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EN
The changes in funeral practices in Czech society which occured during the 20th century were more significant than those that took place during the whole of the second millenium. Traditional Roman Catholic Christian funerals which were performed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are described as a starting point from which the focus moves to a study of the major changes which took place from then onwards.
EN
The changes in funeral practices in Czech society which occurred during the 20th century were more significant than those that took place during the whole of the second millennium. Traditional Roman Catholic Christian funerals which were performed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are described as a starting point from which the focus moves to a study od the major changes which took place from the onwards. The first half of the 20th century was specific in the emergence of cremation. The Communist era (1948–1989) was characterized by a huge expansion in the popularity of cremation (the cremation rate in Czechoslovakia had reached 55% by 1988) as well as by a significant increase in the proportion of secular funerals which, by the end of the 1980s, were being conducted for around three-fifths of the deceased. Contemporary Czech funeral practices can be seen as a direct continuation of those of previous generations and are noteworthy in terms both of having one of the highest cremation rates in Europe (80%) and, even more strikingly, the extraordinarily high rate of cases (around one quarter to one third) in which no funeral ceremony is held at all for the deceased.
EN
This paper discusses the evidence for “corpse roads” in early modern Britain. Corpse roads were route ways used by funeral parties to transport the deceased from the place of death to the place of final interment. In some cases, some routes took on localised symbolic or folkloric significance, and in a few cases, this is preserved in the present day in contemporary route names, tourism and on modern maps. This paper reviews the evidence for corpse roads, and the methodologies needed to interrogate that evidence. These methodologies are drawn from folklore, ethnology, archaeology and history. The case of one corpse path, in Swaledale in northern England, is presented as a case study.
EN
The text presents the person of Jan Matejko, taking into account his achievements against the background of the situation in Poland at the time, which was under partition, as well as in Krakow, where the master was born, worked, died and was buried. The last tribute the nation paid to Matejko was his solemn funeral at the country’s expense on 7 November 1893. It was attended not only by the people of Krakow, but practically by the whole of Poland. The eminent artist-patriot was remembered by the Polish community, and the foreign press immediately after his death wrote extensively on the achievements of this uncommon Polish artist. Matejko’s death came as a surprise to many, and his funeral, in a monarchical setting, was a great manifestation. Matejko has become a permanent part of the pantheon of the greatest Poles in the artistic and patriotic field. His unparalleled talent and passion for the history of Poland were emphasised. He is a role model for successive generations of Poles. He died at the age of only 55. He was of small stature, but great in spirit. He is permanently inscribed in the pantheon of the most outstanding Poles.
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EN
Cracow, the old capital of Polish Kingdom, has always performed a particular role in the Polish history and culture. In the nineteenth century, particulary in the period of galician autonomy 1860-1914, Cracow became the spiritual capital of Poland for generations of Poles who lived in the partitioned country, which was ruled by the three foreign powers together. About this phenomenon decided not only the autonomy but also the old tradition and the symbolism of this town. In the 19 th century and before the First World War, Cracow was the most influential centre of the Polish national life.In this time Crakow’s citizens decided to continue the old tradition of the royal burial. Since there were no longer any Polish monarchs, they resolved that the remains of the greatest national heroes, of writers and artists be buried on the Wawel Cathedral in the cemetery Rakowice and later in the Church of Paulinites fathers “on the rock”. Famous funerals in 19 th century Cracow, of which the best known were those of prince Joseph Poniatowski in 1817, general Thaddeus Kosciusko in 1818, king Casmir the Great in 1869 and of poet Adam Mickiewicz in 1890 alluded to royal ceremonies from the time of Polish independence. These funerals have been one of the main elements in patriotic and religious ceremonies and important part of the nation’s patriotic educations.
PL
Artykuł omawia zjawisko pogrzebów w XIX-wiecznym Krakowie, jako manifestacji patriotycznej.
EN
The study analyses conflicts, which occurred in the Bohemian and Moravian seigneurial towns in the 16th and early 17th century in connection with funerals of the burghers and other citizens in these towns. In the conflicts, the author applies a thesis by one of the authors of the confessionalization concept according to which the individual confessions paid increased attention to disciplination of religious rituals to strengthen their own inner cohesion and determine themselves against their religious opponents. He interprets the inter-confessional conflicts in the context of individual confessions, which occurred in the multi-confessional milieu of seigneurial towns especially in the last quarter of the 16th and the first two decades of the 17th century. He also follows the gradual politicization of these local conflicts, which the evangelic estates used in their disputes with the Catholic ruler and their application in the contemporary propaganda.
