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Tradycyjny śpiew wielogłosowy w Polsce w perspektywie etnomuzykologii

100%
Dahlig P.
Łódzkie Studia Etnograficzne
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2018
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vol. 57
EN
The article presents the history of documentation of multi-part singing in Poland and the state of research on this subject. The multi-part singing as the musical and culture phenomenon is regionally limited and can be recorded in Carpathian Mountains and in the north-eastern borderland where the multi-part singing remains in some parishes the common heritage of Poland and Lithuania till today. There are also numerous  examples of spontaneous heterophony in Polish-Belorussian and Polish-Ukrainian musical traditions, but the singing in parallel thirds prevails, particularly among members of the Orthodox Church. The prerequisite of the multipart singing is a slow tempo, not typical of folk songs in ethnic Poland. The review of sources and living practice allow to discuss three historical layers of multipart singing in Poland: 1) the oldest one – heterophony or diaphony in fifths documented since the 15th century, 2) three-part mixed choir influenced by the church practice since the 18th century (north-eastern part of Poland) and 3) parallel thirds in female groups wherever the school-youth-choirs were introduced and the mixed choir movement e.g. in Silesia since the 19th century. Thus the multi-part singing has become both a sign of regional-ethnic specificity and the result of the cultural development.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje historię dokumentacji wielogłosu wokalnego w Polsce, jako zjawiska muzycznego i kulturowego oraz aktualny stan rozeznania w praktyce śpiewu wielogłosowego.Jako zjawisko międzykulturowe wielogłos zakorzeniony jest na pograniczach etnicznych w Karpatach i na ziemiach wschodnich, gdzie tradycje polskie stykają się z litewskimi, białoruskimi i ukraińskimi. Obok praktyk spontanicznych – paralelizmów tercjowych, kwintowych, oktawowych oraz heterofonii, jako współrozbrzmiewania wariantów – obserwujemy również wpływ chóralnej wielogłosowości, zwłaszcza na Śląsku. Mniejszości narodowe, także na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski, praktykują wielogłos jako wyróżnik podmiotowości kulturowej. Ponadto wielogłos występuje u repatriantów z Rumunii (Górale Czadeccy) i z byłej Jugosławii. Ogólnie, kierując się chronologią względną, możemy wyróżnić trzy warstwy historyczne śpiewu z elementami wielogłosu: 1) heterofonia i diafonia (w kwintach), poświadczana źródłowo od XV wieku; 2) trzygłos mieszany na pograniczu polsko-litewskim (od XVIII wieku); 3) paralelizmy tercjowe w chórach kobiecych, powszechne do dziś na pograniczach etnicznych. Wielogłosowość ilustruje zarówno głęboko zakorzenioną specyfikę kultury (w odniesieniu do muzyki – wielogłos wiąże się z wolnym tempem śpiewu oraz z samowystarczalnością głosu w liturgii prawosławnej), jak i rozwój powszechnej edukacji muzycznej.
2
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Hearing and Obedience in Traditional Cultures as a Condition for Transcendent Communication

100%
Dahlig P.
Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology
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2008
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issue 7
51-60
PL
.
3

Oskar Kolberg (1814–1890) the Founder of Musical Ethnography in Poland

100%
Dahlig P.
Musicology Today
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2014
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vol. 11
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issue 1
EN
The article presents the greatest Polish ethnographer, who was also a professionally educated musician. He concentrated his activities on the oral musical culture, still vital in the 19th century but liable to changes. Culture studies by Kolberg concerned mainly rural communities, statistically dominating in those times. He planned to edit 60 volumes geographically covering the first Polish State from before 1772; he managed to print 33 of them in his lifetime and prepare many further anthologies for editing. Up till now, the editorial work is still in progress. The already edited 80 volumes show us an old social culture, folk ceremonies, musical repertoire including ritual singing, songs and instrumental pieces. Kolberg’s printed monument is a source of reflection on the past and can inspire social studies, ethnomusicological research as well as musical ensembles performing traditional ethnic music of peasant origin. The size of Kolberg’s documentation means that a special Institute of Oskar Kolberg had to be established to continue editorial and research work. In spite of his positivistic and empirical attitude, Kolberg still kept a romantic faith in the significance of folk songs and singing for the preservation of national components in cultural consciousness. Simultaneously, he developed a model for structural analysis of popular/folk culture and intended to build a cultural atlas of the country, building on the work of his father, professor of the University of Warsaw, an outstanding cartographer. But the core of Kolberg’s programme, its “planetary centre”, was always music. It was music that gave him the stimulus to interpret the culture of Central-Eastern Europe. To preserve regional diversity, he wrote down more than 20 thousand vocal melodies, song texts and instrumental pieces, paying special attention to variants and ornamentation. For the contemporary composer, Kolberg’s volumes are a useful musical reader. These huge anthologies of elementary but highly integrated musical concepts demonstrate the collective creativity and a fascinating prefiguration of mass culture, still open to symbols and to poetry. Kolberg’s music transcriptions, catching music in the process of performance, should not be treated as unchangeable patterns for copying, but rather as a source that helps understand creativity in traditional oral culture.
4
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Oskar Kolberg i etnomuzykologia wobec ludowej pieśni religijnej

