Search results

1

Ubezpieczenia dzieł sztuki – wybrane aspekty

100%

Sikora J.

Finanse i Prawo Finansowe

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2015

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vol. 2

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issue 4

53-68

EN

The aim of this study is to discuss selected aspects of insuring pieces of art. The problem of insuring portable cultural goods (museum collectibles) during domestic and international exhi-bitions is discussed for the first time. The conditions of insuring exhibitions of pieces of art offered by AXA were analysed in detail. What is more, the problematic, but often practised Unclaimed Property Act is pointed out. In the last part of the article, the examples of damages which took place in recent years are discussed.

PL

Opracowanie ma na celu przedstawienie wybranych aspektów ubezpieczeń dzieł sztuki. Autorka w niniejszym artykule przedstawi problem dostępnych na rynku ofert dedykowanych ubezpieczeniu dzieł sztuki oraz zaprezentuje zakres oraz warunki zawieranych umów. Opracowanie będzie składało się z czterech części. Jako pierwszy zostanie ukazany problem ubezpieczeń ruchomych dóbr kultury (muzealiów) podczas wystaw krajowych i zagranicznych. Szczegółowej analizie poddana zostanie oferta Towarzystwa Ubezpieczeń i Reasekuracji AXA S.A. dotycząca warunków ubezpieczenia wystaw dzieł sztuki. Ponadto w kontekście zawieranych umów, Autorka zwróci uwagę na kłopotliwą, ale często stosowaną w praktyce klauzulę mienia odzyskanego. W ostatniej części artykułu, zostaną zaprezentowane przykłady szkód, które miały miejsce w ostatnich latach.

2

Dziesięciolecie Ustawy o Ochronie Dóbr Kultury i o Muzeach

94%

Malinowski K.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1973

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issue 2

85-88

EN

It is namely this tenth year elapsing from the date on which The Cultural Property Protection and Museums Law has been passed in the Polish Seym that gave the author rise to write his article where he reminds that the above Law may be regarded as a consequence of the progressively, from the 18th century onward, growing respect for antiquities. At the same time the author points to the fact that this Law contains a number of provisions that are extending both scope of notions and range of activities in conservation and in museums in this country. From among the newly adopted conceptions to be emphasized here deserves the term „cultural property” but at the same the fact of retaining of the term „historical monument” with the use of which the Law determines the objects of cultural property that are recorded in museum inventories or in those kept by the Voivodship Conservators. As especially important the author considers the first article of the Law reading as follows: „The protection of cultural property is an obligation for the State and the duty of its citizens”. This basic statement is followed by all further provisions. Under the term „cultural property” also the modern objects are meant provided, hovewer, that they can prove important from the point of view of the nation’s cultural heritage and development of its culture. According to the author’s further reasoning the Law extends its legal protection also to battlefields and to sites connected with the Nazi persecutive actions during the last war, to objects of material culture, to monuments of nature, etc. While providing the possibility to act in many different ways the Law at the same time requires that the all conservation tre a tments be based on scientific assumptions. As a fu rther consequence of obligations that by the force of the Law in question were put on all citizens the following can be considered: the calling into being of advisory bodies supporting the Minister of Culture and Arts and those acting at Voivodship Conservators Offices; the provisions determining the use to be made of historical monuments as well as those settling the manner in which they should be made accessible to the public; or, finally, those dealing with their popularization and social contributions for the sake of their protection. The due attention has been devoted to individual collectors who were granted with a number of special privileges. What concerns museums it must be considered as appreciable that in addition to the term „museum” has been introduced that of „collection of exhibits” who are otherwise called the „museum objects”. As fully adequate as to its ability to characterize the museums practice is to be regarded a review of functions that should be performed by a museum; of them, of course, as the most important are to be considered those scientific and educational. However, it must also be stated that the ten-year experience has shown not only the advantages resulting of the Law under discussion, but also pointed to some failures the sources of which, according to the author’s opinion, must mainly be sought in the executive regulations. So, for example, as the author suggests, the Voivodship Conservators should be supplied with decisive powers while collaborating with the local authorities responsible for spatial development and townplanning; an ex officio recording of the movable monuments of the past should be made also more extensive, and especially in cases where they are kept under unfavourable conditions; obligatory practices should be introduced for persons graduating in movable monument conservation divisions a t the high schools; and, finally, much more care should be devoted to decisions concerning the cancelling the historical buildings in a Register of Historical Monuments and their demolishions. There is no doubt that provided that the more thorough consideration be paid to these decisions it would become possible to safeguard a considerable number of objects without any more serious disadvantages or burdens to national economy. Toward those demanding th a t serious alterations or amandments be introduced to the Cultural Property Protection and Museums Law the author of the present assumed a critical or even negative attitude as it is his view th at a document of such fundamental nature as a Law should be one sound enough and, thus all its provisions represent an obvious standard or even a habit governing the attitudes of the society. It is then only that it will be possible to hope th a t our cultural heritage might survive without any further losses.

