Search results - CEJSH

1

K filosofickému myšlení Charlese Sanderse Peirce

100%

Hroch J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2010

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vol. 58

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issue 6

805-825

EN

In the first part of this study C. S. Peirce´s epistemology is analysed in relation to the philosophy of René Descartes. In Peirce´s view Cartesian scepticism results in mere self-deception as we are not able to start our quest for knowledge with complete doubt. Indeed we cannot avoid beginning our epistemological procedures in the company of all our prejudices. Peirce´s conception of the doubt-belief theory of inquiry is also analysed. Doubt is an uneasy state of dissatisfaction from which we struggle to free ourselves so as to pass into the state of belief. According to Peirce belief does not make us act at once, but puts us into the kind of condition that means we shall behave in a certain way. In the second part of this study, the author reflects, from an ontological point of view, on Peirce´s panpsychistic conceptions which are combined with synechism. Synechism means the tendency to regard everything as continuous. In this connection, according to Peirce, the most fundamental moving principle of the evolutionary process is not struggle and competition but the principle of chance (tychism), based on nurturing love. In Peirce´s view tychism gives birth to an evolutionary cosmology in which all the regularities of nature and of mind are regarded as products of growth. As far as Peirce´s socioeconomic ideas are concerned, he argues against the popular social Darwinism, which advocated egoism in an ever-expanding sway of rugged capitalism. At the end of the article Peirce´s conception of the historical, psychological and ethical significance of Christianity is analysed. We pay attention to Peirce´s opinion that St. John’s gospel states an evolutionary philosophy which teaches that growth comes only from love. In opposition to rugged individualism and social Darwinism, Peirce rejects the notion of human selfishness and greed as the moving principle of social progress. In this historical context his sociopolitical views precede the social liberalism and communitarianism of John Dewey.

2

Zygmunta Spiry uwagi o metodologii K.R. Poppera

80%

Polak P.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2006

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issue 39

66-91

PL

The paper presents an outline of the reception of Popper's thought in Poland in the period between two World Wars. The most important paper in this period is doubtlessly the one published by Zygmunt Spira entitled 'Remarks on Popper's methodology and epistemology'. Spira was a student of Z. Zawirski. He lived and worked in Cracow, and was killed during the Nazi occupation. His paper is by now forgotten. We critically present his main ideas, showing his innovatory style of thinking.

3

Je „zdravý rozum“ zdravý – a je to rozum?

80%

Parusniková Z.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2008

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vol. 56

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issue 2

199-223

EN

The relation between the sceptical and the natural capacities, constituting the human condition, is the most fundamental problem of Hume’s epistemology. The author claims that there is a permanent dichotomy and incompatibility between these two capacities, with natural inclinations of our mind being the only constructive epistemological force. Hume’s sceptical arguments are – following Richard Popkin – analyzed in the context of the revival of the Pyrrhonian scepticism in 17th century. In this perspective, Hume develops a strategy of alternatively hiding and exposing one of these aspects, sceptical and natural, without providing any grounds for unifying them: theoretical scepticism remains wholly unmitigated and natural instincts remain totally unaffected by doubts. Hume’s sceptic is a split, schizophrenic personality, living in two distinct worlds. In this way, Hume evokes some postmodern views, especially by undermining the universal authority and the liberating mission of reason, the privileged status of philosophy, and the credibility of Grand meta-narratives.

4

Konwencje, style myślenia i relatywizm. Kilka uwag o sporze I. Dąmbska – L. Fleck

80%

Szlachcic K.

Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia

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2006

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vol. 1

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issue 1

27-45

EN

My comments are focused on the debate between Izydora Dąmbska and Ludwik Fleck. In the course of their debate, which took place in the 1930's, they discussed some basic issues of epistemology, focusing on the problems of the sources of scientific knowledge, objectivity of knowledge, and truth. The aim of the paper is to place their debate in a the historical context and to demonstrate the novelty of Fleck's arguments, especially in comparison with Thomas S. Kuhn's later contribution. I also examine the dominant interpretations of Fleck's theory of knowledge, as well as the reasons for which his philosophical ideas, especially Entstehung und Entwiklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache (1935) have fallen into the philosophical oblivion. I argue that Fleck's views, although innovative, were less radical than it is commonly thought.