PL
Satyra Horacego pozwala poznać dzieje i funkcje starego cmentarza rzymskiego na Eskwilinie (campus Esquilinus). Ujawniają się także zagadnienia prawne, dotyczące miejsc pochówków oraz nadzoru służb miejskich nad cmentarzami. Całość przekonuje, że poezja może być interesującym źródłem wiedzy nawet o tak mało poetyckich zjawiskach jak cmentarze i pogrzeby.
EN
Horace’s satire sheds light on the history and function of the old Roman cemetery on the Esquiline hill (campus Esquilinus). Legal questions regarding burial grounds and municipal supervision of cemeteries also arise. The whole work proves that poetry may be an interesting source of knowledge even of such hardly poetic phenomena as cemeteries and funerals.
RU
Сатира Горация позволяет познать историю и функции старого римского кладбища на Эсквилине (campus Esquilinus). Появляются также юридические вопросы, касающиеся мест захоронений и досмотра городскими службами кладбищ. Целое убеждает, что поэзия может быть интересующим источником знаний даже о так мало поэтических явлениях как кладбища и похороны.
EN
The edition of antemortem documents i.e. last wills, registers, financial liabilities accompanying acts of the last will drafted by burghers of Vilnius in the first half of the 18th century was abandoned by researchers in the last decades of the 19th century. The failure to explore Vilnius sources results in our poor knowledge concerning this group of inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Among the documents presented here there are last wills of four Orthodox burghers from Vilnius: Gabriel Chilimonowicz, Jan Juchnowicz, Eustachy Krupski, Jan Kossobucki and Jan Burakiewicz- a member of the Uniate Church. The last will of J. Juhnowicz was accompanied by a register of movables, which gives a fuller picture of the testator’s wealth and constitutes a rare “set” of antemortem documents of Orthodox inhabitants of Vilnius in the first half of the 18th century. Jan Kossobucki’s last will was published including the confirmation of the bequest for the congregation of St. John the Evangelist, which operated in the Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius. Printed documents reveal family relations of burghers and last wills’ being drafted on the basis of the Magdeburg law. They provide information not only about the material status of testators in the city tormented by war, fires and plagues, but also show their attitude towards the threatening phenomena. Antemortem documents present Eastern Orthodox and Uniate burghers of Vilnius as attached to their religion and supporting it financially.
EN
The study contributes to organising and supplementing knowledge about the posthumous fate of the body of Janusz Radziwiłł, Voivode of Vilnius and Great Hetman of Lithuania, who died at Tykocin at the end of 1655. The deceased magnate never received an official funeral, and his coffin was hidden for political and religious reasons until 1674 when it was finally deposited in the Evangelical-Reformed Church in Kėdainiai. Contrary to previous hypotheses attributing the initiative of bringing the coffin to Kėdainiai and ordering the sarcophagus to the deceased’s sister, Katarzyna Hlebowicz née Radziwiłł, it has been established that the persons responsible for this were the administrators of the Radziwiłł estate, especially Kazimierz Krzysztof Kłokocki and Stanisław Niezabitowski.
PL
Opracowanie jest przyczynkiem mającym na celu uporządkowanie i uzupełnienie wiedzy o pośmiertnych losach ciała zmarłego w końcu 1655 r. w Tykocinie wojewody wileńskiego i hetmana wielkiego litewskiego Janusza Radziwiłła. Zmarły magnat nie doczekał się nigdy oficjalnego pogrzebu, a jego trumnę z powodów tak politycznych, jak wyznaniowych ukrywano aż do roku 1674, kiedy ostatecznie złożono ją w kościele ewangelicko-reformowanym w Kiejdanach. Wbrew dotychczasowym hipotezom, które inicjatywę przeniesienia trumny do Kiejdan i zamówienia sarkofagu przypisywały siostrze zmarłego Katarzynie z Radziwiłłów Hlebowiczowej, udało się ustalić, iż odpowiedzialni za to byli administratorzy dóbr radziwiłłowskich, a w szczególności Kazimierz Krzysztof Kłokocki i Stanisław Niezabitowski.
