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EN
There are several recent and noteworthy studies on the testimonies and fragments of Melissos of Samos: Laks-Most (2016), Brémond (2017). Furthermore, one can learn a great deal about Melissos from the lectures and discussions undertaken in the framework of “Eleatica 2012” (Mansfeld A. et al. 2016). When taken together, these studies enable us to fully appreciate Melissos’ original work in terms of its sources, its audacious arguments and its later criticisms. Melissos is here presented as a spokesman of the Eleatic school in an order that aims to do justice to the ancient testimonies that relate and refute his arguments as well as to the verbatim fragments (these are given here in the original). For the sake of clarity, however, various secondary testimonies have been omitted.
EN
The paper is an English translation of Wzajemny stosunek i związki pomiędzy prawem międzynarodowym i prawem krajowym by Krzysztof Skubiszewski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1986. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.
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EN
Death is not a departure of the soul from the body – in can be so only in the road of opinion – but a departure of the body from the soul, as it were, that is, the rectification of cognition, having the mind to rely completely on the road of truth, whereby the opinions fall off and all the illusions they bring into the soul disappear as well. However, to retain the true monistic character of the system, the immortality of the soul has to be denied. Humans are temporarily brought into being as thoughts of Being or as its dream, and eventually disappear since what is important, is the unity of Being.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 1
91-106
EN
With respect to Parmenides’ thought Melissus was regarded as a dissident thinker already in antiquity. His polemical introduction of the concept of void and the relative idea of infinite Being seemed particularly controversial. The aim of the present paper is to examine the origins of the Melissian understanding of void in order to trace its philosophical genesis to the criticism of the Atomist Leucippus. According to the philosopher from Abdera, the Eleatic fundamental principles had to conform to the obviousness of bodies’ motion, which is why the Eleatic not-Being had to be understood as void. Melissus took issue with this view and criticized the idea of the void’s reality by means of a methodical argument. In the course of doing so, the philosopher from Samos distorted the original Parmenidean ontology, which is why his theories were often criticized severely as theoretically weak.
EN
Scholars have often seen Parmenides as entirely opposed to earlier materialistic philosophy. In this paper I argue that what is more striking in Aristotle’s Metaphysics Book I is the degree of continuity that he sees between Parmenides and the material monists. I explore this coupling of Parmenides with the material monists to understand better what he takes to be distinctive and problematic with Parmenides’ monism.
EN
Tadeusz Klimski devoted to the problem of unity dissertation, entitled “One and being. Analysis of the realistic concepts (Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, modern Thomists)”, published in 1992. The paper characterises idealist philosophy in exposures and explanations of representatives of realism. It indicates the field of further considerations: Aristotle’s account which is determined by views of the pre–Socratics, and above all Plato, philosophical views of Thomas Aquinas, alluding to discussion with the Arabic philosophers, especially Avicenna, and often relating to the horizon designated by revelation and needs of interpreting it by theology, recognition of contemporary Thomists of various trends, the only realistic trend in contemporary philosophy. Even more interesting is placing the issues of unity in the problematic context. Tadeusz Klimski believed that the problematic field is twofold, and its starting point is epistemology: 1) platonic idealism, which leads (even if it is against Plato himself) to monism, where unity is seen as the first and fundamental philosophical problem — here unity is associated with the entire cosmos, today as well as in the in the materialistic or spiritualistic version. 2) Aristotelian realism leads to pluralism in the theory of being, in which philosophers–realists try to interpret the unity — unity here is associated with individual being. While formulating his standpoint, Tadeusz Klimski refers to Mieczyslaw Gogacz’s account, that unity is called the power of the act of existence to actualizing the real essence of being. Unity, therefore, is manifested in the whole being, but the act of existence is its source. This view is consistent Thomistic, specifying the relationship of unity with the existence of individual being. This view can be a good basis to consider the role of unity in cognition, the role of unity in action or various forms of social unity.
Filozofia Nauki
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2023
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vol. 31
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issue 1
69-100
EN
The purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss the theory of truth developed by Francis Herbert Bradley in the context of his logical and metaphysical views. The British idealist’s reflections on truth were not contained in a single work, but are found in many of his works, which makes it somewhat difficult to understand his concepts adequately and, as I show, has led to a misinterpretation of his views. In this paper, I analyze and identify the logical and metaphysical foundations of his theory, focusing mainly on his two most important works: Appearance and Reality – his most significant metaphysical work – and The Principles of Logic – his main work on logic. In order to adequately understand the Oxford idealist’s position that truth is something that concerns the relationship between logical judgment and reality, I examine especially his conception of judgment contained in The Principles of Logic and his conception of reality developed in Appearance and Reality. As early as 1883, in The Principles of Logic, Bradley distinguished between a surfaced grammatical sentence and an implicit logical form of judgment. On this basis, I point out that Bradley’s theory should not be classified – as has not infrequently been attributed to him – as a coherence theory, but that it is in fact an identity theory. I also point out that Bradley’s adversaries, such as Bertrand Russell, have misunderstood his theory.
