaire, psychological tests and an interview. The obtained empirical material allowed to capture certain characteristics and differences between the youth who admitted committing the crime and those who did not have such experiences.The work consists of two parts. The first is a theoretical justification of the subject matter of research. The second is empirical and includes a description of the method and the results of research and their discussion and interpretation.The survey was conducted on a group of students aged 15-19 years, using three methods (survey research using psychological tests, self-study report and the interview).Thus obtained results allowed to show the current trend of youth crime related to gender and the prevalence of risk behaviors (drinking strong alcohol or drug use). Analyzes were also a number of environmental factors, and on the basis of indicators developed “the goodness of the local environment.” Analyses showed that there were features differentiating the family of the young people. The collected research material allowed to show the differences between the two groups of young people and to isolate psychosocial risk factors which youth crime.
3
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Zróżnicowanie terytorialne dostępu do sądów na podstawie analizy stron internetowych sądów rejonowych

100%
Więcek-Durańska A.
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
|
2017
|
issue 24
89-105
EN
Access to the court can be understood on different ways. This may be the distance to the court building or some organizational and technical solutions related to the development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) and the access of potential "clients" to justice information via the website. This is a more important topic that in recent years, the Ministry of Justice has seen a significant increase in the expenditure on computerization of the judiciary. The actions taken were aimed both at facilitating work and supporting judges and court staff as well as facilitating communication between courts and clients. However, as is clear from the analysis of international statistical data, Poland, in spite of its considerable expenditure on computerization of justice, was among the ten European Union countries with the lowest ICT access rates in the courts. The weakest link is the use of information technology in the field of communication between the court and the clients.The article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the standards of conducting websites by the judicial authorities. The second part presents methodology and results of own empiricalanalyzes.
PL
Dostęp do sądu można pojmować na różne sposoby, jego miarą może być zarówno fizyczna odległość, jaką musi pokonać obywatel, aby dotrzeć do budynku sądu jak i pewne rozwiązania organizacyjne i techniczne związane m.in. z rozwojem nowych technologii teleinformatycznych oraz dostępem potencjalnych „klientów” do informacji wymiaru sprawiedliwości poprzez stronę internetową. Jest to temat tym istotniejszy, że w ostatnich latach w resorcie wymiaru sprawiedliwości nastąpił znaczny wzrost nakładów przeznaczonych na informatyzację sądownictwa. Podjęte działania miały na celu zarówno ułatwienie pracy oraz wsparcie dla sędziów oraz personelu sądów, a także ułatwienie komunikacji pomiędzy sądami i stronami. Jak wynika jednak z analizy międzynarodowych danych statystycznych Polska, mimo dość dużych nakładów na informatyzację wymiaru sprawiedliwości, znalazła się w dziesiątce państw Unii Europejskiej o najniższym wskaźniku dostępu do technologii teleinformatycznych w sądach. Przy czym podkreśla się, że najsłabszym ogniwem jest wykorzystanie technologii informatycznych w zakresiekomunikacji między sądem, a stronami.Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej omówiono wytyczne dotyczące standardówprowadzenia stron internetowych przez jednostki wymiaru sprawiedliwości. W drugiej natomiast przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z metodologią badań własnych oraz wyniki analiz empirycznych. Access to the court can be understood on different ways. This may be the distance to the court building or some organizational and technical solutions related to the development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) and the access of potential "clients" to justice information via the website. This is a more important topic that in recent years, the Ministry of Justice has seen a significant increase in the expenditure on computerization of the judiciary. The actions taken were aimed both at facilitating work and supporting judges and court staff as well as facilitating communication between courts and clients. However, as is clear from the analysis of international statistical data, Poland, in spite of its considerable expenditure on computerization of justice, was among the ten European Union countries with the lowest ICT access rates in the courts. The weakest link is the use of information technology in the field of communication between the court and the clients.The article consists of two parts. The first part discusses the standards of conducting websites by the judicial authorities. The second part presents methodology and results of own empirical analyzes.