EN
The author presents an overview of research into the issues related to synods and synod legislation in East Central Europe over the last fifteen years. The paper describes the outputs dealing with legatine synods, provincial synods and diocesan synods. The territory is limited to the lands of the Bohemian Crown, Poland, Hungary, Pomerania, the State of German Knights in Prussia and the Margraviate of Meissen. Given the fact that the dioceses of Prague and Olomouc were included in the Mainz church province, the paper also deals with works on Mainz Archbishops’ provincial synods and statutes. The article is structured in the following chapters: 1. Introduction; 2. Position of synodical issues within Czech historiography; 3. Book sources editions; 4. Book monographs; 5. Chapters on synods in syntheses; 6. Conference collections on synods and book anthologies of synodical studies; 7. Studies and articles: 7.1. Legatine, provincial and diocesan synods in the lands of the Bohemian Crown; 7.2. Polish legatine, provincial and diocesan synods; 7.3. Synods in Prussia and Pomerania; 7.4. Legatine synods of Hungary (and Poland) and Hungarian diocesan synods; 7.5. Catholic synods and the Hussite movement; 8. Summary. Publications in preparation.
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Nemoci, smrt a pohřby Rudolfa II.

58%
EN
This study, based, in particular, on reports, until now unused in research, from foreign envoys to the Imperial Court; the Hapsburgs’family correspondence, the post-mortem report, deals with the course of the illnesses of Rudolph II., his death and funeral ceremonies in Madrid and Prague. In connection with the spread of the reports of the death of the Central European ruler during the year of 1612, the authors have attempted to gain an insight into the contents and means of communication at the Imperial Court in Prague. They have not failed to pay attention to the activities of influential courtiers and their intelligence networks. At the same time they traced the communication routes between Prague, Antwerp, Brussels, Florence, Madrid, Nuremberg and Rome along which the information about the death of Rudolph II and preparations for his funeral spread. The focus of this study lies in the interpretation of the symbolic importance of the social body of the deceased Emperor. From the lying-in-state of the corpse to the requiem mass, he was entering the collective memory as a virtuous ruler, a Christian knight and a defender of the Catholic faith, like his famous ancestors of the Hapsburg dynasty.
EN
The paper presents 239 extracts from the 18th century vital records of the Roman Catholic parish in Lądek. The entries include baptisms, marriages and death of nobility, as well as appearances of nobles as godparents or witnesses. An attempt was also made to establish filiations of all those people. The paper is based on source materials and forms a foundation for researching the genealogy of the nobility of the county of Słupca.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono 239 wypisy z ksiąg metrykalnych parafii katolickiej w Lądku z XVIII wieku. Wypisy dotyczą chrztów, ślubów, zgonów osób pochodzenia szlacheckiego, jak również występowania tych osób jako chrzestnych i świadków na ślubie. Podjęto również próbę ustalenia filiacji osób występujących w zapisach. Artykuł oparty o materiał źródłowy, stanowi materiał wyjściowy do genealogii szlachty powiatu słupeckiego (Słupca).
EN
This article contains 236 extracts from the parish register of the Catolical Church in Stawiszyn in years 1697-1799. Records apply baptisms (139), marriages (29) and funeral (68) of persons of the szlachta (nobility) descent. The article based on source material serve genealogical information about the nobility of the Kalisz county.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono 236 wypisów z ksiąg metrykalnych parafii katolickiej w Stawiszynie z lat 1697-1799. Wypisy dotyczą chrztów (139), ślubów (29) i zgonów (68) osób pochodzenia szlacheckiego. Artykuł, oparty o materiał źródłowy, stanowi materiał wyjściowy do genealogii szlachty powiatu kaliskiego.  
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EN
This article discusses the reactions to the death of Johannes Micraelius as expressed by his contemporaries in the available handwritten sources and printed publications, as well as the later reminiscences of him published in subsequent works. Funerals held in connection with Micraelius’ death primarily conveyed the grief of his collaborators, students, relatives, and friends. In the years that followed, Micraelius was remembered by educators working in the successor schools of the Ducal Pedagogium: Carolinum Gymnasium, Academic Gymnasium, and Mariacki Gymnasium. In both types of documents, the pedagogical contributions of the deceased come to the forefront, and he is especially esteemed for the flourishing of the school he managed as rector in the final years of his life. The legend of Micraelius as an unparalleled rector gradually faded in Szczecin after 1945, when the city’s national affiliation changed, and the activities of Mariacki Gymnasium were interrupted, thereby breaking the continuity of the educational institution dating back to Micraelius’ time. Nowadays, his pedagogical achievements are rarely mentioned, while his literary legacy is increasingly emphasized.
