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EN
Apart from the derivation used in vocabulary expansion where derivative В with a meaning z2 is concomittant to the stem A with a moaning z2 e.g. kawa > kawiarnia we come across a derivation which assimilates or revives particular function of the types where derivative В with a meaning z replaces stem A with the same meaning z, e.g. former word zbrodzieti, a modern one zbrodniarz, or władczyna - władczyni etc. The first type of derivation car. be called multiple derivation, the other one - substitutional derivation. The latter, as a matter of fact, can be found only In diachronic studies. Tbus, the forms władczyni are, synchronicaily speaking, multiple derivatives and in diachronic sense they are substitutional. The role of substitutional derivation in the Polish language history is of considerable imrortance. It is used, first of all, for secondary differentiating of those functions of a formative which have originally been inadequately differentiated.
EN
The author proves the necessity of two different language descriptions in computer synthesis and analysis of texts. Later he discusses the information carried by inflexional forms of Polish nouns from the point of view of its range and quality. He distinguishes between lexical and inflexional information, its boundary being inconsistent with that of the root and the ending, since the information in the two is complementary as has been shown in the examples. The last part of the paper reviews the characteristics of endings of Polish noun declensions.
4
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Droga Litwy do strefy euro

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EN
The main purpose of this paper is to show the Lithuanian way to European Monetary Union in the period since the initiation of the economic transformation in that country in the early 1990s. At first, a brief analysis of the factors which impede and make the development of the Lithuanian economy more dynamic is made. Then the measures taken to overcome the crisis which badly affected the Lithuanian economy in 2009, and efforts to meet the convergence criteria of the Maastricht Treaty, are described. The final part of the study focuses on the technical aspects of the introduction of the euro and outlines the expected benefits for Lithuania related to the accession to the eurozone.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest droga, jaką przebyła Litwa w okresie od zapoczątkowania transformacji gospodarczej na początku lat 90. XX wieku do wprowadzenia euro 1 stycznia 2015 r. Przeprowadzono krótką analizę czynników dynamizujących i hamujących rozwój gospodarki litewskiej, a następnie przedstawiono działania podjęte w celu przezwyciężenia kryzysu, który bardzo boleśnie dał się Litwinom we znaki w 2009 r., oraz opisano wysiłki na rzecz spełnienia kryteriów konwergencji zapisanych w Traktacie z Maastricht. W końcowej części opracowania skoncentrowano się na aspektach technicznych wprowadzenia euro i nakreślono oczekiwane korzyści z przystąpienia Litwy do strefy euro.
EN
Communities of peers in search of truth do not emerge in higher education institutions any more, which is one of the reason for universities' growing weakness. The aim of the paper is to help academic teachers organize research together with students during regular classes. This includes assessing academic productivity of meetings regarding typical relations between teachers and students: feudal, reciprocal and baseline communist. It starts with the analysis of possibilities and necessities of academic teaching, which is based on connections between the before-mentioned relations and forms of working together in a group, which must be adequate to the number of participants. Next, an analysis of cases when the challenges students are posed with are not balanced with the skills they have gained, leads to studying consequences of students' frustration and ways they can take initiative and responsibility for changing the type of relation between teachers and themselves. As a result, we have a model in which personal relations, forms of co-working and the scale of involvement needed for a research project are the core issues that must be taken into account in order to transform classes into the time of collective research.
EN
The paper “Cooperation between THINK TANKS and public administration in legislation process” presents the problem of think tanks participation in the process of administrative legislation. Nowadays their contribution to the execution of public functions of legislation is undoubtedly very beneficial. It is also preferred to use the results of parallel activities of administrative authorities and think tanks. As the analysis of existing legislation shows, the think tanks that are involved in the legislative process may use a wide variety of legal institutions. In addition, they possess a valuable base of experts and financial resources. To summarize, this paper shows that cooperation with think tanks allows the administration to achieve higher quality services at lower financial cost.
EN
The subject of the paper is the presentation of beneficients’ obligation to prove that they are insured in order to obtain health care services. According to the provisions of the Act of 24 August 2004 on the health care services financed from public funds employees (Official Journal No, Item, with amendments) beneficients that are employed are obliged to insure with the National health insurance and are entitled to use health care services only after presenting their Health Insurance Card. Although the act was adopted in 2004 the Health Insurance Card hasen’t been introduced yet. The employees are obliged to prove their right to health care services by presenting the monthly updated personal report of an insured issued by the employer. The report called in polish RMUA and proves the fact of being insured and so entitled to health care services financed from public funds although there is no legal ground to this.