4
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Osoby duchowne i ich odpowiedzialność za przestępstwa seksualne w świetle prawa karnego oraz kanonicznego

100%
Więcek-Durańska A.
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
|
2020
|
issue 27
53-62
EN
The sexual crime of clergy is a controversial phenomenon. The Church is associated with highly developed ethical and moral norms. Until recently, it was common to believe that clergy are excluded from secular responsibility. The article presents the characteristics of criminal and canonical responsibility of clergy. An analysis of the literature indicates that the punishment received by a cleric from one legal system does not relieve or replace the punishment imposed in another system. It can even be said that the cleric is subject to double responsibility. The frst under secular law and the second under canon law.
PL
Przestępczość seksualna osób duchownych jest zjawiskiem budzącym w społeczeństwie kontrowersje. Kościół kojarzony jest bowiem z wysoko rozwiniętymi normami etycznymi i moralnymi. Do niedawna powszechnym było również przekonanie, że osoby duchowne są wyłączone spod odpowiedzialności świeckiej. W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę odpowiedzialności karnej oraz kanonicznej duchownych. Analiza literatury jednoznacznie wskazuje, że kara, którą ponosi duchowny z jednego systemu prawnego, nie zwalnia ani nie zastępuje kary wymierzonej w innym systemie. Powiedzieć można nawet, że duchowny podlega podwójnej odpowiedzialności. Pierwszej w ramach prawa świeckiego oraz drugiej w ramach prawa kanonicznego. The sexual crime of clergy is a controversial phenomenon. The Church is associated with highly developed ethical and moral norms. Until recently, it was common to believe that clergy are excluded from secular responsibility. The article presents the characteristics of criminal and canonical responsibility of clergy. An analysis of the literature indicates that the punishment received by a cleric from one legal system does not relieve or replace the punishment imposed in another system. It can even be said that the cleric is subject to double responsibility. The frst under secular law and the second under canon law.
5
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Psychosocial risk factors for youth crime

100%
Więcek-Durańska A.
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
|
2018
|
issue 25
84-138
PL
Przestępczość jest złożonym zjawiskiem społecznym, istotnym dla całego społeczeństwa. Dlatego też od lat podejmuje się działania mające na celu poszerzenie wiedzy o czynnikach odpowiedzialnych za zachowania polegające na przekraczaniu norm przez uczestników życia społecznego oraz poszukiwaniu takich czynników, które odgrywają rolę pozytywną (chroniącą). W zależności od wiodącego nurtu badawczego, czynników takich poszukiwano w cechach indywidualnych jednostki lub też w środowisku zewnętrznym (rodzina, środowisko lokalne). Wiele badań poświęcono również weryfkowaniu zewnętrznych oznak czy genetycznych odchyleń wskazujących na predyspozycje do zachowań przestępczych. Nie bez znaczenia wydają się także czynniki neurobiologiczne, a w szczególności rozpowszechnienie zaburzeń psychicznych w populacji. Aktualnie trendy w prowadzonych badaniach czerpią z dorobku wielu dziedzin. Podkreśla się jednak, że każde zachowanie człowieka determinowane jest nie tylko przez jego osobowość, ale również przez środowisko, w jakim się znajduje.Problematyka przestępczości jest tym ważniejsza, gdy zjawisko to dotyczy dzieci i młodzieży. Analiza dostępnych danych statystycznych dotyczących czynów karalnych popełnianych przez nieletnich wskazuje, że kwestia ta stanowi istotny problem społeczny. W 2015 roku w statystyce sądowej odnotowano ponad 12 tys. czynów karalnych popełnianych przez nieletnich sprawców oraz ponad 14 tys. orzeczeń sądowych w sprawach nieletnich w związku z demoralizacją. Ponadto, nie bez znaczenia wydaje się obniżający się wiek młodzieży wchodzącej „na drogę przestępczą”.Celem badań była ocena rozpowszechnienia oraz analiza uwarunkowań tzw. „czynników ryzyka” w etiologii czynów przestępczych. Aby