PL
W artykule omówiono reakcje na śmierć Johannesa Micraeliusa, wyrażone przez jemu współczesnych w dostępnych dziś źródłach rękopiśmiennych i publikacjach drukowanych, a także wspomnienia o nim zamieszczane w publikacjach późniejszych. W funeraliach powstałych w związku ze śmiercią Micraeliusa żal po zmarłym wyrażają przede wszystkim jego współpracownicy, uczniowie, krewni i przyjaciele. Po latach wspominają go z kolei pedagodzy pracujący w szkołach-następcach Pedagogium Książęcego: Gimnazjum Karolińskim, Gimnazjum Akademickim i Gimnazjum Mariackim. W jednych i drugich dokumentach na czoło wysuwają się zasługi pedagogiczne zmarłego – ceni się go przede wszystkim za doprowadzenie do rozkwitu szkoły, którą zarządzał jako rektor w ostatnich latach życia. Legenda Micraeliusa-niedościgłego rektora zaniknęła w Szczecinie po 1945 roku, kiedy zmieniła się przynależność państwowa miasta i przerwana została działalność Gimnazjum Mariackiego, a tym samym – ciągłość działania placówki edukacyjnej sięgającej czasów Micraeliusa. Współcześnie rzadko wspomina się o dokonaniach Micraeliusa na niwie pedagogicznej, coraz częściej sięga się za to po jego dorobek piśmienniczy.
EN
In this article, the primary focus is the tradition of brass bands and orchestras in the lifestyles of Samogitia’s towns and villages in the 20th–21st century. This music-making fromLithuania’s western region (Lith. Žemaitija) is no doubt related to the development of Lithuania’s musical culture as a whole. Therefore, on the basis of historical sources, the author briefly covers the development of ensembles in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The formation of brass ensembles’ tradition was particularly impacted by the celebrations of Catholic Church holidays and solemn processions (particularly in the 17th–18th century), and later – manor orchestras and music schools (end of the 18th–19th century). It was in Samogitia that music-making with brass instruments thrived until the very beginning of the 21st century. The author, on the basis of data collected mainly during fieldworks, reveals the role of brass bands in this region’s folk piety, family and community customs, this tradition’s changes.
PL
W artykule główny nacisk położono na tradycję zespołów i orkiestr dętych w życiu miast i wiosek Żmudzi w XX i XXI wieku. Muzyka z zachodniego regionu Litwy jest niewątpliwiezwiązana z rozwojem litewskiej kultury muzycznej jako całości. Dlatego też, sięgając do źródeł historycznych, autorka w skrócie opisuje rozwój orkiestr w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim. Na powstanie tradycji orkiestr dętych szczególnie wpłynęły obchody świąt katolickich i uroczyste procesje (zwłaszcza w XVII I XVIII wieku), później także funkcjonowanie dworskich orkiestr i szkół muzycznych (koniec XVIII I XIX wiek). Na Żmudzi muzyka instrumentów z mosiądzu rozwijała się do samego początku XXI wieku. Autorka, na podstawie danych zebranych głównie podczas prac terenowych, ujawnia rolę orkiestr dętych w religiności ludowej tego regionu, zwyczajerodzinne i wspólnotowe oraz zmiany zachodzące w tradycji.
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Obecność tradycji w afrykańskiej nowoczesności

51%
PL
Bazując głównie na własnych doświadczeniach i badaniach terenowych w Togo w artykule przedstawiono sposób, w jaki tradycja wplata się w nowoczesność, a także ukazano, jak w dyskursie politycznym i społecznym wykorzystuje się światopogląd oparty na religii tradycyjnej. Czy odrzucenie tradycji przez młodych wiąże się z jej hamującą rozwój siłą? Analizie poddano: imperatyw solidarności rodzinnej, który utrudnia rozwój jednostki, rytualizm zmuszający do poświęcenia wszelkich oszczędności na organizację wydarzeń świątecznych oraz czarownictwo, które pozwala na wytłumaczenie nierówności w życiu publicznym. We wszystkich tych obszarach tradycja nie tylko jest obecna, ale odgrywa ważną rolę jako czynnik stabilizujący, wyjaśniający i ogarniający rzeczywistość społeczną.
EN
Based mainly on the author’s own experience and field research in Togo, the article outlines the way in which tradition is woven into modernity, as political and social discourse uses a worldview based on traditional religion. Is the rejection of tradition by young people related to its strength of inhibiting the development? The following were analyzed: the imperative of family solidarity, which hinders the development of the individual and ritualism forcing to sacrifice any savings for the organization of festive events and witchcraft, which provides the explanation of inequality in public life. In all these areas, the tradition is not only present, but it plays an important role as a stabilizing factor, explaining and encompassing social reality.