EN
This text analysis the ways in which monism was depicted as a doctrine situated on the crossroads of European and Asian philosophical traditions. The depiction of monism as monstrous, characteristic of the mainstream of early modern European thought, is set against the wider context of parapolitical critique of the concept of sovereignty and the cosmic horror concept. This juxtaposition is founded on the simultaneous lecture of the entry “Spinoza” in Pierre Bayle’s An Historical and Critical Dictionary and Howard P. Lovecraft’s story The Call of Cthulhu. In the article’s conclusion the author argues that monism should be treated as one of the currents of collectively orientated political ontology. This ontology may provide a basis for a new model of comparative studies, centred around the concept of commons, and critical towards modern cognitive-political framework, sustaining and naturalising the primitive accumulation processes.
PL
Poniższy tekst analizuje sposób przedstawienia monizmu jako doktryny usytuowanej na przecięciu europejskich i azjatyckich tradycji filozoficznych. Prezentacja stanowiska monistycznego w kategoriach potworności, charakterystyczna dla głównego nurtu nowożytnej myśli europejskiej, osadzona zostaje w szerszej perspektywie parapolitycznej krytyki pojęcia suwerenności oraz koncepcji kosmicznego horroru. Zestawienie to opiera się na równoczesnej lekturze przypisów do hasła „Spinoza” w Słowniku krytyczno-historycznym Pierra Bayle’a oraz opowiadania Zew Cthulhu Howarda P. Lovecrafta. W konkluzji artykułu przekonuję, że monizm należy traktować jako jeden z nurtów kolektywistycznie zorientowanej ontologii politycznej. Ontologia taka może stanowić podstawę dla nowego modelu studiów porównawczych, zbudowanych wokół pojęcia dóbr wspólnych i krytycznych wobec nowoczesnej aparatury poznawczo-politycznej, podtrzymującej i naturalizującej procesy akumulacji pierwotnej.
PL
Naukowe i filozoficzne rewolucje często torują drogę dla zmian społecznych oraz politycznych. Pojęcie „monizmu” w Niemczech i w Austrii w ciągu ostatnich dekad dziewiętnastego wieku może być postrzegane jako dyskursywna oznaka takich zmian, zainspirowanych przez darwinizm i pozytywizm. Jednakże teorie, które utożsamiały się z monizmem, są nie tylko różnorodne, ale i często sprzeczne i niezgodne ze sobą, szczególnie odnośnie ich etycznych implikacji. Niniejszy artykuł przygląda się epickiemu wierszowi z 1894 roku, w którym wiedeńska poetka MARIE EUGENIE DELLE GRAZIE eksponuje, porównuje i krytykuje rozmaite monizmy. Artykuł proponuje interpretację owego wiersza, będącego przykładem, w jaki sposób DELLE GRAZIE rozumiała pojęcia literatury monistycznej. W podsumowaniu autor próbuje powiązać opisywaną przez DELLE GRAZIE Rewolucję Francuską z podobną świadomością rewolucyjną panującą w okresie przełomu wieków dziewiętnastego i dwudziestego.
EN
Scientific and philosophical revolutions often pave the way for social and political change. The concept of “monism” in Germany and Austria in the last decades of the nineteenth century can be read as a discursive marker of such a paradigm shift, inspired by Darwinism and positivism. However, theories that identified as monism were not only diverse, but often contradictory and incompatible with one another, especially in regard to their ethical implications. This article examines the epic poem Robespierre published in 1894, in which the poetess, the Vienna-based MARIE EUGENIE DELLE GRAZIE, displays, confronts and criticises a variety of monisms. This article interprets the epic poem as an illustration of DELLE GRAZIE’S understanding of monistic literature and relates delle Grazie’s choice of setting – the French Revolution – to the consciousness of revolutionary change in eighteenth-century France and nineteenth-century Austria.