przeprowadzić analizę uwarunkowań przeprowadzono badania samoopisowe młodzieży, wywiady oraz testy psychologiczne, a uzyskany szeroki materiał empiryczny pozwolił na wychwycenie pewnych cech charakterystycznych oraz różnic pomiędzy młodzieżą, która przyznała się do popełnienia przestępstwa oraz tymi, którzy takich doświadczeń nie mieli. Opracowanie składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza stanowi teoretyczne uzasadnienie podjętej tematyki badań. Druga natomiast ma charakter empiryczny i obejmuje opis metody, a także uzyskane wyniki badań wraz z ich omówieniem i interpretacją. Badanie przeprowadzone zostało na grupie uczniów w wieku 15-19 lat, przy wykorzystaniu trzech metod badawczych (kwestionariusza samoopisowego, testów psychologicznych oraz wywiadu).   Crime  is  a  multidimensional  social  phenomenon,  important  for  the  whole  society  For  years, researchers  have  been  conducting  research  to  increase  knowledge  about  the  factors  respon- sible for criminal behavior and to look for such factors that play a positive (protective) role. Depending on the leading research trend, such factors were sought in the individual’s characte- ristics or in the external environment (family, local environment). Many studies have also been devoted to verifying external signs and genetic deviations indicating predisposition to criminal behavior. Some scientists also point to neurobiological factors, in particular the prevalence of mental disorders in the population. Currently, the trends of research are taken from many fields of science. It is emphasized, however, that every human behavior is determined not only by his personality, but also by the environment in which he is located. The issue of crime is more im- portant when this phenomenon applies to children and young people. The analysis of available statistical data on criminal offenses committed by minors shows that this issue is a significant social problem. In 2015, in court statistics there were over 12 000 criminal offenses committed by juvenile offenders and over 14 000 court judgments on demoralization of minors. Furthermore it stresses that the age of young people commitng crimes significantly decreased. The aim of the study was the evaluation of prevalence and analysis of determinants of „risk fac- tors” in the etiology of criminal acts. Risk factors are defined as individual personal properties, environmental characteristics and mutual interactions between them. In the statistical sense, risk factors are properties that coexist with abnormal behavior or precede its formation. Based on knowledge about risk factors, we can try to estimate the occurrence of certain negative phe- nomena, including for example committing offenses by young people. It should be emphasized that the emergence of risk factors does not necessarily lead to negative consequences, but they increase the risk of their occurrence. The study used a self-report questionnaire, psychological tests and an interview. The obtained empirical material allowed to capture certain characteristics and differences between the youth who admitted committing the crime and those who did not have such experiences. The work consists of two parts. The first is a theoretical justification of the subject matter of research. The second is empirical and includes a description of the method and the results of research and their discussion and interpretation. The survey was conducted on a group of students aged 15-19 years, using three methods (survey research using psychological tests, self-study report and the interview). Thus obtained results allowed to show the current trend of youth crime related to gender and the prevalence of risk behaviors (drinking strong alcohol or drug use). Analyzes were also a number of environmental factors, and on the basis of indicators developed “the goodness of the local environment.” Analyses showed that there were features differentiating the family of the young people. The collected research material allowed to show the differences between the two groups of young people and to isolate psychosocial risk factors which youth crime.
