The essays included in this thematic volume of the Anthropology of History Yearbook attempt to look at the puzzle of the representation of the past from the perspective of various humanistic disciplines. Our reflection inevitably circles between the paradigms of thinking about representations in terms of the “same”, “other” or “analogous”. In the first case, present-day representations of the past are credited with the ability to make the past visible to some extent; in the second case, our representations are given the status of a self-presentation or an expression of the will of the culture which produced them; in the third case, they are a mediation between us and the past, a mediation which in some sense resembles the past.
The article is an attempt at a close reading of the poem 17 czerwca (“17 June”) by Czesław Miłosz. The author starts with a versological analysis, supposed to indicate in what way the poet achieved the tonal effects in the text. The interpretation that has been conducted makes visible a semantic unsolvability, which-according to the author-is born in the poem and, once discerned, cannot be easily neutralized.
This article describes the institution of the power of attorney in a company and the changes in the way of representation of the company introduced by the amendment of the Civil Code of 16 December 2016. In the light of the latest regulations, the construction of the inappropriate joint procuration has become admissible. The author presents the most important rulings of the Supreme Court and analyzes the consequences of this change. Determining how a company should be represented is fundamental to businessman and has arisen lots of controversies in the past years.
Artykuł to próba rekonstrukcji relacji między dwoma pojęciami: ‘reprodukcja’ i ’reprezentacja’, które zawiązują się w obrębie dyskursu feministycznego. Analizie poddana zostaje kategoria podmiotu kobiecego, rozpatrywana w kontekście kategorii reprezentacji. Reprodukcja płci społeczno-kulturowej (gender) i prawa reprodukcyjne okazują się elementami decydującymi o nierównym podziale władzy w społeczeństwie.
EN
This article attempts to reconstruct the relationship between the two notions: ‘reproduction’ and ‘representation’, which are formed within the feminist discourse. It is an analysis of the category of female subject, considered in the context of category representation. Reproduction of gender and reproductive rights are the factors which determine the unequal distribution of power in society.
This article attempts to interpret notes written by Zalman Gradowski, a member of Sonderkommandos, about the gassing of Jews from the Czech family camp in Auschwitz. The first part of the text presents a brief biography of Gradowski, who was murdered in the camp, as well as the story of how his notes were found. The second part of the text shows narrative strategies (narrator type, metaphors) by which he bears witness to death of Others in the gas chambers.
A review essay on Charles O. Nussbaum´s The Musical Representation: Meaning, Ontology, and Emotion (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007, xii + 388 pp. ISBN 978-0-262-14096-6 (hbk.); Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013, xii + 388 pp. ISBN 978-0-262-51745-4 (pbk.)).
The point of this paper is to answer the question what are the consequences of representing the commercial company by a corporate body without the required number of members. The author analyses this problem considering the general rules of representation of Limited Liability Company and Joint-Stock Company. The Polish legal system does not contain clear regulation relating to consequences of acting in the name of the company without appropriate entitlement, that is why it is thought to be one of the most controversial problems in Polish corporation law. This paper contains critical analyses of different views formed in the doctrine and in the judicial practice and it is an attempt to solve the dilemma connected with companies’ relations with third parties, when the corporate body do not have the minimal required number of members.
In this paper I discuss the possibilities of interpreting the archival materials of the Polski atlas etnograficzny by means of modern theories of memory. Referring to the theory of representation, memory locations or microhistory, new contexts of the functioning of phenomena or behaviours that are studied may be found in the records that were collected. The value of the source materials is not only in their substantive content but also in the scale of research with which they were collected. The atlas data, despite all their limitations, provide ample opportunities for the interpretation of such representations of the past, being a true reservoir of them. In many cases they require an individual approach, the knowledge of the specific context and a presentation of the interpretations in the form of a specific microhistory. Some, however, are experienced by a larger group of people, thus legitimizinginferences of a more general nature.