100%
Dahlig P., Karcz B., Tyrała R., Zając A., Delimat W., Janicki J. J., Malik J., Sterczewska L., UPJPII i., Pasek W., Karcz B., Malik J., Sterczewska L., UPJPII i., Pasek W.
Pro Musica Sacra
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2014
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vol. 12
EN
The text presents a history of research on the Catholic folk singing in Poland with a special regard to works of the greatest Polish ethnographer, Oskar Kolberg (1814–1890). Karol Kurpiński, a composer and the director of the National Theatre, who was the first to debate on folk music in 1820, had promoted a functional definition of a folk song embracing also religious singing in national language. Anthologies of the texts of folk song edited in 1830s and 1840s put stress, however, on possibly original repertoire of peasants transmitted orally and by memory. Religious songs as being learned basically from prints were usually not included into folklore studies. But culture changes in the course of the 19th century have induced explorers to document also older religious songs in folk use, such as carrols (Michał Marcin Mioduszewski 1843). Oskar Kolberg was concentrated mainly on regional specificity of each part of the country. That is why the standardized repertoire of religious songs performed in churches did not attract much of his attraction. In spite of his preferences, he had written down about 800 religious songs in the whole collection of 20.000 vocal and instrumental pieces. These 800 songs refer to local repertories accompanying the Lenten, Easter, Christmas, the cult of saint patrons and connected with other contexts such as funeral ceremonies. The reason for respecting also religious singing in Kolbergs works was a significance of the oral way of performing resulting in huge amount of variants which were determined also by strictly regional features of traditional singing. Performance practice became a common interest for both ethnomusicology and hymnology since the 1970s, so the more that elements of Gregorian chant have survived in living tradition up till now.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia historię badań nad katolickim śpiewem ludowym w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem pracy największego polskiego etnografa, Oskara Kolberga (1814–90). Karol Kurpiński, kompozytor i dyrektor Teatru Narodowego, inicjator pierwszej debaty na temat muzyki ludowej w 1820 roku, zaproponował funkcjonalne ujęcie pieśni ludowej, której definicja obejmowała także pieśni religijne śpiewane w języku narodowym. Antologie tekstów pieśni ludowych wydawane w latach 30. i 40. XIX wieku zawierały możliwie najbardziej oryginalny repertuar pieśni chłopskich przekazywanych ustnie i pamięciowo. Pieśni religijne, jak wynika z druków, nie były zwykle włączane do badań folklorystycznych, jednak zmiany kulturowe, jakie zachodziły na przestrzeni XIX wieku, skłoniły badaczy do dokumentowania również starszych pieśni religijnych wykorzystanych w tradycji ludowej, takich jak kolędy (Michał Marcin Mioduszewski 1843). W swoich badaniach Oskar Kolberg był skoncentrowany głównie na specyfice regionalnej poszczególnych części kraju, dlatego też znormalizowany repertuar pieśni religijnych wykonywanych w kościołach w zasadzie go nie interesował. Jednak mimo swoich preferencji badawczych Kolberg spisał około 800 pieśni religijnych z bogatej kolekcji 20 tysięcy utworów wokalnych i instrumentalnych. Te 800 utworów wchodzi w skład lokalnych repertuarów towarzyszących obrzędom wielkopostnym, wielkanocnym, bożonarodzeniowym, a także związanym z kultem świętych patronów oraz innym, takim jak np. ceremonie pogrzebowe. Powodem uwzględnienia śpiewów religijnych w pracach Kolberga był również fakt ich ustnego przekazywania, który skutkował ogromną wariantywnością pieśni. Niektóre z wariantów nabierały specyficznych cech określanych przez lokalną tradycję śpiewaczą. Praktyka wykonawcza zyskała od 1970 roku zainteresowanie badawcze zarówno etnomuzykologów, jak i hymnologów, tym bardziej że zawarte w pieśniach elementy chorału gregoriańskiego przetrwały w żywej tradycji aż do naszych czasów.
5
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Anna Czekanowska (1929–2021)

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Dahlig P.
Muzyka
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2022
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vol. 67
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issue 2
185-188
EN
Recollection of eminent ethnomusicologist Prof. Anna Czekanowska (1929–2021)
PL
Wspomnienie o wybitnej etnomuzykolożce, Prof. Annie Czekanowskiej (1929–2021)
6
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On the tenors of the symphony of nature-culture