EN
Crime  is  a  multidimensional  social  phenomenon,  important  for  the  whole  society  For  years, researchers  have  been  conducting  research  to  increase  knowledge  about  the  factors  respon- sible for criminal behavior and to look for such factors that play a positive (protective) role. Depending on the leading research trend, such factors were sought in the individual’s characte- ristics or in the external environment (family, local environment). Many studies have also been devoted to verifying external signs and genetic deviations indicating predisposition to criminal behavior. Some scientists also point to neurobiological factors, in particular the prevalence of mental disorders in the population. Currently, the trends of research are taken from many fields of science. It is emphasized, however, that every human behavior is determined not only by his personality, but also by the environment in which he is located. The issue of crime is more im- portant when this phenomenon applies to children and young people. The analysis of available statistical data on criminal offenses committed by minors shows that this issue is a significant social problem. In 2015, in court statistics there were over 12 000 criminal offenses committed by juvenile offenders and over 14 000 court judgments on demoralization of minors. Furthermore it stresses that the age of young people commitng crimes significantly decreased. The aim of the study was the evaluation of prevalence and analysis of determinants of „risk fac- tors” in the etiology of criminal acts. Risk factors are defined as individual personal properties, environmental characteristics and mutual interactions between them. In the statistical sense, risk factors are properties that coexist with abnormal behavior or precede its formation. Based on knowledge about risk factors, we can try to estimate the occurrence of certain negative phe- nomena, including for example committing offenses by young people. It should be emphasized that the emergence of risk factors does not necessarily lead to negative consequences, but they increase the risk of their occurrence. The study used a self-report questionnaire, psychological tests and an interview. The obtained empirical material allowed to capture certain characteristics and differences between the youth who admitted committing the crime and those who did not have such experiences. The work consists of two parts. The first is a theoretical justification of the subject matter of research. The second is empirical and includes a description of the method and the results of research and their discussion and interpretation. The survey was conducted on a group of students aged 15-19 years, using three methods (survey research using psychological tests, self-study report and the interview). Thus obtained results allowed to show the current trend of youth crime related to gender and the prevalence of risk behaviors (drinking strong alcohol or drug use). Analyzes were also a number of environmental factors, and on the basis of indicators developed “the goodness of the local environment.” Analyses showed that there were features differentiating the family of the young people. The collected research material allowed to show the differences between the two groups of young people and to isolate psychosocial risk factors which youth crime.
6
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Europejskie badanie przemocy uwarunkowanej płcią (GBV) – zagadnienia metodologiczne badań pilotażowych

63%
Gruszczyńska B., Więcek-Durańska A.
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
|
2019
|
issue 26
32-38
EN
Research on gender-based violence (GBV) is an important tool for assessing the scale of crime, especially the phenomenon of violence. International studies to date have focused primarily on violence against women. The first of these, IVAWS (International Violence Against Women Survey), was intended as a challenge to scientists, law enforcement agencies and NGOs. Another European study on violence against women was conducted by the FRA (Fundamental Right Agency). Eurostat is currently planning a new GBV study, which is more comprehensive because violence against women and men will be considered. This study faces new methodological challenges. The GBV project covers various forms of violence, from domestic violence to violence at work, online, mobbing, etc. The first stage is the so-called pre-test, and the pilot was implemented in several EU countries, including Poland. Basic research is planned for 2022 in all European Union countries. The basic GBV research tool is a questionnaire whose questions include the intensity of various types and forms of violence against women and men. In the interpretation of the results, especially in an international perspective, attention should be paid to the differences in the perception of violence by victims, as well as in the scale of reporting violence. The differences also concern the causes, forms and consequences of violence. How can discrepancies in the size and conditioning of gender-based violence be assessed? This article presents methodological issues and experiences related to the implementation of these pilot studies.
