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EN
The paper discusses the problem of consciousness patterns of family life. Accepting the assumption on the specific role of family in the hierarchy of values of the Polish society as the starting point, the author analyses more detailed values considered by peoples to be important in the sphere of family life. Closer penetration into the world of values of family life allow to draw some conclusions concerning the social beliefs on basic family ties and the character of needs and expectencies related to a family. Thereby, it enables better understanding of the meaning related to the whole sphere of the family life. The paper answers also the question concerning values which are searched in the family life by the younger and the older g e - neration, respectively. The differences seem to be less important then those which result from the class-stratum status of an individual. The paper discusses in details two clearly distinguished family life pattern: of workers and intelligents.
EN
Ihe paper puts forward a thesis that an acute and wide social conflict which took place in Poland at the end of the 70-ties and beginning of the 00-ties was the result of formation of a specific kind of social structure. It enabled establishing a limited intra-generation alliance which encompassed the young, and a substantial part of the old generation. The- basis of the alliance was a similarity of interests of young employees and workers being a large social group. These common interests followed directly from the fact that social inequalities were not only related to socio- occupational differences within the Polish society but also to differences among the generations. The analysis of empirical data shows that the young generation of employees, constituting a separate element of social macrostructure, is very much interested in introducing social changes. On the other than, differences in the social situation of particular socio-occupational categories withio the old generation prevented creating a strong opposition against innovative aspirations and activities of the young.
EN
The presented material is a fragment of a study carried out in three State Farms in 1984 as part of a government-sponsored project "Man and His Work". The study covered 383 workers. The paper deals with the perception by workers of their farm in the global system and in the local environment. The author observed a low self-estimation of the workers status (esp.material) relative to other social and occupational categories in the rural society. On the other hand there were no traces of an "inferiority complex" among the workers of State Farms towards those of Cooperative Farms or individual farmers. It is characteristic that workers perceived little connection between the success of their farms and their personal welfare. This is an important barrier for any increase in productivity.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the state of enforcement of the principle of self-financing of companies (one of the 3 basic principles of the economic reform in Poland) and of its connection with the undertaking initiative of industrial companies. The analysis was made on the basis of materials published in 4 periodicals over the period of 3 years: 1982-1984. By "entrepreneurship is meant an undertaking initiative in the sphere of economy, mainly in the field of production, with the prospect of profit and of non-routine (and thereby risky) character. The state of enforcement of the reform legislation in the field of self-financing is far from satisfactory. Among the most popular practices is the so called "soft financing" expressed mainly in subsidizing and conceding tax (and other) exemptions without objective justification. This has certain negative effects in the sphere of economic behavior of companies, especially with regard to their entrepreneurship. Most generally, instead of undertaking profitable initiatives which could establish their position on the market the companies concentrate their efforts on the "game" with agencies of the Government in view of gaining profits without carrying out their proper activity. Thus make-believe entrepreneurship supersedes real initiative.
EN
The paper presents results of research on political views and attitudes of activists of Polish Socialist Youth Union (PSYU). W’h 2> carrying out a dynamic analysis of participation of youth in the institutionalized public life in the years 1970-19Ö6, the paper aims at the explanation of decreasing participation of the yuung generation in the youth organizations and Polish United Workers' Party. Special attention is paid to the problem of social, mtr a-organization and individual conditioning of political activity of the young. The study shows specific character of functioning of PSYU and simultaneously it describes political views and attitudes of the Union activists towards: socialism, prospects of the political system development, representatives of the Government and opposition, current situation in the world politics, the position of Poland in the world, and religion. A comparative analysis of the data showed that leaders of youth organizations share many characteristic features with the whole population of young Poles, regarding both life values and religion. Life attitudes of PSYU activists form a kind of synthesis of Christian and socialist attitudes, however it see characteristic that their pro-socialist attitude is rather unstable.
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EN
Sounding research conducted in 1988 among the students of the University of Łódź shows that there is a marked dependence of religiousness upon attitudes of ones intimate life. The dependence is clearly visible when we compare the two extreme categories i.e. regularly practising Catholics (attending services every Sunday) and non-practising persons. In the group of devout Catholics merely 2 per cent of students have ever been ori the verge of comitting a suicide while in case of non-practising persons over 20 per cent. Practising Catholics enter their sexual life later; every second person has never had a sexual intercourse before (51% females and 41% males). In the case of persons who do not go to church these figures are much lower i.e. only 16 per cent have never had a sexual intercourse (18 per cent females and 14 per cent males). A vast majority of informants was of the opinion that abortion was inadmissible. However, only church-goings are definitely against abortion, wchich is the effect of the anti-abortion campaign led by the Roman-Catholic Church in Poland, while non-practisinq persons do not share this view. Non-practising informants smoke, drink alcohol and want to emigrate from Poland more frequently than the practising Catholics, do 8 per cent of practising and 36 per cent of non-practising students smoke habitually, while three thirds of the former and a half of the latter are non-smokers.