3

Postawy konsumentów dóbr kultury w Internecie wobec prawa autorskiego na przykładzie fanów mangi

83%

Doczekalska A., Tkaczyk J.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

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2016

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vol. 45

105-112

PL

Rozwój technologii cyfrowych i Internetu zmienił sposoby uczestniczenia w kulturze. Konsumenci ograniczający się dotąd do nabywania i biernego korzystania z dóbr kultury, stają się kreatywnymi prosumentami. Prawo autorskie nie nadąża za tymi zmianami. Próby zaostrzenia regulacji z zakresu własności intelektualnej nie prowadzą do zapewnienia skutecznej ochrony twórcom i nie wspierają kreatywności. Artykuł analizuje postawy polskich konsumentów dóbr kultury (mangi) w Internecie względem prawa autorskiego. W artykule dokonano przeglądu istnieją-cych źródeł, jak również przeprowadzono własne badania. W celu zidentyfikowania postaw fanów mangi wobec prawa autorskiego zastosowano podejście interpretatywne. Przeprowadzono dwa wywia-dy w postaci minigrup, łącznie przebadano dziewięć osób w wieku 13–16 lat (grupę wybrano ze wzglę-du na profil czytelników mangi w Polsce). Badania przeprowadzone przez autorki potwierdzają donie-sienia odnalezione w literaturze, że młodzi widzą przede wszystkim pozytywne strony udostępniania i korzystania z dóbr kultury w Internecie, jest to dla nich zupełnie naturalne. Nie zastanawiają się nad konsekwencjami prawnymi takiego korzystania, ponieważ uważają, że nie są nimi objęci. Obecne prawo jest nie tylko nieskuteczne, ale działa wręcz korupcyjnie na młode pokolenie, które żyjąc w ciągłym duchu łamania prawa, uodparnia się na nie.

EN

The development of digital technology and the Internet changed the ways of participating in culture. Copyright law does not keep up with the creative revolution that develops in cyberspace and through its existence. Attempts to tighten regulation of intellectual property do not lead to ensure the effective protection of authors and do not support creativity. The paper analyses the attitudes of consumers of manga market in Poland towards copyright law. This paper reviews the existing sources, and presents results of research conducted by authors. To identify attitudes of manga fans towards copyright law, interpretive approach was applied. 2 interviews were conduct-ed in the form of minigrup, including 9 people aged 13–16 years (group chosen due to the profile of manga readers in Poland). This research confirms that the young appreciate the dissemination and use of cultural goods on the Internet. Young fans do not take into consideration legal cons-quences of their behavior, since they believe law will not be applied to them. The current law is not only ineffective, but it works even corruptive on the young generation which while living in constant violation of the spirit of the law, become resistant to them.

4

Instytucje wspierające ochronę dóbr kultury w czasie pokoju i w czasie wojny

83%

Buczyłowski E.

Obronność – Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania i Dowodzenia Akademii Sztuki Wojennej

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2018

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issue 4(28)

14

EN

Cultural goods can be said to determine a state’s wealth. Consequently, their protection in peacetime and wartime is essential. First of all, the protection of cultural goods results from the natural need to ensure their survival. The protection mainly consists in securing them so that they will not be lost, destroyed, damaged, vandalised or transported abroad. In this paper, the author discusses the most important aspects of the protection of cultural goods.