100%
Dahlig P.
Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology
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2009
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issue 8
109-118
PL
The question of nature-culture and music is approached in the text from several perspectives as points of gravity and profiles, as the ‘tenors’ of considerations of the nature-culture relationship within the context of musical behaviours: 1) the biological tenor - culture as the simulation or imitation of nature (the dominant feature of the art of the Palaeolithic and the rituals of the Neolithic; derivatives in agrarian cultures); in this context, all musical behaviours, the kinetic, verbal, social and symbolic were centred around obtaining and celebrating crops - the results of purposeful activity, patient waiting and the benevolence of supernatural powers. The joy from a powerful hope in the survival of a community through abundant harvests seems to have been the source of the synergy (mutual stimulation) of all the components of socio-musical events, collective rituals and free individual expression. 2) the social tenor, where verbal-dance-musical behaviours (generally speaking - amusement) serve to ‘hew off and distinguish an individual within a group (‘nature’). Thus the nature-culture relationship is translated or reflected in the interplay between the collective and the individual. The dance itself is a play between the (‘natural’) group action and the (‘cultural’) individualised performance. The oscillation between the action of a group and the display of an individual also occur in whirling dances of couples interspersed with individual sung ditties. The social tenor, the transition from collective nature to a culture that is also individual, also concerns the practising of song repertoire, and it is an important factor in understanding cultural change. 3) the conscious-psychological tenor, in which music and musical behaviour are conscious manifestations of culture within historical processes, without necessary references to nature. The fundamental question in this aspect of discussion is the relative extent to which culture is given or created. There is no doubt that nature is given to man, whilst culture needs time. Reflection on the link between music and the social environment leads to the conclusion that nature tightens, while culture loosens, music’s bond with the situational-social context that is strictly ascribed to it. 4) the structural tenor of the musical work/behaviour, which highlights the microworld of nature-culture, particularly the oscillation of openness/change and closedness/ constancy of musical works or behaviours. The nature-culture model can be referred to the logic of development or stylistic change in musical output itself. Following that quartet of tenors, it is worth posing the question as to whether there exists a fifth, linking all the previous four, a ‘cosmic’, theological tenor in the symphony of nature-culture; in other words, whether there exists a ‘school’ of tenors.
7
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A short political history of musical folklore in Poland

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Dahlig P.
Literatura Ludowa
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2021
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issue 1
PL
Niniejszy esej opisuje, w jaki sposób tradycje muzyczne dawnych społeczności wiejskich były poddawane działaniom zewnętrznym i odgórnym, mającym na celu selektywne włączenie dziedzictwa wsi do szerszego, ponadlokalnego obiegu społecznego. W pierwszej części omówiono inicjatywy i sposoby wykorzystywania i przystosowywania folkloru muzycznego w warunkach niepodległego państwa Polskiego w okresie międzywojennym. W dalszej części pokazano, jak muzyka ludowa była podporządkowywana celom ideologicznym w nowych realiach politycznych, które zaistniały po II wojnie światowej w kraju podporządkowanym militarno-politycznej hegemonii ZSRR. W zakończeniu przedstawiono refleksje dotyczące relacji między muzyką ludowa a polityką w kontekście współczesnych zjawisk związanych z globalizacją oraz towarzyszących jej procesów politycznych.
EN
The text discusses the manner in which the music traditions of old country communities were subjected to government actions aimed at the selective incorporation of countryside heritage into mainstream social circulation. The first part of the article briefly describes the selected initiatives and the utilization of music folklore in times of independent Interwar Poland. The next section examines how folk music was forced into the ideology of the new social reality after World War Two, shaped by military and political hegemony of the USSR. The conclusion explores the significance of the relationship between folk music and politics in the context of contemporary phenomena related to globalization and the political processes that accompany it.
8

Hudební folklorismus v Polsku: historický přehled

100%
Dahlig P.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2016
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vol. 26
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issue 1
44 - 55
EN
The aim of the article is to show how the ethno/musicologists, folklorists, music teachers, broadcasting people a.o. have influenced traditional peasant culture in time of basic transformation during the 20th century, and how they have contributed to its documentation and understanding. This review has an exemplary character. Each European country has its own history in this respect. The text has three parts. In the first one, the folklore is confronted with a social history, especially with the process of withdrawal of the isolation in peasants communities and with the filtering of traditional music while it gained new realms of circulation. The second one is dedicated to generations of ethnomusicologists, who created and discovered new topics enlarging the range of ethnomusicology and concept of folklorism towards the cultural and social studies. The third part is connected with contemporary functions of music traditions and roles of ethnomusicologists with the stress on the applied ethnomusicology. The comments on the applied ethnomusicology summarize the author’s experience gained during field research since 1975 and try to present how the past in the realm of traditional culture and music is transformed in the contemporaneity or, rather, how the history becomes united within the contemporary time. The text is closed with a self-reflection of the ethnomusicologist, because “objective” folklore studies are hardly to be imagined, and the individual self-criticism remains as well useful as necessary.
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