EN
As a conclusion of an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on the topic, the article presents a multitude of literary sources, mainly in manuscript format. These include, above all, the hand-written notes of Saint Dmitry from Rostow on the pages of three editions of Żywoty Świętych (Lives of the Saints) — up to now the most popular encyclopaedia of Christian sanctity. It is claimed that this most prominent Ukrainian-Russian religious writer many a time compared various sources, including Żywoty Świętych by Skarga. This allowed him to obtain more specified information regarding particular saints or even to make corrections in Prolog (The Prologue) and in Mineje (The Menaion). What is more, Saint Dmitry has not only learned to compile several sources from Piotr Skarga, but he also manager to achieve stylistic unity.
EN
In the light of the work O Zwiastowaniu Panny Maryjej Bogarodzice, i wcieleniu Syna Bożego Piotr Skarga emerges as an outstanding rhetorician, hagiographer, biblical scholar and theologian. In it he uses hagiographic arguments aimed at convincing the reader of the heroine’s sanctity. In order to emphasize the significance of the events he describes, Skarga makes frequent reference to The Bible, above all in the domain of inventio. In doing so, he does, of course, remain in compliance with the tenets of the Catholic faith. Because his Lives of the Saints are addressed to a wide readership, and not just to theologians, Skarga consistently avoids all theological inquiry, and is content to accept the Church’s teaching in these matters. By simplifying the problems in this way, his text gains in clarity and conciseness, thereby increasing the chances of achieving his persuasive and didactic objectives, namely, to convince the reader that the Virgin Mary is the holiest of the saints.
RU
Несмотря на огромное расстояние, отделяющее Восточную Сибирь от Западной Европы и даже от европейской части России, туда проникала как столичная российская пресса, так и западноевропейские периодические издания. Середина XIX в. была особым периодом в истории этого региона империи. С 1847 г. иркутским генерал-губернатором был считавшийся либералом ген. Николай Муравьёв. Его социально-политические амбиции способствовали подписке и чтению газет. Читатели имели доступ даже к материалам, издаваемым Александром Герценом в Лондоне. Количество доступных в Иркутске периодических изданий было впечатляющим, назовем здесь только некоторые из них: „Journal des Débats”, „Le Siècle”, „La Presse”, „La Mode”, „La Semaine”, „I’Illustration”, „Journal de Francfort”, „Revue des deux Mondes”, „Illustrierte Zeitung”, „Allgemeine Zeitung”, „Indépendance Belge”, „Dorf-Barbier” (Dorfbarbier), „Galligani’s Messenger”. Более того, здесь можно было купить «Санкт-Петербургские ведомости» не только на русском, но и на французском языках, а также издания „Biblioteka Warszawska”, „Gazeta Warszawska”. Круг читателей западноевропейской прессы был ограничен людьми, владеющими иностранными языками, т.е. декабристами и польскими ссыльными (хотя и не всеми). Наибольшей популярностью пользовались издания на французском языке, меньшим был спрос на англоязычные газеты и журналы. Для поляков западная пресса была источником информации о Весне народов в Западной Европе и на польских землях. Они с нетерпением читали донесения о краковском восстании 1846 г., о протекании революционного движения во Франции и венгерском восстании 1849 г. И хотя заграничные новости контролировались российской цензурой и были доступны читателям в сокращенной форме, они все равно были полнее и интереснее того, что печаталось в королевской (польской) или же российской прессе. Богатым источником сведений о реакциях польских ссыльных и декабристов является дневник польского ссыльного Юлиана Сабиньского, который с 1843 г. жил в Иркутске. Из финансовых соображений практиковалась коллективная подписка. Часто подписчики сообщали друг другу, кто на что подписывается, с тем, чтобы потом обменяться полученными изданиями. Например, декабристы делились впечатлениями от прочитанного с поляками, а ссыльные из окрестностей Иркутска – с ссыльными из Забайкалья. Они также обменивались мнениями по поводу дальнейшего развития событий. Таким образом удавалось – хотя и с небольшим отрывом во времени – следить за актуальной социально-политической ситуацией в Европе того времени.
11
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Rozum, wiara i światło

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EN
Recenzja książki: Paulina Tendera, Od filozofii światła do sztuki światła, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, The Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture (seria Estetyki i Krytyki) MONOGRAFIE, Kraków 2014
PL
Numer został przygotowany przy wsparciu Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (1222/P-DUN/2015).