DE
Wissenschaftliche und philosophische Revolutionen leiten oft soziale und politische Umbrüche ein. Der Begriff ‚Monismus‘– am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ein Modewort – kann als diskursiver Hinweis auf einen solchen, durch Darwinismus und Positivismus angeregten Paradigmenwechsel interpretiert werden. Trotzdem bleibt Monismus ein Nenner für unterschiedliche, gegensätzliche Theorien, die, insbesondere was ihre ethischen Konsequenzen betrifft, grundsätzlich unvereinbar sind. Im Zentrum dieses Aufsatzes steht das 1894 veröffentlichte Epos Robespierre, in dem die Wiener Dichterin MARIE EUGENIE DELLE GRAZIE verschiedene Monismen darstellt, einander gegenüberstellt und kritisiert. Das Epos wird als Beispiel von DELLE GRAZIES monistischem Literaturbegriff betrachtet. Zum Schluss wird versucht, ihre Themenwahl, die Französische Revolution, mit der Umbruchsstimmung um die Jahrhundertwende zu verknüpfen.
EN
This article considers triadic view of human, based on Hebraic anthropology. At the begging, there are presented monistic and dualistic anthropologies – ancient, medieval and contemporary. Then, they are contrasted with triadic anthropology, which suits better to achievements of contemporary psychology. At the end, the author puts forward an opinion about practical implications of triadic anthropology.
EN
The aim of this paper is a comparative analysis of the philosophy of Francis Herbert Bradley and the monistic philosophy of Parmenides of Elea. For many years, the general philosophical consciousness was dominated by the belief that the thought of the most important British idealist was in fact a form of Hegelianism. In this paper, I show that Bradley’s thought was actually more closely related to Eleatic philosophy than to Hegel’s philosophy. In the first part I show that both Parmenides and Bradley adopted a similar epistemological position, i.e. radical rationalism. I then point out that the monism of both Bradley and Parmenides was the most radical form of monism, which was rarely seen in the history of European philosophy. Finally, I show that both Parmenides and Bradley adopt a similar view of metaphysical idealism..
EN
In the article I address the problem of the genesis of the monism-dualism opposition. I focus on showing the historical context in which this opposition appeared. First of all, I analyze the terminology related to this opposition. I show that due to the emancipation of philosophy from theology, certain terms that were used to present theological doctrines were adopted for the purposes of philosophical research. I present the transfer of this terminology from theology to philosophy and interpret dualism as a liminal concept.
PL
Abstrakt: W artykule podejmuję problem genezy opozycji między monizmem a dualizmem. Skupiam się na ukazaniu kontekstu historycznego, w którym opozycja ta się pojawiła. Przede wszystkim analizuję terminologię związaną z tą opozycją. Pokazuję, że w związku z uniezależnieniem się filozofii od teologii pewne terminy, które były wykorzystywane do prezentacji doktryn teologicznych, zostały zaadaptowane do badań filozoficznych. Przedstawiam transfer terminologii z teologii do filozofii i interpretuję dualizm jako pojęcie liminalne.
PL
W sporze z Beatą Polanowską-Sygulską (BP-S) kładę nacisk na niezgodność między pluralizmem światopoglądowym a wiarą w monistyczny, uniwersalistyczny system wartości żywiony przez religie globalne, zauważając, że zarówno Bóg Ojciec jak i Bóg Syn byli obaj monistami. Podnoszę, że moja pozycja jest wyrażona w Isaiaha Berlina odrzuceniu unikalnej prawdziwości jakiegokolwiek wyczerpującego poglądu, oraz, że tak Berlin jak i BP-S mylą tolerancję z akceptacją. Odrzucam zarzut, że moja pozycja jest monistyczna, oraz, że nie poświęcam należytej uwagi konfliktom wewnątrz wartości jednostkowych, które mogą być postrzegane jako konflikty między różnymi wartościami.