5

Heterotopy of the hysterical body

80%

Mackiewicz W., Barański J.

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

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2021

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vol. 53

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issue 2

1-29

EN

Heterotopia is the space of otherness, a counter-space. A very specific type of heterotopia is a human’s body, especially in its illness and sickness. Hysteria, the disease which can imitate many other diseases, is here a crucial example. From its ancient beginnings until today hysteria makes us reflect on the essence of illness and disease, on the definition of the human condition, on the social role of a healthy and ill human body, etc. The archeology of hysteria explains how disorders shape medical standards.

6

Naturalized Epistemology and the Normative

80%

Turp M.-J.

Forum Philosophicum

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2008

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vol. 13

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issue 2

343-355

EN

Gradually emerging from the so-called “linguistic turn,” philosophy in the second half of the twentieth century witnessed what we might follow P. M. S. Hacker in describing as a “naturalistic turn.” This change of direction, an abandonment of traditional philosophical methods in favour of a scientific approach, or critics would say a scientistic approach, has met with widespread approval. In the first part of the paper I look to establish the centrality of the normative to the discipline of epistemology. I then turn to examine Quine's attempt to reduce normative discourse to instrumental rationality, and the more fully developed accounts provided by Stich, Kornblith and Papineau. I argue that these accounts fail because they insist on a constitutive connection between desires and the ends of epistemic activity. I conclude with the suggestion that a more plausible position severs this connection, in favour of an objective, externalist account of ends and reasons.

7

Natural Selection or Problem Solving. Critical Re-evaluation of Karl Popper's Evolutionism

80%

Boldachev A.

Studia Humana

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2014

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vol. 3

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issue 3

29-42

EN

Among the philosophers and the educated audience the name of Sir Karl Popper is usually associated with the critical method, evolutionary epistemology, falsification as a criterion for the demarcation of scientific knowledge, the concept of the third world and with his dislike to dialectics and contradictions. This article is aimed to show in what way all these things are connected in the evolutionary researches of the philosopher and the new conceptions, which he contributed to studying the mechanisms of evolution. Also there is an attempt to comprehend the evolutionary views of Popper, test them for falsification, relate his epistemology with his claims, which he puts forward to the theory of objective knowledge evolution and show the obvious contradiction between them.

8

Hipoteza Sapira-Whorfa – przegląd argumentów zwolenników i przeciwników

80%

Klimczuk A.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 1

165-182

EN

Nowadays is growing importance of interdisciplinary research and in the field of cultural diversity, multiculturalism and intercultural cooperation. It is important also to take into account the global processes of changes associated with the dissemination of digital information and communication technologies. One of the theories which are essential in this area of research is the concept by E. Sapir and B.L. Whorf. The purpose of the article is to introduce into a current condition of scientific dispute concerning the views of these authors on the relationship between language and cognition. Paper is based on a critical analysis of the literature. In conclusion, the main findings and recommendations for further research were identified.

9

Management – from Epistemology by Methodology to Social Practice of Academia Cognitive Challenges in Management Science 21

80%

Sułkowski Ł.

Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie

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2015

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vol. 16

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issue 2

111-119

EN

The aim of the article is to present cognitive challenges in the area of management. Researchers and reflective managers still work on the identity of management belonging to the social sciences. The paper depicts the connections between cognitive problems (from the epistemological point of view), management methodology and social practice. Management sciences are parts of historical discourse and because of that epistemological and methodological levels have an impact on social practice. The main concern of this paper is the role of the management scientist, consultant and teacher. The analysis suggests that academic teacher and researcher are social roles with a character that can be called universal. Practitioner is associated rather with pragmatic aspect of management science. Practitioners are often regarded as managers, but their roles in the organisation might as well be non-managerial.