DE
Der Aufsatz stellt dar, wie in Afrika die Tradition und die Modernität verflochten sind, wie die religiös begründete Weltanschauung durch den sozialen und politischen Diskurs ausgenutzt wird und warum die jungen Afrikaner die Tradition verneinen. Bremst die Tradition die ökonomische und soziale Entwicklung? Der Verfasser analysiert Imperative der Familiensolidarität, die die individuelle Selbstverwirklichung verhindert, Ritualismus, der alle Ersparnisse für die Veranstaltung der Feierlichkeiten verbraucht und Hexerei, die es erlaubt, Ungleichheit auf der politischen Ebene zu erklären. In allen oben erwähnten Faktoren ist die Tradition nicht nur anwesend, sondern sie spielt auch wichtige Rolle in dem Sozialleben.
EN
In 1958, work began on preparing a new cemetery law, which was to replace the interwar regulations. The Office for Religious Affairs of the Polish People’s Republic (Urząd do spraw Wyznań, UdsW) was involved in its drafting. The UdsW’s main demands were for increased state supervision of the administration of parish (or generally religious) cemeteries, an expansion of the powers of the UdsW itself, the compulsory acceptance by religious cemetery boards of burials in certain cases and the nationalisation of faith cemeteries. The final government bill submitted to the Sejm took into account most of the demands of the UdsW, especially those concerning the establishment by the state administration of the amount of fees accepted by the religious cemeteries boards, the participation of the UdsW in issuing decisions on the closure of a religious cemetery and on the permits for the use of cemetery land for other purposes before the expiry of the statutory term, the limitation of the obligation to accept the deceased for burial by the board of a religious cemetery to situations in which there was no municipal cemetery in a given locality, or a cemetery of another religion appropriate for the deceased. However, at the drafting stage, UdsW proposals to add a provision introducing general supervision of the administration of religious cemeteries by public administrations were rejected.
PL
W 1958 r. przystąpiono do przygotowywania nowej ustawy cmentarnej, która miała zastąpić regulacje międzywojenne. W pracach nad jej projektem brał udział Urząd ds. Wyznań Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej. Główne postulaty UdsW dotyczyły zwiększenia nadzoru państwowego nad administracją cmentarzy wyznaniowych, poszerzenia kompetencji samego UdsW, przymusowego przyjmowania w niektórych przypadkach zwłok do pochowania przez zarządy cmentarzy wyznaniowych oraz nacjonalizacji cmentarzy wyznaniowych. Przedłożony w Sejmie ostateczny rządowy projekt ustawy uwzględniał większość postulatów UdsW, zwłaszcza takie, jak ustalanie przez administrację państwową wysokości opłat przyjmowanych przez zarządy cmentarzy wyznaniowych, udział UdsW przy wydawaniu decyzji o zamknięciu cmentarza wyznaniowego i zezwoleń na przeznaczenie terenu cmentarnego na inne cele przed upływem ustawowego terminu, ograniczenie obowiązku przyjęcia zwłok do pochowania przez zarząd cmentarza wyznaniowego do sytuacji, w której w danej miejscowości brak było cmentarza komunalnego lub właściwego dla zmarłego cmentarza innego wyznania. Natomiast na etapie opracowywania projektu odrzucono propozycje UdsW dotyczące dodania przepisu wprowadzającego ogólny nadzór nad administracją cmentarzy wyznaniowych przez organy administracji publicznej.
EN
This article contains 220 extracts from the parish register of the Catolical Church in Koźminek and Lisków in the 18 th century. Records apply baptisms (136), marriages (29) and funeral (55) of persons of the szlachta (nobility) descent. An attempt was also made to determine the affiliation of persons appearing in the records. The article based on source material serve genealogical information about the nobility of the Kalisz county.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono 220 wypisów z ksiąg metrykalnych parafii katolickiej w Koźminku i w Liskowie z XVIII wieku. Wypisy dotyczą chrztów (136), ślubów (29) i zgonów (55) osób pochodzenia szlacheckiego. Podjęto również próbę ustalenia filiacji osób występujących w zapisach. Artykuł oparty o materiał źródłowy, stanowi materiał wyjściowy do genealogii szlachty powiatu kaliskiego.
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