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PL
The article describes a preserved poetic fragment commonly called De piscibus, written by Marcellus of Side. He was a physician and a renowned epic poet, who lived in the town of Side (Pamphylia) in the second century AD. In the analyzed fragment (v. 41–101), being an extract from his didactic epos entitled Cheironides, Marcellus of Side presents a number of remedies prepared from some marine animals, especially fishes, living in the Mediterranean Sea.
EN
The Roman Empire entered a period of rapid romanization of the Roman provinces in the 2nd century AD. This also took place, with varying intensity, in African provinces. An expression of this was the granting of Roman citizenship to the leaders of indigenous tribes. The document called Tabula Banasitana, an epigraphic find discovered in the 20th century at the site of the ancient civitas Banasa, documents the process of granting Roman law to the leaders of the Zegrenses tribe and their families. The Roman ius civile was granted to them with the preservation of the rights of their people and without exemptions from public burdens. The author analyzes three documents engraved as an inscription known as Tabula Banasitana, concerning the romanization of the province Mauretania Tingitana. The article describes the process of the gradual incorporation of the North-West African tribal leaders into the structures of the Roman province of Mauretania. Sometimes members of the local elites were granted the status of Roman citizen by the Roman authorities, even though they retained all privileges derived from native law. Through this balanced social policy, Rome was able to keep the peace in frontier areas of the Empire, which were threatened by conflicts with neighbors or, as in this case, nomadic tribes. This form of Roman citizenship was limited – the nature and extent of the restrictions depended on the relationship between the person receiving citizenship and the local community or the Empire’s fiscal interests (for example new citizens were not relieved of obligations like tributum or vectigal). Citizenship was usually granted viritim, but sometimes – as Tabula Bansitana shows – members of the newly minted citizen’s family (wife and children) also received the privilege.
PL
Cesarstwo rzymskie w II w. n.e. weszło w okres szybkiej romanizacji prowincji rzymskich, m.in. miało to miejsce, z rożnym natężeniem, w prowincjach afrykańskich. Wyrazem tego było nadawanie przywodcom plemion tubylczych obywatelstwa rzymskiego. Dokument zwany Tabula Banasitana, znalezisko epigraficzne odkryte w XX w. w miejscu antycznej civitas Banasa, dokumentuje proces nadania rzymskiego prawa przywodcom plemienia Zegrenses oraz ich rodzinom. Rzymskie ius civile zostało przyznane im z zachowaniem praw ich ludu oraz bez zwolnień od ciężarow publicznych. Przedmiotem artykułu jest kompleksowa analiza trzech dokumentow wyrytych na inskrypcji Tabula Banasitana dotyczących romanizacji prowincji Mauretania Tingitana. Artykuł ukazuje stopniowe wciąganie przywódców tubylczych plemion zamieszkujących połnocno-zachodnią Afrykę w struktury rzymskiej prowincji Mauretania. Lokalnym elitom władze rzymskie nadawały niekiedy obywatelstwo rzymskie, jednak z zachowaniem praw rodzimych. Taka zrownoważona polityka pozwalała zachować spokoj na przygranicznych terenach cesarstwa, niejednokrotnie zagrożonych konfliktami z ludami ościennymi, lub, jak to miało miejsce w analizowanym tu przypadku, z plemionami nomadycznymi. Przywileje obywatelstwa rzymskiego nadawano z pewnymi ograniczeniami dotyczącymi zarówno kwestii stosunku nowego obywatela do jego rodzimej społeczności, jak i interesow fiskalnych cesarstwa (bez zwolnień ze zobowiązań, takich jak np. tribulum i vectigal). Zazwyczaj obywatelstwo było nadawane viritim, jednak – jak poświadcza to Tabula Banasitana – mogli je rownież otrzymać członkowie rodziny (żona i dzieci) beneficjenta.
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EN
Konrad Tadajczyk, Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak, Homary i homarce w świecie antycznym (European and Norway lobsters in the ancient world).The article describes the Greek and Latin names for ‘European lobster, Homarus gammarus L.’ and ‘Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus L.’. The present authors suggest that the European lobster was called λέων in Greek and leō in Latin. The Greek term ἀστακός (hence Lat. astacus) referred exclusively to the Norway lobster.