5

Zagadnienia walki z nielegalnym eksportem i importem dóbr kultury na forum UNESCO

83%

Sieroszewski W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1970

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issue 3

157-160

EN

The author reports on a Session of the Government Experts Committee which was held on April 13—24, 1970 in Paris to work out a draft of convention on means of prohibiting and preventing the illic it import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property. At the Committee’s sessions representatives of 60 countries were present, among them those of Poland. 109 amendments have been submitted to the draft which finally was adopted by 45 votes against 2 abstentions. The draft has to be submitted to the UNESCO General Meeting to be voted once again at its XVI Annual Session this autumn. The above draft generally lists the categories to which cultural properties may be classified, however, it leaves to member countries the question of decisions a s to detailed classification o f cultural property in accordance with the local laws in force. The draft suggests that the individual countries ought call into being their own organizations fo deal with preservation of cultural property (where they have still not been created) at the same time recommending to provide such organizations with the suitable financial means enabling them to fu lfill the tasks put before them. It also proposes an introducing of universally respected export certificates without of which no cultural property could be exported or imported by the country interested. The draft puts on the member countries an obligation to issue the acts that w ill prohibit their museums and similar cultural institutions to purchase cultural properties coming from thefts in museums or other state owned buildings as well as to provide the sanctions for violating this prohibitory measure. It has been clearly stated in the draft that any exports of cultural property as a direct or intermediate result of occupation of the country’s territory by a foreign power should be considered untolerable. The draft provides the participation o f UNESCO in accomplishing o f tasks set by convention and in particular of those in the field o f education and information, consultations and expert examinations, as well as in coo rd in a tion and „goodwill se rv ic e s”. Though too much general and in some respects not precise enough a s to its character, which the faults may potentially lead to difficulties to apply the convention in practice, the draft as compared with the 1954 recommendations represents an important step towards the improvement of international relations in the field of imports and exports of cultural property.

6

Międzynarodowy Komitet „Błękitna Tarcza” w systemie ochrony dóbr kultury

71%

Iwaszkiewicz J.

Świat Idei i Polityki

|

2017

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issue 16

276-300

PL

Artykuł jest analizą funkcjonowania Międzynarodowego Komitetu Błękitnej Tarczy w systemie ochrony dóbr kultury w warunkach wojny i klęsk żywiołowych, na tle międzynarodowego systemu ochrony dóbr kultury. Autorka dokonała analizy problemu poprzez pryzmat międzynarodowego stanu prawnego ochrony dóbr kultury oraz praktycznych działań Międzynarodowego Komitetu Błękitnej Tarczy na świecie i w Polsce. Ochrona dóbr kultury w warunkach zagrożeń wojennych i klęsk żywiołowych jest ważnym elementem polityki kulturalnej państwa oraz działań wspólnoty międzynarodowej realizowanym na podstawie prawa międzynarodowego. Mimo ponad stuletniego doskonalenia prawa ochrony dziedzictwa kultury w dalszym ciągu dochodzi do licznych zniszczeń obiektów kultury. Nieskuteczność ochrony realizowanej przez państwa spowodowała włączenie się w proces ochrony międzynarodowych organizacji pozarządowych. Jedną z nich jest Międzynarodowy Komitet Błękitnej Tarczy, który skupia komitety krajowe działające na rzecz przygotowania ochrony dóbr kultury w okresie konfliktów i klęsk żywiołowych. Działania organizacji pozarządowych stwarzają szersze możliwości ochrony dóbr kultury w warunkach różnorodnych zagrożeń.

EN

The aim of the article is to present the functioning of the International Committee on the Blue Shield in the system of protection of cultural property in the conditions of war and natural disasters. The author has analyzed the problem through the prism of the international legal status of protection of cultural goods and the practical activities of the International Committee of the Blue Shield in the world and in Poland. The protection of cultural property in the context of military threats and natural disasters is an important element of the state’s cultural policy and of the international community’s activities carried out under international law. In spite of over one hundred years of improvement of the law of cultural heritage protection, numerous cultural objects have been destroyed. The ineffectiveness of state protection has contributed to the protection of international NGOs. One of them is the International Board of the Blue Shield, which brings together national committees dedicated to the preparation of the protection of cultural property during conflicts and natural disasters. Non-governmental organizations provide greater opportunities for the protection of cultural goods in a variety of threats.

7

Reprywatyzacja muzealiów zagrożeniem dziedzictwa narodowego?

71%

Grzesiok-Horosz A., Horosz P.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2011

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vol. VIII

123-137

EN

The paper is a contribution to the discussion concerning the issue of re-privatization of museum items. The authors acknowledge the question whether ordering of matters pertaining to the property ownership by means of re-privatizing and restoring the rights to their former owners constitutes a threat to the national heritage to be truly justified: will it not result in depleting Polish museums and libraries of the most precious items and enhance their uncontrolled selling abroad? The paper begins with a discussion of the notions of museum items and re-privatization. Then, the authors present the foundations of the nationalization process of property items of cultural heritage and the projects to date relating to their re-privatizing. They indicate that the degree of threat of their re-privatization depends on the chosen methods of re-privatization. Next, they discuss the problem of exporting of monuments abroad – the existing legal regulations and potential threats, including those relating to Poland’s belonging to the Schengen zone. The paper ends with final conclusions in which the authors state that in view of the fact that Poland’s membership in the European Union and its accession to the Schengen zone considerably impede extending effective control of export of works of art outside the country borders, re-privatization carried out in an improper manner can bring about a serious threat to the national heritage.