10

According to Newton, the evolution of Classical Physics: epistemological point of view

80%

Borges de Meneses R. D.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2018

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issue 3(24)

93-105

EN

Suppression of new ideas that seriously modified the officially accepted explanations was enforced within the religious system, but mere models like the copernian system were tolerated as a way of representing appearances so long as the interpretations were not present as the absolute truth in conflict with official church position. brahe recorded the motions of a comet that moved in the space between the crystalline spheres, but this result was absorbed by the scholastic foundations. meanwhile, on this paper, i explain the positions and foundations of mechanics by the centuries. To Physics is very important role plays the mechanic by the epistemologic questions.

11

Filozofia przyrody Władysława Heinricha

80%

Heller M.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2005

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issue 36

31-44

PL

At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, Wladyslaw Heinrich introduced a new style of philosophizing in the Cracow rather traditional philosophical milieu. His way of presenting philosophical ideas in a strict contact with empirical sciences arose great interest and found several talented followers. In the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow the manuscript is preserved bearing the title 'Theory of Cognition'; it was written by Heinrich in 1912. The author presents and critically assesses his 'philosophy of nature' as it can be reconstructed from the above mentioned manuscript.

12

Konstruktywizm i realizm wobec statusu faktów naukowych. Bruno Latour a Ian Hacking

80%

Sikora M.

Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia

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2006

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vol. 1

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issue 1

11-26

EN

The paper addresses one of most important topics in contemporary epistemology, i.e. the controversy between realistic vs. constructivist approach to reality and science. In my article I focus on two representatives of these approaches, on Ian Hacking's realistic view of knowledge, and on Bruno Latour's radical constructivism. In the first part, Latour's idea of anthropological research of the method of sciences is discussed. I argue that Latour's conception boils down to an assertion against there being an universal method of science. In second part I discuss realistic standpoint of Ian Hacking and his view that not all scientific facts are theoretical constructions.

13

Wartości pedagogiczne poglądów teoriopoznawczych Johna Locke’a

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Jurczyszyn M.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2016

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vol. 61(4 (242))

85-96

PL

This article contains a brief analysis of John Locke’s epistemological views on the moral education of children. Locke believed that, in order to develop, man must be able to think for himself. As regards teaching, Locke advocated shaping a research instinct and independent thinking in children, combining language acquisition with learning about things, shaping intellectual abilities, dispositions and habits that enable further education and acquiring a profession. In the sphere of moral education he recommended developing moral concepts in children using the knowledge about the development of their awareness and based on real examples, stimulating their perceptiveness and cognitive activity in terms of proper conduct.

14

Wartości pedagogiczne poglądów teoriopoznawczych Johna Locke’a

80%

Marek J.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

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2016

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issue 61(4 (242))

85-96

PL

This article contains a brief analysis of John Locke’s epistemological views on the moral education of children. Locke believed that, in order to develop, man must be able to think for himself. As regards teaching, Locke advocated shaping a research instinct and independent thinking in children, combining language acquisition with learning about things, shaping intellectual abilities, dispositions and habits that enable further education and acquiring a profession. In the sphere of moral education he recommended developing moral concepts in children using the knowledge about the development of their awareness and based on real examples, stimulating their perceptiveness and cognitive activity in terms of proper conduct.

15

Gastona Bachelarda psychoanaliza umysłu naukowego

71%

Ples-Bęben M.

Folia Philosophica

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2014

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vol. 32

PL

The paper concerns the psychoanalysis of objective cognition - a philosophical project by Gaston Bachelard, developed and implemented in epistemology and philosophy of science since 1938. The paper consists of two parts. Firstly, relation between Bachelard’s philosophy and psychoanalysis is addressed with the special attention given to sources of Bachelard’s inspiration - S. Freud, C.G. Jung, M. Bonaparte and R. Allendy. Secondly, Bachelard’s concept of psychoanalysis of objective cognition is discussed. In the course of its development, Bachelard transformed the assumptions and ideas of Freud and Jung and used them in theory of knowledge and philosophy of science. This original project was straightforwardly practical - it was aimed at providing an analysis of the scientific mind, revealing any epistemological obstacles it contains (such as false beliefs and habits of thinking) and its overcoming so that valuable cognition might be obtained.