EN
The article analyses the phenomenon of fallible knowledge as knowledge constituted in inadequate way of givenness. The key concept in this context is habituality, i.e., passive structure of consciousness that co-constitutes the object of cognition. It is argued that habitual moment of consciousness contextualizes cognition of unknown objects by presenting them as typical for a subject in a certain cognitive relation. One can describe this phenomenon by referring to the broad notion of horizon. As the author claims, phenomenology of fallible knowledge presents human cognition as defined by horizons, so as essentially “open.” The descriptions enables one to understand phenomena of cognitive situatedness of a subject and of embodied exploration of the world by the lived body.
EN
Since N. S. Trubeckoj's introduction of the notion of the Pre-Church Slavonic Language there have been continuous attempts to isolate and localise аll those elements of the Old Church Slavonic linguistic canon which were incorporated into it as a result of multiple copying by the 11th century writers done in various parts of the Slavonic world. Slavic scholars utilize different research methods which are characterized briefly in the reporting section of the paper. In the main part the author shows of what importance for the determination of Cyril and Methody's mother dialect are the results of the dialectological research obtained by V. Grigorovic in the mid-19th century and by M. Małecki in the period between the World Wars in the area of their home-town Solun (Salonika). This section is followed by a detailed presentation of old nasals, jat', sonants, the palatalization of fricative consonants and c, as well as the behavior of other consonants before front vowels.
EN
In the introduction the author presents some Pomeranian surnames described earlier in various works. The present paper includes 77 surnames derived from lexical dialectisms. There are among them names obtained from uniquely Pomeranian соошюп words (e.g. Bela from ap. béla ’blondhaired’), from words occurring also in other dialects (e.g. Mania : ap. mama ’left-handed’), from appelatives borrowed from German (e.g. Szpek : ap. szpek ’bacon’ - Germ. Speck), from lexicaliced variants of common Polish words (e.g. Dura : ap. dura ’dziura - a hole’) etc. The described surnames exhibit a close connection between anthroponymy and dialectology, especially historical dialectology.
FR
La question du désarmement constituait un petit fragment de relations de la Pologne et de la Scandinavie. Pendant les vingt années de la période d’entre-deux-guerres, á part les traités de conciliation, les initiatives communes n’ont pas été prises. Les intérêts nationaux décidaient que la Pologne et la Scandinavie ne trouvaient pas de points communs en ce qui concernait l'idée du désarmement général. Ce qui en décidait surtout c'était l'ensemble de facteurs résultant de la différente situation géographique, politique et économique. On peut citer ici comme ex emple l'affaire des îles Aland, la neutralisation de la Mer Baltique et le rapport envers le Protocol de Genève.
EN
Article dedicated to the problem of globalization influence on East European cultural space. Author points that globalization is powerful force significantly altering local cultural identity given states, nation and ethnic groups, moreover it’s responsible for dualistic picture of world of socio-political values. It’s important – according to author – to take into account that globalization helps to unveil openness to the signs of the new civilization, on the other hand globalization ensues cultural life’s diversification and what is more important affirmation of regional and local identity in national and ethnical dimension. In East European area we witness strong roots of traditional political culture genre that can be characterize by the presence of acceptance for establishments, ceremonies and hierarchical dependency. Such ideas as democracy, self-government, law have their own distinctive features, deeply rooted in local tradition. Cultural and civilizational model of life in eastern part of Europe is embedded in notion of frontier that combines such ideas as friend and foe. Globalization singes influence are reinforced by mass media impact and at the same time they gather significant social acceptance.
EN
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important factor which shapes organizational culture of enterprises. There is a broad literature on the qualitative effects of CSR rules implementation on company performance. The presented article is targeted at Presenting the impact of CSR certification on financial performance of Polish enterprises. Authors use comparative analysis of financial data referring to two groups of enterprises: the first one constituted of the CSR certified companies and the comparative group, selected on basis of quasi — experimental design. The comparative analysis reveals that CSR certified companies have different financial characteristics than the non CSR certified group. The CSR certified companies more economically use resources, especially fixed capital, have higher labor profitability and profitability on sales, have on the average less assets than the rest of companies, possess nearly two times higher financial liquidity and significantly better compensate employees. Authors conclude that it is highly probable that the CSR certified companies in Poland represent different business model based more on human capital than on physical or financial assets, like the rest of the companies. The CSR certified companies have better financial performance than the rest of economy. It pays to be fair in Polish business reality.
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