8

Zabytki w kompetencji samorządów?

71%

Makowiecki R.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2001

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issue 2

175-177

EN

In the face of the progressing transference of rights and duties to self-governments we may expect that soon they latter will be burdened with greater privileges are regards undertakings connected with the protection of historical monuments. The author underlines that this process calls for flexibility: it is impossible to ascribe identical tasks to all self-governments. The range of the rights and duties of particular self-governments should stem from their staff and financial potential as well as the degree of familiarity with cultural property in a given area. With few exceptions (the largest cities) the preparation of self-governments for a proper realisation of tasks must take years, and a one-time introduction of a uniform system of obligations on a national scale would be highly unsuitable. It is important that the right to decide about historical monuments be given to qualified persons and not to offices.

9

Kontrola eksportu dóbr kultury w prawie hiszpańskim

71%

Leszczyńska B.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1994

|

issue 3-4

244-249

EN

The original absence of regulations concerning control over the export of cultural goods and the subsequent ineffectiveness of the law and decree of 1926 and 1933 led to a considerable departure of works of art from Spain. Growing export finally became the reason for the preparation of a new law on protecting cultural heritage from export; from 1985 it remains binding in the form of a law and an executive decree. In accordance with the letter of this law, Spanish historical heritage includes all mobile and immobile cultural goods and the so-called documentary, bibliographic and ethnographic heritage. A general inventory of particularly valuable objects is accompanied by a general register of goods of a widely comprehended cultural character. Basically, the sale or transference of objects contained in those registers is only possible within the range of state administration and public institutions. Unhampered export, on the other hand, is feasible solely as regards works of art less than a hundred years old, not recorded in the inventory and not excluded from export by administrative decisions. The remaining cultural goods require obligatory export licences. The latter are issued by the General Directory of the Fine Arts and Archives in the Ministry of Culture. Properly formulated motions are examined upon the basis of criteria which ensure the protection and retention of the most important components of cultural heritage. In case of a negative decision, the state proposes a six-month term for the redemption of the questioned object. The procedure of granting a licence is connected with a necessary payment whose size, - and increase, depends on the value of the exported historical relic. Cultural goods exported without due permission are confiscated and persons involved in smuggling are punished with high fines.

10

Wartość kulturowa a zasada podwójnej maksymalizacji

71%

Mirski A.

Zarządzanie w Kulturze

|

2012

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vol. 13

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issue 4

PL

Cultural value and the principle of dual maximizationCultural behavior, as well as economic, can be divided into passive behavior (consumption of cultural goods) and active (production of cultural goods). In the field of cultural behavior we also have to deal with limited maximization, except that it has a different character than in the case of economic behavior. In the case of active economic behavior (work, business) in order to maximize profit is limited, in the case of active and cultural behavior (work) in order to create a cultural value. In the case of passive cultural behavior, which is a collection of cultural works goal is to maximize the utility of cultural value. It seems, however, that best solution exists, when the values are maximized at the same time cultural and economic.

11

Czy istnieje podstawa prawna dla żądania zwrotu dóbr kultury wynikającego z nacjonalizmu kulturowego? Instrumenty wielostronne a umowy dwustronne

71%

Singh V. K.