EN
Against Beata Polanowksa-Sygulska (BP-S), I insist on the incompatibility between the pluralism of comprehensive world-views and belief in the monist, universalist tenets of the principal world religions, noting that God the Father and God the Son were both monists. I argue that my position is entailed by Isaiah Berlin’s rejection of the unique truth of any one comprehensive outlook, and that both Berlin and BP-S confuse toleration with acceptance. I reject the charges that my position is monistic, and that I give insufficient attention to conflict within individual values, which can in any case be treated as conflict between values.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 2
108-128
EN
After the accession of several Central and Eastern European countries to the European Union in 2004, new challenges arose for their highest judicial institutions to define and shape the relationship between the national and European legal order. This paper assesses the first decade of the effort of the Slovak Constitutional Court (SCC) in interpreting the relationship between domestic and EU law via applying the concept of constitutional pluralism which presumes a specific relationship between the legal orders characterized by their heterarchical structure, mutual interaction and cooperation rather than of a hierarchical, monistic structure, governed by clash over dominance. Answering the research question how the SCC has positioned itself vis-à-vis the constitutional monism v. pluralism dilemma can offer an insight on the general relationship between domestic and EU law in Slovakia. By analysing statutory law, selected judgments and reviewing secondary literature, the paper argues that the SCC seems to have chosen the monistic, hierarchical approach to the relationship, having rejected constitutional pluralism. At the same time, this position is not articulated clearly enough due to the veil of secrecy that to some extent still prevails over the SCC’s doctrinal attitudes to EU law. The findings of the paper, which combines conceptual analysis of constitutional pluralism with review of relevant legal provisions and case law, demonstrate the need for a more active and straightforward approach of the SCC when dealing with the challenges of EU law.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 3
347-365
EN
The aim of this article is to compare the three concepts of universals presented in “Tropes and Universals” by Pawel Rojek with theories of truthmaking. Rojek presents three approaches to the problem of unity in multiplicity: (1) specific unity which involves abstract properties, (2) general unity based on undefined aspects, and (3) concrete universals. Rojek proposes to interpret the first two in scope of truthmaking, by invoking the “passionfruit argument” and developing his own version of it. In my paper I follow Rojek's steps by developing his comparison to truthmakers to the concept of concrete universals. That development involves Schaffer’s priority monism and the concept of “the most promiscuous truthmaker”. Finally, I present my own version of the “passionfruit argument” that uses the notion of grounding.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zestawienie trzech koncepcji uniwersaliów prezentowanych przez Pawła Rojka w Tropach i uniwersaliach z koncepcjami uprawdziwiania. Rojek poddaje analizie trzy podejścia do problemu jedności w wielości: (1) jedności szczegółowej obejmującej abstrakcyjne własności, (2) jedności ogólnej uchwytującej nieokreślone aspekty oraz (3) wyróżnienie konkretnych uniwersaliów. Dwa pierwsze interpretuje w odniesieniu do teorii uprawdziwiania, przywołując „argument z passiflory” i rozwijając jego autorską wersję. W tekście kontynuuję refleksję Rojka, rozwijając ją w odniesieniu do trzeciej koncepcji uniwersaliów, czyli konkretnych powszechników. Zestawiam je z monizmem Jonathana Schaffera, aby następnie zbudować trzecią wersję „argumentu z passiflory” opartą na ufundowaniu.
PL
Celem artykułu jest krytyczny namysł nad perspektywą ujmowania pluralizmu wartości w obrębie współczesnej liberalnej myśli politycznej. Na początku opisano sposób rozumienia pluralizmu i konfliktu wartości. Następnie zarysowano tradycje ich postrzegania, aby w dalszej części skupić się na analizie dorobku doktryny liberalnej i omówieniu propozycji rozwijanych na jej gruncie. W części końcowej podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy liberalna optyka postrzegania pluralizmu wartości, chroniąc przed monizmem, nie prowadzi w świat ich relatywizmu.
EN
This paper aims to explore the approach to value pluralism within contemporary liberal political thought. The paper begins with a discussion of the basic premises related to both value pluralism and value conflict. Then the author examines the successes of value pluralism theory in resolving value conf licts. The final section of the paper attempts to determine whether the liberal approach to value pluralism, protecting us against monism, is not leading us, at the same time, to value relativism.
PL
Niniejsze studium omawia teorie „eide” i ich związek z „materią” według Mikołaja z Methony. Jest to zagadnienie ukazujące sposób komunikacji Boga, jako najwyższej i jedynej zasady, ze światem naturalnym i człowiekiem. Autorzy rozważają to zagadnienie zarówno na płaszczyźnie historycznej, jak i systema­tycznej. Najpierw wyodrębniają różnice w tej kwestii między starożytną myślą grecką, która skłaniała się ku dualizmowi, a chrześcijaństwem, które uznawało jedynie monizm; następnie wyjaśniają monistyczną rekonstrukcję starożytnej on­tologii greckiej według neoplatoników. Stanowisko Mikołaja z Methony i chrześ­cijańska wizja ontologii stanowią centrum ich badań, w których podkreśla się, że „eide” są istotą Boskiego Umysłu oraz prawdziwymi Boskimi zamiarami. Kwestia dotyczy także związków i rozróżnień, ponieważ „eide” są jednolitą, ale wewnętrznie zróżnicowaną całością w Bogu. Na poziomie zmysłowego świata wykazano, że „materia” nie jest rozpatrywana niezależnie od „eide”. Główna kon­kluzja studium jest taka, że Mikołaj z Methony dokonał filozoficznej interpretacji chrześcijańskiej teorii dotyczącej mocy Trójjedynego Boga, pozostając w zgodzie z chrześcijańskim realizmem i odrzucając samoistny charakter „eide”.