EN
The paper deals with the problem of social ties and identifications in the Polish society of the late 70-ties. The author makes use of various coefficients of social identification in order to establish what social groups were regarded (by the Polish) as the most important, that is "reference groups". This kind of research provides a unique source of knowledge on both the system of values of a given society and the level of integration of the social organism. The fundamental question discusses here is whether the system of social identifications formed similarly or differently for various social groups. In the letter case operation of the system depended on individual social experience connected with generation affiliation, place in the class-stratum structure, social "biography" of individual etc. The results of research show a peculiar "privatisation" of the social world (particulary in case of the young generation) which is expressed by all - important role of family and circle of close friends, and the lach of identification with the official "world of institutions". The paper also analyses various causes of such situation, both institutional and system and the more universal connected with the cultural tradition of the Polish society.
EN
Academic medicine and unconventional methods of medical treatment are the two worlds representing two kinds of distinet symbolic universes. This paper presents the results of seventeen "open" interviews, the informants being the last year medical students. The research aimed at grasping the picture of unconventional techniques of medical treatment functioning in consciousness of a prospective doctor, as well as describing cognitive schemes and various attitudes towards the alternative universe. Sparse data does not give us sufficient grounds to draw general conclusions it allows, however, to formulate some interesting hypotheses on relations between types of cognitive schemes and types of attitudes, and also relations between the "strength" of confidence in the developments of the academic medicine and positive or negative response of informants towards techniques of the alternative medicine.
EN
The paper is an empirical document of social differences in attitudes towards work (the emotional approach to certain values of the social system of the worker s company), assumed to be the differences existing between two samples: one from the industrial milieu and one from a small town society. Generally, the observed differences were considerable and favored the small town society. The other type of analyzed differences were defined as situational differences and referred to the deterioration of emotional attitudes towards work in the period of the social and economic crisis. A convincing comparison is made between the results of this study and respective data from the 1970’s. Conclusions from a variety of studies referring to attitudes towards work suggest that social variables and generalized situational variables influence the workers attitudes more than variables related to particular factors referring to the situation of work in the company (wages, content of work, social relations etc.) which have so far been the subject of the majority of studies.
EN
Attention is paid to the external determinants - such as the system of management of the State economy, the general political and social atmosphere and the legal basis for self-management. In its main part the paper deals with the internal organizational determinants, such as statutes, acting procedures, membership and personal qualities of the members. These factors sanction the formalization of self-government and thereby diminish its social importance. The paper is based on monographs of chosen self-managements though its author utilizes also results of other studies.
EN
The paper attempts to characterize attitudes and opinions of the young Łódź teachers which are related to moral aspects- of the social and professional tasks they.perform. Attitudes and opinions of the old generation of teachere form a kind of background for studying the problem. From the available data it follows that, despite an established conviction, young teachers show more critical judgement of their moral attitudes than the old teachers. Ihey are also more conscious of the presence of conflict situations and the necessity to face moral choices in their professional activity. At the same time they often lack professional responsibility e.g. they are late for lessons or are not prepared properly. At any rate, they admit it more frequently than the old teachers do. The teachers' attitudes are influenced on the one hand by lax social discipline which permits certain relativism of evaluation of moral norms, and on the other hand by teachers’ working conditions which do not encourage the young to meet high moral standardes. The specific tasks that teachers fulfill make us expect more self-consciousness concerning the moral aspects and the results of their work. It seems that the existing shortcomings could be compensated to some extent by introducing proper programmes for educating teachers .
EN
According to the Bill "Cooperative Law" the cooperative farm is a voluntary and self-governed association of persons. Being an organized form of group farming as woll as a producing company it carries out in independent economic activity, providing for the needs of its members and realizing directives of the social and economic plans. Proper enforcement of the basic tenets of the Cooperative Law, good organization of work at all posts, good management respecting the self-governing cells are prerequisites of effective bussiness and of the development of this form of farming. The above is confirmed by examples of effectively functioning cooperatives whose good results in agricultural production bring profit to the cooperative and its members. Such cooperatives are also very active in their local communities.
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