The purpose of this paper is to briefly present some of the forms the world axis takes in Japanese and Romanian cultures through the ages, namely, to show how a mythological concept – the axis mundi – has outlived its mythological existence and has survived up to modern days. We do not intend to concentrate on similarities or differences, but simply present some of the many culture-specific representations of this universal mythological concept: world axis representations in modern Japanese festivals (of which we have chosen three, to represent “pillar torches”: “the Sakaki sacred tree”, “the sacred mountain”, and “the sacred pillar”) and some world axis representations in Romanian culture, such as the fir tree, symbols related to dendrolatry, wooden crosses placed at crossroads, the ritual of climbing mountains, etc.
This paper is an attempt to answer the question, what is exactly represented by our thoughts or language expressions. At the beginning, the article presents the main philosophical problems regarding the understanding of the nature of the subject of reference of such representations as names or descriptions. Is the name directly referred to the real object or rather to the content of thought? What about cases when the name cannot be referred to the real object? What is the relation between the intentional subject connected with every name (or description) and the external object to which only some names can be referred to, and which one is prior to the constitution of representation? The idea to understand the subject of mental or language representations as a complex structure which has a relational nature is the solution proposed in this paper. This structure is constituted by cognition and ties internal elements of a given representation such as the content with the elements which are external with regard to this given representation. This structure reflects such elements as the content of representation, the way in which this content is given, the correlate of the content and its mode of existence as well as additional systemic information coordinated with given representation. Some consequences of this proposal are discussed at the end of the article. It is explained how the differentiation of the elements of this structure can lead to different types of reference. The basis to understand the issue in question is the relation between internal and external object of reference. It can be interpreted (as is suggested in the paper) as a connection between internal elements of the described structure.
The article analyzes the ways of producing cultural representations of disability in theatre, film, literature and society. It draws attention to their dialectical structure, which problematizes - as in the case of the figure of the disabled avenger from Malina Prześluga’s drama "Debil" – a positive going beyond the oppositions of good and evil, agency and passivity. The author emphasizes the need to perceive not only metaphorical but also materialistic dimensions of disability in order to deconstruct and dislocate (and not only duplicate) ableist clichés. The key role in this process is played by the categories of embodiment and lived experience, as well as the strategies of "staring back" (R. Garland-Thomson) used by contemporary Polish artists with disabilities.
Legitimizing of political system makes up object of many scientific discussions and produces controversies. Matters relating to legitimizing are mainly considered in formulations in comparison with the national state what leads to conclusions about the deficit democracy in political system of the European Union. The present article proposes the glance on legitimizing through the prism of the constructivist approach with use of three attributes: identity, representation and recognition. The author characterizes their proprieties and possibility which can be used over the above mentioned problem. He underlines multi identities nature of the European society, the possibility of the expression of the recognition for the political system. This phenomenon can be expressed through the channels of civil participation in society functioning and can be verified in the investigations over legitimizes the models of the citizens representation in the system. Checking their applicability in practice of the European Union’s political system according to the author can contribute to undermine or even overthrow of thesis relating to the legitimacy deficit of the European Union’s political system.
Although there are not many children in Shakespeare’s plays, his treatment of them is quite unique, both for his own time and today. Shakespeare’s children are authentic selves who frequently possess extraordinary intellect and vision. Shakespeare’s introduction of child characters as victims highlights his implicit condemnation of violence as embodied in people in power.