EN
In this study, we are discussing the theory on “eide” and their relation to the “matter” according to Nicholas of Methone. This is a topic that shows the way in which God, as the supreme and only Principle, is connected to the natural world and human being. In this attempt of ours we move both historically and systemati­cally. Thus, we first point out the differences on this issue between the ancient Greek thought, which moves towards dualism, and Christianity, which accepts only monism; we then explain the monistic reconstruction of the ancient Greek ontology by the Neoplatonists. Nicholas of Methone’s views and the Christian readings of ontology constitute the core of our approaches, of which it is high­lighted that “eide” are the content of the divine Mind and that they are the good divine volitions. The question is also put in view of the unions and distinctions, since “eide” are a unified but internally differentiated whole in God. At the level of the sensible world, it is shown that “matter” is not considered independently from “eide”. The main conclusion that comes to the fore is that Nicholas of Methone makes a philosophical reading of the Christian theory on triune God’s energies, remaining consistent with Christian realism and rejecting the self-existent charac­ter of the “eide”.
EN
This article presents the essential thesis from the Kabbalah theosophy i.e. from the theosophic philosophy of the mystical Judaism, which is the monisitc view of pantheism, viz. the monistic view of the godhead, in the context of determining by it the parallel for the pantheistic, monistic philosophy of Baruch Spinoza. The elements of the philosophical systems in question, on the basis of which their analogies are shown, are the categories of substance, attributes and modes (spinozism), and Ein Sof and sephirot (Kabbalah). The deity of Spinoza, i.e. the nature (for deus sive natura), is the substance (with the quality of singularity, unity, and oneness), the infinite number of attributes andthe manifested modifications (of the substance), and it is suggested in the present optics that the fundamental kabbalistc ideas as God Ein Sof and divine sephirot constitute the equivalents for them. Such correspondences are presumed due to the fact that Ein Sof is “characterized” (as far as it can be described, because Ein Sof is a product of the negative, apophatic theology/philosophy) by the descriptions specific for the Spinozian substance and its transcendental attributes, whereas the sephirot are the hypostases for the qualities that are ascribed to the comprehensible potencies from Spinoza’s pantheism: namely the two manifested attributes – res extensa and res cogitans – and the modi. What is more, the kabbalistic godhead is synonymous with the nature – as it is done in Spinoza’s system. Since the substance and the attributes with modifications, resp. Ein Sof and its sephirot, are ontologically one (they are characterized by the ontic identity), and, moreover, these categories – as a whole – set the entirety of the natural (= divine) entity, it is a well-grounded tendency to define the two analysed systems as the pantheistic monism, or monistic pantheism, which terms the present article uses.
EN
This article provides an overview of the approach taken by the International Court of Justice and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice, to questions of municipal law. Beginning with an outline of the theoretical framework, it discusses the conventional position that domestic law is a factual issue for the Court, before considering the ways in which the two Courts have utilised municipal law. It also considers to what extent the Court employs domestic law in ascertaining international legal rules.
PL
Celem pracy jest analiza koncepcji bytu w filozofii eleatów. Szczególnej analizie poddane zostały poglądy wypracowane przez Parmenidesa z Elei i opisane przez niego w heksametrycznym poemacie O naturze. Filozofia eleacka budziła już od momentu swego powstania wiele kontrowersji, również dziś uczeni nie są zgodni co do interpretacji myśli tej szkoły. Dlatego też w pracy została podjęta próba odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy bytowi eleackiemu można przypisać niematerialność? Analizie poddano także interpretację monizmu predykatywnego zaproponowaną przez Patricię Curd.
EN
The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of being in the Eleatic philosophy. Special analysis has been devoted to the doctrine developed by Parmenides of Elea, in his poem On Nature. From its very beginning, the Eleatic philosophy has stirred controversy, even today’s scholars are not unanimous in their interpretation of the school. Therefore, the research has been done to answer the question whether immateriality can be attributed to the Eleatic concept of being, and if predicative monism interpretation proposed by Patrica Curd is valid.
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