EN
Starting from the 1st century AD, Roman soldiers were banned from getting married in order to maintain military discipline. Consequently, the union between soldiers and women (mostly peregrine but also Roman citizens) was legally ineffective. The effects of the ban mainly applied to private law and one of its most severe consequences was the illegitimacy of the soldiers’ offspring. Liberi illegitimi were not in the potestas of their fathers and had no inheritance rights. However, in the case of soldiers’ children, a concession was made: the soldier had a possibility to include a Latin or a peregrine in his will (testamentum militis), so his child – as a son of a peregrine woman – could inherit ex testamento. However, it was not possible to inherit when the soldier died intestate. In his epistula issued in 119 AD, Emperor Hadrian allowed the soldiers’ liberi illegitimi to inherit ab intestato. In the case of bonorum possessio, they were appointed heirs among other cognates (unde cognati). The article presents the circumstances of issuing the epistula and its legal effects.
PL
Opracowanie poświęcone jest analizie przywileju nadanego żołnierzom armii rzymskiej przez cesarza Hadriana w odniesieniu do prawa dziedziczenia przez ich dzieci pochodzące ze związ­ków pozamałżeńskich. Począwszy od I w. n.e., żołnierze służący w legionach nie mogli zawrzeć ważnego małżeństwa. Wprowadzenie takiego uregulowania tłumaczy się najczęściej troską o utrzymanie disciplina militaris. W konsekwencji związki żołnierzy posiadających obywatel­stwo rzymskie z obywatelkami rzymskimi lub peregrynkami nie rodziły żadnych skutków praw­nych, nawet mimo potencjalnego istnienia conubium pomiędzy partnerami. Dzieci pochodzące z takich związków (liberi illegitimi) nie wchodziły pod władzę swoich ojców ani nie nabywały praw spadkowych w jego rodzinie. Żołnierz mógł jedynie powołać do dziedziczenia pozamał­żeńskie dziecko, mające status prawny Latyna lub peregryna, sporządzając testament żołnierski (testamentum militis). W liście wydanym w 119 r. n.e. cesarz Hadrian usunął tę niedogodność, pozwalając dziedziczyć żołnierskim liberi illegitimi także wówczas, gdy żołnierz nie pozostawił testamentu. Byli oni powoływani do spadkobrania w klasie unde cognati. Autorzy przybliżają okoliczności ogłoszenia przywileju i omawiają skutki, jakie wywołał on na gruncie rzymskiego prawa spadkowego.
PL
‘Edictum Domitiani de Privilegiis Veteranorum’: The Emperor Domitian’s Edict on Veterans’ Privileges Summary This article contains the text and translation of the Edictum Domitiani on veterans’ privileges with a commentary. This edict is an interesting illustration of imperial military and social policy on the privileges of veterans and their families. Its text survives thanks to a private copy made by Marcus Valerius Quadratus, a discharged soldier of the legio X Fretensis. The privileges granted by the Emperor Domitian guaranteed benefits also found in other veterans’ concessions (as the diplomata militaria shows) – citizenship, tax exemption, conubium with a peregrine woman. But the personal scope of Domitian’s privileges is unusual – its beneficiaries were not only veterans and their children, but also their wives and parents (if they lived with the soldier after his discharge). The full range of privileges is unknown; unfortunately Valerius’ copy is partly damaged. The authors also discuss some of the doubts concerning the edict’s addressees and types of privileges granted under this edict.
EN
Marcellus of Side, a physician and didactic poet of the second century AD, mentions fourteen exclusive ichthyonyms in the preserved fragment De piscibus, extracted from the 42-volume epic poem entitled Cheironides. The author discusses Greek names of fish and sea animals that appear only in Marcellus’ work. They belong to the so-called hapax legomena. The following appellatives are carefully analyzed: ἁλιπλεύμων, ἅρπη, βούφθαλμος, βράχατος, γαρίσκος, γερῖνος, ἐρυθρός, θρανίας, θῦρος, κόλλουρος, περόνη, τραγίσκος, τυφλῖνος, χρύσοφος. It is assumed that Marcellus of Side introduced a number of ichthyonyms of Pamphylian origin, e.g. Pamph. θῦρος (< *θύρσος), βράχατος (instead of βάτραχος), ἐρυθρός (= ἐρυθρῖνος), θρανίας (instead of θράνις), χρύσοφος (instead of χρύσοφρυς). Also new identifications of fish are suggested, e.g. Gk. βούφθαλ- μος ‘large-eye dentex, Dentex macrophthalmus Bloch’, Gk. κόλλουρος ‘slender sunfish, Ranzania laevis Pennant’. All the discusssed ichthyonyms, as well as names of other sea animals, are explained from the point of view of phonology, morphology or semantics, e.g. ἁλιπλεύμων ‘jellyfish’ (literally ‘sea lung’), ἅρπη ‘a kind of ray fish’ (literally ‘a kite’).
PL
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