Ius Novum

|

2025

|

vol. 19

|

issue 3

166-195

PL

W artykule prześledzono pojawiające się w prawie międzynarodowym normy w zakresie prawnego obowiązku zwrotu mienia zagrabionego w okresie kolonialnym. Żądania zwrotu są głównymi roszczeniami państw zdekolonizowanych, które poruszają tę kwestię na arenie międzynarodowej. Obowiązek ten jest stopniowo uznawany i rozwijany w szeregu instrumentów wielostronnych przyjętych przez Organizację Narodów Zjednoczonych do spraw Edukacji, Nauki i Kultury (UNESCO), Międzynarodowy Instytut Unifikacji Prawa Prywatnego (UNIDROIT), Organizację Narodów Zjednoczonych (ONZ) oraz państwa wraz z podmiotami niepaństwowymi, wprowadzającymi przepisy kryminalizujące obrót skradzionymi dobrami kultury i zapewniające ich zwrot w ramach dostępnego zadośćuczynienia. Równolegle z rozwojem tego obowiązku na mocy prawa międzynarodowego, społeczność międzynarodowa zaczęła bardziej angażować się w dwustronne umowy dotyczące zwrotu dóbr kultury. W lipcu 2024 r. Indie i USA zawarły „Porozumienie w sprawie dóbr kultury”. Wśród licznych inicjatyw i postępu w zakresie wypełnienia luk prawnych, Rada Praw Człowieka przyjęła dwie rezolucje, w latach 2018 i 2025, w których – uznając, że prawa kulturalne mają wymiar praw człowieka – wzmocniono wielostronne podejście do zacieśnionej współpracy na rzecz przywracania dóbr kultury skradzionych, zrabowanych lub będących przedmiotem handlu do krajów ich pochodzenia.

12

Legally protected cultural goods and bankruptcy proceedings

60%

Adamus R.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2020

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vol. 18

|

issue 2

9-26

PL

Artykuł dotyczy ogólnych problemów prawnych związanych z celami prawnymi postępowania upadłościowego w związku z celami ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego. Obydwa zagadnieniami zbudowane są przez zupełnie inne systemy wartości. Postępowanie upadłościowe ma na celu ochronę interesów majątkowych ograniczonej grupy ludzi, podczas gdy dziedzictwo kulturowe jest chronione dla obecnych i przyszłych pokoleń, bez względu na jego znaczenie handlowe. Niewypłacalność właściciela dóbr kultury jest problemem globalnym, ale krajowe przepisy dotyczące upadłości i przepisy dotyczące ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego różnią się bardzo poważnie. Z tego powodu artykuł nie ogranicza się do żadnego konkretnego porządku prawnego. Omówiono kilka ważnych uniwersalnych kwestii: ograniczenia syndyka/zarządcy w zarządzaniu dobrami kultury będącymi częścią masy upadłości, status prawny dóbr kultury wyłączonych z masy upadłości, konsekwencje sprzedaży masy upadłości w przypadku braku tytułu własności masy upadłości.

EN

This paper deals with general problems of legal aims of bankruptcy proceedings in connection with the aims of heritage protection – issues built by completely different systems of values. Bankruptcy is designed for protecting pecuniary interest of a limited group of people, while cultural heritage is protected for present and future generations, despite its current commercial significance. In the global environment, bankruptcy of a cultural goods owner usually has a cross-border range but national bankruptcy legislations and laws devoted to heritage protection differ in very serious aspects. For this reason the paper is not limited to any concrete legal order. There are discussed some important universal issues: limits for a trustee in managing cultural goods which are a part of bankruptcy estate, legal status of cultural goods excluded from bankruptcy estate, consequences of bankruptcy sale in the case of lack of bankrupt’s ownership title.

13

Organizational and Legal Regulation and Practice of the Ukrainian Customs Activity on Returning Church Property

60%

Bilash O., Dorofeieva L.

Kościół i Prawo

|

2019

|

issue 8 (21) nr 2

155-169

EN

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of legal regulation of issues related to the protection of cultural heritage and the transfer of cultural property across borders. It is also to determine the role and place of customs authorities of Ukraine in the implementation of measures to restore church property. The study explores international standards in the field of preservation of cultural monument and heritage of the peoples of the world and compares of the state regulatory in the national legislation of Ukraine. The procedure and conditions of export – including temporary – cultural property from the territory of Ukraine have been clarified. Subjected to the comparative analysis of the terminology contained in international and national legal sources on these issues.

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza obecnego stanu prawnego uregulowania kwestii związanych z ochroną dziedzictwa kulturowego i przemieszczeniem wartości kulturowych przez granice, określenie roli i miejsca organów celnych Ukrainy we wdrażaniu środków służących przywróceniu dóbr kościelnych. W artykule określono międzynarodowe standardy w dziedzinie ochrony zabytków kulturowych i dziedzictwa narodów świata oraz porównano stanu wsparcia regulacyjno-prawnego w tym obszarze w ustawodawstwie Ukrainy. Wyjaśniono procedurę i warunki wywozu – w tym czasowe – wartości kulturowych z terytorium Ukrainy. Poddano analizie porównawczej terminologię zawartą w międzynarodowych i krajowych źródłach prawa w przedmiotowej tematyce.

