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1

The evolution of the strategy of the Islamic State in the years 2014-2017

100%

Gac M.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2020

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vol. 52

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issue 1(195)

12-22

PL

Na przestrzeni ostatnich trzech lat Państwo Islamskie (ISIS – Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), wskutek nalotów koalicji antyterrorystycznej, musiało dokonać redefinicji swojej strategii. Taktyka działania, przestała się skupiać na ekspansji terytorialnej oraz na utworzeniu własnej państwowości, ale wzorem konkurencyjny Al-Kaidy, zaczęła opierać się, na zamachach tak zwanych „samotnych wilków”. Idei samotniczego zamachu, towarzyszy nowa metoda, stosowana przez terrorystów, jaką jest taranowanie z użyciem samochodu. Zjawisko to, znane w terminologii antyterrorystów jako „ramming”, od lipcowych wydarzeń w Nicei z 2016 roku, zbiera swoje śmiertelne żniwo w Europie.

EN

In the last three years, the Islamic State (ISIS – Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) had to redefine its strategy as a result of air raids conducted by the antiterrorist coalition. The tactic is no longer concentrated on the territorial expansion and the creation of their own statehood, but on the attacks carried out by the so-called "lone wolves", just like in the case of their rival Al-Qaeda. The idea of a solitary attack is accompanied by a new method used by the terrorists – crashing into people or places with the help of cars. Since the events in Nice in 2016, this phenomenon, known as “ramming”, has taken a death toll in Europe.

2

Military Security in the Baltic Sea during Cold War: Analysis Based on the Materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic

63%

Będźmirowski J., Gac M.

Historia i Polityka

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2023

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issue 46 (53)

85-104

EN

The purpose of the article was to present, in the proverbial nutshell, the issues related to the military situation in the 1950s and 1960s during the so-called Cold War in the Baltic Sea, based on the materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic. These materials were very important for analytical teams preparing concepts for operations in the Northern European Theater of Operations, as well as ensuring the security of the maritime borders of the Warsaw Pact countries. The 1950s and 1960s were characterized by a wide range of reconnaissance activities as a consequence of the changing reality in the Baltic Sea. The naval potential of both NATO countries, especially Denmark and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), was expanded, thus the other side began to create the People’s Navy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), as well as to strengthen the combat potential of the naval forces of the People’s Republic of Poland. At the same time, the cooperation of allied fleets of the Warsaw Pact countries was improved, and for this purpose, staff exercises were conducted on maps and in the Baltic Sea. In retrospect, both NATO and the Warsaw Pact appreciated the military importance of the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. In the following years, efforts were made to improve the concepts of naval forces in these waters.

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Polska Marynarka Wojenna w działaniach dyplomatycznych na rzecz budowania bezpieczeństwa morskiego państwa w okresie międzywojennym

45%

Będźmirowski J., Nawrot D., Ziętarski M., Kufel J., Gac M.

Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne

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2023

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issue 3(15)

157-178

EN

The purpose of the article is to present the diplomatic activity of representatives of the Polish Navy, aimed at creating solid political and military foundations for the foundation, which was the maritime security of the state. Poland found itself in a new reality, becoming a coastal state. It had a maritime border and the company of states that were not satisfied with such a state, namely: the Weimar Republic and Bolshevik Russia. In addition to these countries, new countries have emerged in the Baltic Sea basin, such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland. One cannot ignore the eternal Baltic States, i.e., Denmark and Sweden. Poland decided that its foreign policy in the Baltic Sea basin should be based on good neighborly relations with countries that, like it, have regained their independence, as well as with Denmark and Sweden. Today, from the perspective of several decades, it can be said that this task was difficult to implement. This was influenced by many factors, which will be presented in the article. Unfortunately, one of them, independent of the Polish side, were the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, which were not able to prevent the revival of German power and the revolutionary Soviet Union. The Versailles order achieved neither legitimacy nor a balance of power. A key role in the foreign policy of coastal states is played by the navy, which is its most important component. The Navy is the only branch of the armed forces of a country that, through the sovereignty of the decks and their immunity, has a much greater diplomatic „potential” than the land forces or the air force. Therefore, representatives of the navy are participants in universally understood diplomacy and function as naval attachés. It is they who are responsible for maintaining „maritime” relations between the states with which international relations are maintained. It is they who prepare the visits of warships in a given country and take care of their proper setting. It was, it is, and it will be. Poland began to fit into this mechanism practically from the establishment of the Polish Navy and continues to this day. The presented article focuses on the diplomatic missions of PMI officers in the interwar period.

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1 Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne

1 Historia i Polityka

1 Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

3 Gac M.

2 Będźmirowski J.

1 Kufel J.

1 Nawrot D.

1 Ziętarski M.

2 2023

1 2020

The evolution of the strategy of the Islamic State in the years 2014-2017

Military Security in the Baltic Sea during Cold War: Analysis Based on the Materials of the Naval Reconnaissance Unit of the Polish People’s Republic

Polska Marynarka Wojenna w działaniach dyplomatycznych na rzecz budowania bezpieczeństwa morskiego państwa w okresie międzywojennym