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EN
In the article we present short profiles and analysis of two gesture systems: the technical one - on the basis of conventional signs used by scuba-divers - and the Italian sign language in respect of signs of other languages. These are systems alternative to the gestures used in each verbal utterance and they show a lot of concurrence with language itself.
EN
The present paper is an attempt supplying proofs that gestural signs are almost like standard linguistic signs. It is claimed that language gestures exhibit numerous properties of classical linguistic signs conceived of as in the works of de Saussure. The dividing line between the two pertains, in essence, to the type of motivation between the signifier and the signified, found within gestural, but not linguistic signs. There is a conspicuous connection between the two aspects of the sign within various kinds of gestures, including volitional ones (most akin to speech acts or „la parole” of the Saussure) as well as within those which are not performed on purpose (called „sylinguistic” gestures).
IT
The term o f rhetoric has known several senses since its foundation as techne o f persuasion by Aristote. This paper presents the historical reasons o f limitation o f the first rhetorical project into the scholar treaties in n ^ - l i ) 111 centuries. The next question is to explain the revival o f rhetorical tradition with Chaim Perelman Olbrechts-Tyteca Traite de ¡’argumentation focused on the theory o f argumentation and the French “nouvelle critique” focused on linguistics and stylistics. The key-term for both linguistic and philosophic approach o f new rhetoric is a figure o f speech. The author tries to find out if the modern reunified vision o f rhetoric is possible and suitable.
EN
The article presents the classification of symbolic and conventional gestures used in communication otherwise known as quasi-linguistic gestures. The author classified them into two types i.e. direct gestures and indirect gestures otherwise known as linguistic calques. In the present article the first type is presented in detail with a division into the following subtypes deictic, iconic, symbolic and ideographic-metaphoric. Some examples from Polish and Italian are also provided.
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