PL
Badania na temat przemocy ze względu na płeć GBV (Gender-Based Violence) są ważnym narzędziem do oceny skali przestępczości, zwłaszcza zjawiska przemocy. Dotychczasowe badania międzynarodowe dotyczyły przede wszystkim przemocy wobec kobiet. Pierwsze z nich, IVAWS (International Violence Against Women Survey), stanowiło wyzwanie dla naukowców, organów ścigania i organizacji pozarządowych. Kolejne europejskie badanie przemocy wobec kobiet zostało przeprowadzone przez Agencję Praw Podstawowych (Fundamental Right Agency – FRA). Obecnie planowane jest przez Eurostat badanie GBV o szerszym zakresie, dotyczącym zarówno przemocy wobec kobiet, jak i mężczyzn. Jest to jednocześnie nowe wyzwanie metodologiczne. Projekt Eurostatu obejmuje różne rodzaje i formy przemocy, od przemocy domowej po przemoc w pracy, w sieci, mobbing itp. Pierwszym etapem był tzw. pretest oraz pilotaż realizowany w kilku państwach UE, w tym także w Polsce. Badanie podstawowe jest planowane na 2022 r. we wszystkich krajach Unii Europejskiej. Podstawowym narzędziem GBV jest kwestionariusz ankiety. Pytania obejmują m.in. intensywność różnych rodzajów i form przemocy wobec kobiet i mężczyzn. W interpretacji wyników, zwłaszcza w perspektywie międzynarodowej, należy zwrócić uwagę na różnice w postrzeganiu przemocy przez ofiary, a także w jej zgłaszaniu. Różnice dotyczą również przyczyn, form i konsekwencji przemocy. Jak właściwie ocenić rozbieżności w rozmiarach i uwarunkowaniu przemocy w ramach płci? W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia metodologiczne i doświadczenia związane z realizacją badania pilotażowego.   Research on gender-based violence (GBV) is an important tool for assessing the scale of crime, especially the phenomenon of violence. International studies to date have focused primarily on violence against women. The first of these, IVAWS (International Violence Against Women Survey), was intended as a challenge to scientists, law enforcement agencies and NGOs. Another European study on violence against women was conducted by the FRA (Fundamental Right Agency). Eurostat is currently planning a new GBV study, which is more comprehensive because violence against women and men will be considered. This study faces new methodological challenges. The GBV project covers various forms of violence, from domestic violence to violence at work, online, mobbing, etc. The first stage is the so-called pre-test, and the pilot was implemented in several EU countries, including Poland. Basic research is planned for 2022 in all European Union countries. The basic GBV research tool is a questionnaire whose questions include the intensity of various types and forms of violence against women and men. In the interpretation of the results, especially in an international perspective, attention should be paid to the differences in the perception of violence by victims, as well as in the scale of reporting violence. The differences also concern the causes, forms and consequences of violence. How can discrepancies in the size and conditioning of gender-based violence be assessed? This article presents methodological issues and experiences related to the implementation of these pilot studies.
7
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Znaczenie relacji w procesie pomagania osobom chorym na schizofrenię

63%
Malewicz-Sawicka M., Więcek-Durańska A.
Praca Socjalna
|
2021
|
vol. 36(6)
67-88
EN
The article presents issues related to the importance of relationships in the process of helping people suffering from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is one of the most severe mental-health disorder, in its course it often leads to mental disability. Therefore, the mental disability and initiating the recovery process of people with schizophrenia are the most important and central concepts of the text. Working with a patient suffering from schizophrenia aims at preventing disability and minimizing its consequences, and the success of these actions should be measured by the degree to which a disabled person is able to work independently, fulfil daily family and home duties and manage their free time. Creating a good or sufficiently good therapeutic relationship with a person suffering from schizophrenia is a complex configuration of many factors: from purely behavioural and information-sharing to those related to a sense of genuine closeness. The list of factors influencing creation of a therapeutic relationship can be elaborated based on various assumptions, some may emphasize the factor of patients' disability, others – cognitive deficits, and still others may be created based on existential assumptions. In this article, particular emphasis is placed on the area of psychosocial rehabilitation with its specific goals and the role of empathy and therapeutic relationship in the process of recovery of people with mental disorders.