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PL
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie ochrony środowiska w działalności biznesowej przedsiębiorstw. Nieustanne zmiany uwarunkowań gospodarczych, będące wynikiem ciągłego rozwoju cywilizacyjnego, znacząco wpływają na prowadzenie działalności gospodarczej z jednoczesnym poszanowaniem zasad ochrony środowiska naturalnego. W rezultacie, kierowanie przedsiębiorstwami staje się coraz większym wyzwaniem dla zarządzających, zwłaszcza w kwestii dostosowywania, jak i kreowania otaczającej rzeczywistości pod kątem zbieżności z oczekiwaniami społecznymi. Skutkuje to tym, że podmioty gospodarcze, aby zachować swoją konkurencyjność muszą realizować obok celów ekonomicznych także cele ekologiczne, stanowiące wyraz wzrastającego zainteresowania współczesnego świata działaniami nakierowanymi na ochronę środowiska naturalnego.
EN
This paper presents the issue of environmental protection in running business. Present continuous changes of economic conditions resulting from ongoing civilizational progress considerably influence performance of business activities with simultaneous respect for the rules of environmental protection. Consequently, managing companies is posing an ever greater challenge for the management especially in the area of both adjustment and creation of the surrounding reality to fulfill social expectations. This fact leads to a situation in which business entities, in order to maintain their competitiveness, need not only to realize their economic purposes but also the ecological objectives as the latter constitute a manifestation of the increased interest of the contemporary world in activities aimed at environmental protection.
EN
The destruction of an archaeological site is a crime defined in article 288 § 1 of the penal code in connection with article 294 § 2 of the penal code. Albeit both regulations do not make direct mention of an archaeological site or monument, the formulation about “property of particular significance for culture” is interpreted by the prosecutor’s office and courts as a registered historical monument. Experiences of the conservation services in the voivodeship of Varmia and Mazuria show that despite the conviction universally shared by conservators about the ineffectual persecution of felons guilty of incurring damage to archeological sites, successes in this field are possible. In the mentioned voivodeship eight such cases were tried in the years 2000-2002, and all ended with sentences. Nonetheless, the process of attaining success involves many factors which, as long as they are skillfully exploited, may comprise excellent weapons in the battle waged against dishonest investors or persons digging for the purpose of obtaining metal monuments. One of the fundamental premises is the active p a rticipation of conservation services, the provision of information about the committed felony and witnesses testimony or participation as an auxiliary prosecutor during the court trial; determination and consistency are also of great importance. It is insufficient to merely inform about a crime nor is it possible to resign from the possibility of filing a complaint or an appeal in a situation when the prosecutor’s office or court discontinue legal proceedings or adjudicate the slight social harm of the deed and the perpetrator remains unpunished. As a rule, such situations are linked with a misunderstanding of the specificity of archaeological heritage on the part of the administration of justice. Another prominent factor of decisive importance in cases of this kind involves registering historical monuments. Apparently, only registered archaeological sites can be recognised as property of particular importance for culture. The conclusions stemming from cases concerning the destruction of archaeological sites are as follows: 1. effective activity starts not in court or the prosecutor’s office but already at the stage of ordinary administrative work — decisions to register historical monuments, properly conducted coordination of investments, etc.; 2. the specificity of archaeological heritage is, as a rule, unknown to prosecutors and judges, and thus eventual success depends predominantly upon the active participation of the conservation services at all stages of procedure in the prosecutor’s office and court; 3. the more frequently are such cases reported to the organs of persecution, the more often will they have their finale in court and the easier will it be to penalise the perpetrators.
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Proces koncentracji produkcji w przemyśle polskim

63%
PL
Gospodarka polska, będąc częścią systemu globalnego, podobnie jak inne gospodarki, ulega zjawisku koncentracji produkcji w przemyśle. Poziom koncentracji produkcji w polskim przemyśle ustabilizował się na dość wysokim poziomie, przy czym nie dotyczy ona wyłącznie sektorów, w których państwo prowadzi protekcjonistyczną politykę, ale również i tych, gdzie taka ochrona nie występuje. W rozwoju tego zjawiska istotną rolę odgrywają duże przedsiębiorstwa zagraniczne, które dążą do uzyskania dominującej pozycji na każdym rynku. Jednakże rodzime duże przedsiębiorstwa potrafią bronić swojej pozycji na krajowym rynku i często osiągają sukces w konkurowaniu z podmiotami zagranicznymi. Po części jest to wynikiem polityki gospodarczej państwa, mającej na celu ochronę rynku i przedsiębiorstw, szczególnie tych z udziałem skarbu państwa.
EN
The authors of the article signal the ways of using water in the economy of Old Prussia in the late Middle Ages and early Post-medieval period. They indicate its use in communication and transport (digging the Dobrzycki Canal at the beginning of the 14th century in order to connect the Jeziorak and Ewingi lakes and changing the length and course of the Wel River in the 14th century, which provided water not only for Wel River, but also for Drwęca River and improved its navigability) and the possible method of its delivery for consumption purposes. In the latter case, the authors refer to examples of canals built in the 14th century, supplying water to the towns of Frombork and Reszel. They also indicate the possibility of supplying water not only by means of wells, but also other, more complex devices - bucket mechanisms. Such a mechanism existed in the early post-medieval Frombork, it could have also existed in the castles in Przezmark, Sątoczno and the Równina Górna. The authors emphasise the need for further research.
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