14

Uwagi o roli rajców miejskich w zachowaniu dóbr kultury w Kożuchowie.

60%

Podolan E.

Studia Zachodnie

|

2014

|

vol. 16

229 - 236

15

International exchange of cultural property within the EU territory in the years 2008-2015, from the legal, economic and cultural security perspective

60%

Landmann T.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

|

2019

|

vol. 51

|

issue 3(193)

488-501

PL

Celem artykułu było określenie podstaw prawnych obrotów handlowych dobrami kulturalnymi na obszarze jednolitego rynku wewnętrznego UE oraz zbadanie dynamiki obrotów w imporcie i eksporcie tych dóbr w latach 2008-2015. Analizę oparto na: aktach prawa UE, danych statystycznych opublikowanych przez Eurostat, a także krytycznym odniesieniu się do treści piśmiennictwa. Postawiono tezę, że obroty handlowe dobrami kulturalnymi stanowią ważny element dbałości o ochronę bezpieczeństwa i potencjału kulturowego, a także są wyrazem dążenia do ekspansji kulturalnej poszczególnych państw UE, które charakteryzuje nierównomierny udział w strukturze importu i eksportu dóbr kultury na rynku unijnym. Udział państwa w międzynarodowej wymianie dóbr kultury to ważny aspekt kreowania nie tylko bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego, ale także kulturowego. W latach 2008-2015 kilka państw europejskich było w stanie zdominować wymianę handlową w obszarze dóbr kulturalnych w UE. Potencjalnie grozi to zjawiskami uniformizacji i standaryzacji kulturowej, które należy rozpatrywać jako niekorzystne dla ochrony unikalnych systemów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego w Europie.

EN

The objective of the article is to establish the grounds for trading in cultural property within the territory of the EU single internal market and to investigate the trading dynamics in importing and exporting such property in the years 2008-2015. The analysis is based on the EU legal acts, statistical data published by Eurostat and a critical review of the literature. The thesis has been formulated that trading in cultural property represents an important element of taking care of the protection of cultural security and potential and demonstrates endeavours for the cultural expansion of the respective EU member states, whose share in the structure of import and export of cultural property on the European Union market is far from being even. The share of a given state in the international exchange of cultural property presents an important aspect of creating not only economic, but also cultural security. In the years 2008-2015, a few European states were able to gain dominance in trading in cultural property in the European Union. Potentially, it poses a threat of cultural uniformity and standardisation, being the phenomenon which adversely affects the protection of unique systems of cultural security in Europe.

16

Wpływ II wojny światowej na poszukiwanie rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie ochrony dóbr kultury

60%

Stryjkowska S.

Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny

|

2020

|

vol. VII

105-121

EN

The article demonstrates changes chich occurred in the system of legal protection of cultural property after the Second World War. This conflict caused unprecedented cultural losses, and became the starting point for work on solutions aiming at legal protection of cultural heritage. The importance of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict is particularly highlighted. The convention was the first concrete evidence of intensified international cooperation that occurred after the Second World War in the area of cultural property protection. The article also presents approaches to reparations for cultural losses sustained during the conflict.

PL

Artykuł ukazuje zmiany, jakie nastąpiły w systemie prawnej ochrony dóbr kultury po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Konflikt ten przyczynił się do bezprecedensowych strat w zasobach kulturowych, by następnie stać się punktem wyjścia do prac nad narzędziami prawnej ochrony dziedzictwa kulturalnego. Ukazując proces kształtowania się rozwiązań prawnych w tym zakresie, szczególną uwagę zwrócono na Konwencję w sprawie ochrony dóbr kultury w razie konfliktu zbrojnego podpisaną w 1954 r. w Hadze, która stanowiła pierwszy wymierny przejaw intensyfikacji współpracy międzynarodowej, jaka po II wojnie światowej nastąpiła w obszarze ochrony dóbr kultury. Uwagę poświęcono nadto metodom reparacyjnym służącym powetowaniu doznanych w konflikcie strat kulturalnych.