16

A Critique of the Philosophical Underpinnings

71%

Oppong S.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2014

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issue 10

242-254

EN

The progress of the social science disciplines depends on conducting relevant research. However, research methodology adopted and choices made during the course of the research project are underpinned by varying ontological, epistemological and axiological positions that may be known or unknown to the researcher. This paper sought to critically explore the philosophical underpinnings of the social science research. It was suggested that a “multiversal” ontological position, positivist-hermeneutic epistemological position and value-laden axiological position should be adopted for social science research by non-western scholars as alternative to the dominant naïve realist, positivist, and value-free orientation. Against the backdrop of producing context-relevant knowledge, non-western scholars are encouraged to re-examine their philosophical positions in the conduct of social science research.

17

DIE METAPHER – BRENNPUNKT DER AUTORENPOETIK

71%

Müller-Richter K., Larcati A.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

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2010

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vol. 2

37-51

EN

Reflections on metaphors imply and presuppose – due to the complex semantic structure of metaphors – fundamental epistemological convictions about word and object, language and ontology, truth and knowledge. It is precisely this epistemological dimension that also makes metaphors a rich and interesting object of poetics. Our article describes the shift from a model of metaphors as substitution (of direct representations) to a more constructive and non-mimetic model derived from Immanuel Kant’s transcendental philosophy. We then situate the poetics of key 20th-century German authors within this conceptual framework.

18

Ontogenesis of the “why” question from the perspective of genetic epistemology, and its philosophical implications

71%

Duchliński P.

Logos i Ethos

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2019

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vol. 51

EN

The question “why” is generally thought to be one of the most important of philosophical questions. Indeed, many philosophers hold that it is responsible for defining the essential contours and identity of philosophical discourse itself. Moreover, all attempts to reject it are perceived as a manifestation of minimalist tendencies in philosophical research. This article presents Piaget’s views concerning the ontogenesis of the “why” question. After having reconstructed the latter, it seeks to spell out their potential philosophical implications. The author argues that ontogenetic considerations can certainly play a heuristic role in the formulation of philosophical theses and hypotheses, and that they can lead to a correcting of the conceptions we tend to have of certain philosophical questions – namely, ones that do not refer to any empirical data.

19

Kruh sociologické racionality: pozice sociologa v hermeneutické perspektivě

71%

Ďurďovič M.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2017

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vol. 53

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issue 1

29-49

EN

The aim of the article is to apply the concept of the hermeneutical circle to the position of a sociologist. The hermeneutical problem in sociology is exemplified by research into social action that examines how sociological understanding captures meanings attributed to the action by the actors themselves. Although several distinguished theorists have already introduced the idea of hermeneutics into sociology, none of them pursued the topic of the hermeneutical circle in detail. This article applies the hermeneutical circle to sociology through the concepts of ‘pre-understanding’ and the ‘fusion of horizons’. The analysis results in the acknowledgement of epistemological pluralism in sociology and leads to the conclusion that the justification of truth in sociology cannot be simply a matter of correspondence-based verification, but must involve a form of decision-making about true knowledge within an intersubjective sociological rationality.

20

Vývoj vědy jako evoluční boj idejí? : K pojetí vědy jako konceptuální evoluce

71%

Havlík V.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2016

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vol. 64

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issue 1

75-94

EN

The article focuses on a select group of arguments which are aimed at showing the advantages of an evolutionary conception of science and at indicating how the evolutionary perspective may be adopted and also further implemented in relation to the question of the development of knowledge. Stress is placed on treating conceptual evolution as the instantiation of universal evolution, and not, as traditionally, the application of the principles of biological evolution to epistemology. The prospects for approaches to conceptual evolution in Campbell, Toulmin and Hull are discussed, and some particular examples are used to demonstrate how one might, with the help of the instruments of an evolutionary conception, tackle critical arguments as well as a persisting misunderstanding on the part of the opponents of the evolutionary conception of science. The aim is to introduce into these discussions the term “level closure” and thus develop the argumentative instruments of the evolutionary conception. In conclusion, on the basis of the arguments presented above, a reply is sketched to the question posed in the title of the article: that is, whether the development of science is an evolutionary struggle of ideas.

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