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z problematyką znaczenia relacji w procesie pomagania osobom chorym na schizofrenię. Schizofrenia jest bowiem jedną z najcięższych chorób psychicznych, często w swym przebiegu prowadzących do niepełnosprawności psychicznej. Dlatego też niepełnosprawność psychiczna oraz inicjowanie procesu zdrowienia osób chorych na schizofrenię stanowią najważniejsze i centralne pojęcia, wokół których skupia się niniejszy tekst. Praca z pacjentem chorym na schizofrenię ma za zadanie przeciwdziałanie niepełnosprawności i zminimalizowanie jej konsekwencji, powodzenie tych oddziaływań powinno być zaś mierzone stopniem, w jakim osoba niepełnosprawna jest w stanie samodzielnie pracować, wypełniać codzienne obowiązki rodzinne i domowe oraz zarządzać swoim czasem wolnym. Zbudowanie dobrego lub wystarczająco dobrego związku terapeutycznego z osobą chorą na schizofrenię jest złożoną konfiguracją wielu czynników: od czysto behawioralnych i związanych z wymianą informacji po te związane z poczuciem autentycznej bliskości. Lista czynników wpływających na budowanie związku terapeutycznego może być budowana na podstawie różnych założeń, jedne mogą podkreślać czynnik niepełnosprawności pacjentów, inne – deficyty poznawcze, a jeszcze inne mogą być tworzone na bazie założeń egzystencjalnych. W niniejszym artykule szczególny nacisk położono na obszar rehabilitacji psychospołecznej wraz z jej celami szczegółowymi oraz roli empatii i relacji terapeutycznej w procesie zdrowienia osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi.
8
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Odpowiedzialność nieletnich za czyny z art. 10 § 2 k.k. przed sądem rodzinnym i przed sądem karnym

51%
Czarnecka-Dzialuk B., Drapała K., Więcek-Durańska A.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
2012
|
issue XXXIV
275-365
EN
The article describes results of research made in Instytut Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości (Institute of Justice) which aimed to specify factors and circumstances influencing tougher penalties for wrongful deeds committed by persons between 15 and 16 years old and to draft a profile of juvenile perpetrators of most dangerous criminal deeds. 292 cases were analysed, of which 71 in criminal courts and 221 in family courts . Cases concerned wrongful deeds under article 10 paragraph 3 of criminal code as of 2004-2008. 375 juvenile perpetrators were studied, of which 134 cases were judged in care and education proceedings, 114 cases in correctional proceedings, and 82 juvenile delinquents were tried in a criminal court. The file research questionnaire included seven parts to examine: the wrongful deed and circumstances of its commitment, characteristics of the juvenile delinquent, information about the injured persons, the course of the preparatory proceedings, proceedings before the court, and the sentenced measures and appeal against them. Information obtained from the research allowed for numerous conclusions. Most of all, it allowed to evaluate the practice of sentencing in cases of juvenile perpetrators of most serious crimes, in particular to evaluate the possibility to sentence the juvenile delinquent under article 10 paragraph 2 of the criminal code. In general, this evaluation is positive. It also appeared that the policy of exceptional penal measures for under age persons has remained the same in the recent years. The cases are not numerous, just as they were not in the past, which supports the idea that possibility of bringing juvenile delinquents to the criminal court is used rather cautiously and as an exception to the rule, in cases of the most drastic character and committed by more demoralized young persons who committed crimes under influence of alcohol, used violence, and dangerous tools. The juvenile who were tried in criminal courts, more often than ones who were tried in family courts, cooperated with adults and acted to the detriment of adults (they caused death of the victim in one fifth of cases ). More of them had been tried in family courts, and educational or correctional measures had failed. In 95% of the cases tried in crim-inal courts the researchers were convinced of the rightness of such method of treatment, and only in few cases tried in family courts there were doubts if not using the article 10 paragraph 2 of criminal code was right because of definitely negative prediction and serious character of the wrongful deed. Assessment if decision was right was difficult as information in the court files were laconic and sporadically even lacked sufficient personal information – particularly in cases qualified for care and education proceedings.
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