17

PRAWNA OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW NA WYPADEK WOJNY

60%

Zajadło J., Zeidler K.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2003

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issue 1-2

116-121

EN

The protection of cultural property at the time of an armed conflict comprises an extremely essential problem. International law foresees detailed guidelines concerning this issue in its Convention on the protection of cultural property in the case of an armed conflict, the Executive rules to this convention and the Protocol on the protection of cultural property in case of an armed conflict, signed at The Hague on 14 May 1954. These documents list the instruments and legal institutions protecting historical monuments during this particularly dangerous time. From the practical viewpoint, particular importance is attached primarily to a detailed definition of the object of protection. The instruments of protection include the specially noteworthy special protection, the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, as well as the storage and transport of cultural property. Apart from the above mentioned detailed rules, which have not as yet been accepted by all countries, cultural property is protected according to assorted general principles. International law indubitably exerts direct impact on the contents of domestic law. Nonetheless, importance should be attached not only to law, but also to suitable social policies which ought to focus universal awareness on the necessity of preserving material cultural heritage for successive generations.

18

Prawna opieka nad zabytkami – wybrane aspekty

60%

Brudnicki J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2014

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issue 2

49-72

EN

This article aims at discussing the legal issue of guardianship of monuments by analysing the definition of guardianship of monuments, specifying the activities carried out by the individual entities under the guardianship and comparing the definitions of guardianship and protection of monuments. The term of guardianship of monuments was reintroduced to the Polish legal system along with entrance of the Act of 23 July, 2003 on the protection of monuments and of the guardianship of monuments into force. According to the legislators, this term, construed directly, lays down the scope of rights and obligations of the owner or holder of monument, related for the most with custody of the monument. However, the term of monument guardianship refers also to the other entities, being not the holders of the monument. Pursuant to the provisions of the Act of 23 July, 2003 on the protection of monuments and of the guardianship of monuments, also the governmental administration authorities, self-governmental administration authorities and institutions of culture specialized in the guardianship of monuments and social guardians shall be competent for carrying-out specific activities in the area of guardianship of monuments. The guardianship of monuments is of individualized nature, and the entity competent for its performance is the owner or holder of the monument. From the civil law perspective, the guardianship of monument constitutes a set of obligations resulting in limitation of the property right. The guardianship is performed by taking specific actual actions (e.g. carrying-out conservation, restoration or construction works in the monument) and by ensuring proper conditions for carrying-out scientific activities. From the legal perspective, the guardianship refers to the monuments i.e. the objects compliant with the legal definition of the ‘monument’, laid down in Article 3 (1) of the Act of 23 July, 2003 on the protection of monuments and of the guardianship of monuments, regardless of the fact, whether these are covered by any form of protection (e.g. entry into the register or record of monuments), or not. The author reviews the definition of ‘monument’ currently in force critically, pointing out at relativisation of this term. The Act of 23 July, 2003 on the protection of monuments and of the guardianship of monuments introduces for the first time the terms of protection and guardianship of monuments. The basic differences between these two terms include designating the competent entity and specifying its rights and obligations. The obligations related to guardianship of monument, in direct approach, are targeted on its owner or holder, whereas the protection of monuments is performed by the public administration. Key similarities between the protection and guardianship of monuments include common object of the protection and guardianship (monument) and common purpose behind them i.e. preservation of monument in possibly best condition. The territorial self-government units play a double role as the entities performing the guardianship of monuments. On one hand, as the owners or managers of monuments, are obliged to take care of them, whereas on the other hand, guardianship of monuments is also one of public tasks, for delivery of which such territorial self-government units have been appointed. The tasks of the commune include establishing and keeping the record of monuments in order to deliver the key task of the territorial self-government units within the guardianship of monuments i.e. drawing-up the monument guardianship programmes. The institutions of culture specialized in the guardianship of monuments are also involved. The National Heritage Board of Poland is responsible, on behalf of public authorities, for performing scientific research and documenting the monuments as well as popularization and distribution of knowledge on the monuments and their importance for both history and culture. The tasks of the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections include, among others, collecting and propagating knowledge on the museums, museum exhibits, public collections and historical objects as well as forming social awareness in the area of values and preservation of cultural heritage. Also the museums, with significant amounts of movable and archaeological monuments, play an important role in the guardianship of monuments. The specific nature of the activity of the social guardians of monuments lays behind the motivation, the heart of which is their interest in monuments and internal need to care of them. The social guardians of monuments take the actions targeted on preserving the monuments’ value and maintaining them in possibly best condition as well as propagating knowledge about them. The summary consists in evaluation of distinction between the protection and guardianship of monuments. This differentiation seems to be transparent and straightforward only at the very first moment. Thorough analysis reveals that the term of guardianship of monument covers numerous meanings and connotations, depending on the targeted entity. The author points out the issue of unequal allocation of obligations related to preservation of cultural heritage between the public authorities and monuments’ holders. Therefore the afterthought, whether maintaining of the differentiation between protection and guardianship of monuments is necessary, seems to be reasonable. At the same time, the role of the state in the area of its constitutional obligation to preserve the national heritage should be defined anew to impose more tasks on the public authorities.