The author of the article seeks an answer to the question what is the legal status of a person who represents a foreign entrepreneur in the branch. He points out that economic activity of entrepreneurs crosses national borders because of the globalization. There are three ways to run a business in a foreign country. It is possible to move a business from one country to another, organize a branch of the company or do business in a foreign country without any structure. The issues related to running a business on Polish territory by Polish and foreign entrepreneurs are governed by the act of freedom of economic activity. The foreign entrepreneurs to pursue their activities on the Polish territory may, on the basis of reciprocity, if ratified international agreements provide otherwise, create a branch established on the Polish territory. The branch of a foreign entrepreneur has no legal personality. It is not an entrepreneur itself. The branch of a foreign entrepreneur has an independent organizational structure, but it has no autonomy. Activities pursued under the branch are dependent on the extent of the foreign entrepreneur. It is an obligation to establish a person who will represent the foreign entrepreneur in the branch, but Polish legislator did not specify who can be such a representative and what is its legal status. In the literature of the subject, there are three points of view on this matter. The most common is that the person representing the branch is a proxy within the meaning of the Polish Civil Code. Another tells that the person who represents the foreign entrepreneur is a special proxy. According to the third view, the person referred in article 87 of act of freedom of economic activity is not the proxy. He is obliged only to inform and liquidate the branch. The author accepts the view, that person who represents the foreign entrepreneur in the branch is a proxy, but does not agree that he is a representative specified in the Polish Civil Code or that the Polish legislator established in the act of freedom of economic activity a new type of the proxy, previously unknown in the Polish legal system. Author points out that accordingly to the article 23 of the Polish act of international private law, priority is given to the law chosen by the principal. Because of that person who represents foreign entrepreneur in branch can be a representative specified in the Polish Civil Code, but only when a conflict rule will show the Polish law as a proper law. It is impossible to agree with the fact that the article 87 of the act of freedom of economic activity establishes new type of a proxy, because this rule only forces the use of a specific civil construction. It does not create a new institution. The author considers that the permanent representative of the foreign entrepreneur is a special kind of a proxy, but acting on the basis of the existing legislation, which is shown by the conflict rule, used properly with modifications made by the regulation of the act of freedom of economic activity and the act of national judicial register.
This article looks at the ways in which political representation is used as a symbolic resource of legitimacy by those acting as intermediaries between the private and the public sectors- professional lobbyists. Drawing on the theoretical framework of Michael Saward, the article puts forward an analysis of whether, how and in relation to whom, lobbyists claim to be representatives so as to acquire a recognized position in the policy-making process. Representative claim-making by lobbyists matters, we argue, because it is an indicator of the status afforded by the public to private actors in politics. In the Czech and Polish cases, even though the invisible character of lobbying practices seems to limit the range of roles lobbyists can adopt in front of the general public, lobbyists mobilize representation as a resource both directly and indirectly when having to justify their involvement in public decision-making
In this paper, I argue that even if the Hard Problem of Content, as identified by Hutto and Myin, is important, it was already solved in naturalized semantics, and satisfactory solutions to the problem do not rely merely on the notion of information as covariance. I point out that Hutto and Myin have double standards for linguistic and mental representation, which leads to a peculiar inconsistency. Were they to apply the same standards to basic and linguistic minds, they would either have to embrace representationalism or turn to semantic nihilism, which is, as I argue, an unstable and unattractive position. Hence, I conclude, their book does not offer an alternative to representationalism. At the same time, it reminds us that representational talk in cognitive science cannot be taken for granted and that information is different from mental representation. Although this claim is not new, Hutto and Myin defend it forcefully and elegantly.
While the hysterical ailments of women in Shakespeare’s works have often been read from psychoanalytical standpoints, early modern medicine may provide new insights into the ‘frozen’, seemingly dead bodies of some of his heroines, such as Desdemona, Thaisa, and Hermione. In the wake of recent critical work (Peterson, Slights, Pettigrew), this paper will shed fresh light on the ‘excess’ of female physiology and on Shakespeare’s creative redeployment of some medical concepts and narratives.
The author argues that art history, while analyzing painting, mainly representational one, disregards the „moment” which is constituting for this genre of art, i.e. the point in which the physical ground „turns into” the representent world. This point can be called „no man’s land” and can be located only if it is seen from the two opposite poles that are split by it, i.e. either if it is seen from iconographical perspective or from the formalist one. An art historian who wishes to avoid onesidedness.
The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the relationship between students’ skills in multiple representations of fractions and self-efficacy beliefs about the usage of the multiple representations of fractions. 232 6th, 7th and 8th grade students, attending three elementary schools in Turkey’s three provinces, Erzurum, Rize and Trabzon, participated in the study. “Multiple representation of fractions flexibility test” which had three sub-dimensions as recognition, conversion and problem solving, and “Beliefs about the use of multiple representations questionnaire” were administered to the students. The data indicated that there was a significant relationship between the students’ multiple representation skills and self-efficacy beliefs about the use of multiple representations. Particularly, conversion skill was found to be a powerful predictor of self-efficacy beliefs of students towards multiple representations.
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