19

Zarządzanie wartościami w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem medialnym

60%

Mirski A.

Zarządzanie Mediami

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2013

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vol. 1

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issue 1

PL

Managing by Values in management of media companyNowadays values plays important role in the modern management. The essence of management values in the company is taking care by managers about the most important values, putting them on, promoting, compliance and control. The values in the field of management of the company can be, according to the author of the article into three main groups: 1. the values in the moral sense: set standards and norms of behavior, 2. the values in terms of utility, primarily concerning the product, 3. the values in economic terms, which include the value of the product, achieved, as well as the value of the firm. There is only one, according to the author of this paper a way to permanently improve the quality and attractiveness of information (as well as the media company’s reputation), namely, that the information will become real creative and cultural goods. At the time when the information produced and distributed by the media company will have the character and quality of cultural and creative goods, acquire the nature of public goods, giving positive externalities. As such, should benefit from public support perspective, as it happens with culture and education institutions.

20

Restytucja dóbr kultury jako element polityki państw w stosunkach międzynarodowych

60%

Kowalski W. W.

Santander Art and Culture Law Review

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2025

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vol. 11

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issue 1

23-46

EN

The article will open with a brief outline of the evolution and definition of restitution as a legal concept, which is often used as a general term for all claims and restitution of monuments in various international situations. As a result, this term not only encompasses objects taken during the context of war, but also applies to efforts to remove the effects of colonialism or territorial changes in the field of heritage, as well as the ongoing fight against the scourge of the circulation of illegally exported and stolen works of art. Explaining these situations and distinguishing the legal institutions involved leads to the conclusion that “restitution” has long been known as one of the forms to eliminate the effects of war and, as such, also serves to recover cultural property seized during wartime. On its face, this simple conclusion seems to be self-evident and should not raise any doubts. However, if one looks at the practice of individual states over the last 200 years, one can notice a strong political entanglement in the area of restitution, depending on the broader context of relations taking place between the states concerned. In the article, the author analyzes the restitution policies of countries most relevant to Poland, namely Great Britain, the US, Russia, and Germany. The study ends with the conclusion that restitution is strongly dependent on the current policies of the countries involved. Another example of this dependence includes the war in Ukraine.

PL

Artykuł rozpoczyna się krótkim zarysem ewolucji i zdefiniowaniem restytucji jako pojęcia prawnego, które często występuje także jako ogólne określenie dla wszystkich roszczeń i zwrotów zabytków w różnych sytuacjach międzynarodowych. Zwykle nie chodzi więc tylko o kontekst wojenny, ale także o wysiłki zmierzające do usunięcia skutków kolonializmu lub zmian terytorialnych w dziedzinie dziedzictwa bądź po prostu o bieżącą walkę z plagą obrotu nielegalnie wywiezionymi i kradzionymi dziełami sztuki. Wyjaśnienie tych sytuacji i wyróżnienie regulujących je instytucji prawnych prowadzi do wniosku, że restytucja znana jest od dawna jako jedna z form likwidacji skutków wojny i jako taka służy również odzyskiwaniu zagrabionych w jej czasie dóbr kultury. Ta prosta konstatacja wydaje się być oczywista i nie powinna budzić wątpliwości. Jeżeli jednak przyjrzeć się praktyce poszczególnych państw w perspektywie ostatnich 200 lat, to zauważyć można silne uwikłanie polityczne restytucji, zależne od szerszego kontekstu relacji między tymi krajami. W artykule autor analizuje pod tym kątem politykę państw najbardziej istotnych z punktu widzenia Polski, a mianowicie Wielkiej Brytanii, USA, Rosji i Niemiec. Opracowanie kończy się wnioskami, z których wynika, że restytucja jest silnie zależna od bieżącej polityki zainteresowanych państw. Kolejnym przykładem tej zależności będzie zapewne zakończenie wojny na Ukrainie.

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PRAWNA OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW NA WYPADEK WOJNY

Prawna opieka nad zabytkami – wybrane aspekty

Zarządzanie wartościami w zarządzaniu przedsiębiorstwem medialnym

Restytucja dóbr kultury jako element polityki państw w stosunkach międzynarodowych