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PL
The article focuses on aspects of modern monetary strategy: inflation expectationsand inflation forecasts. Inflation forecasts’ main function is shaping inflationexpectations. The deeper the impact of a central bank on expectations, the easierits task of stabilization of inflation on the targeted level. The article presents theresults of empirical research that verifies the hypothesis on existence of interdependencesof inflation forecasts and inflation expectations. The research coverstwo countries: Sweden and the Czech Republic. The research methodology includesquantitative methods: quantification of expectations (Carlson-Parkin method)and non-parametric statistics of interdependences. The research confirms theexistence of statistically important interdependences of inflation forecasts andexpectations in both countries. Their strength is remarkable for Sweden (c.a. 0.70)and much weaker for the Czech Republic (c.a. 3.0).
PL
Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk, Wiesław Jamrożek, Studia z dziejów edukacji kobiet na ziemiach polskich, Agencja Wydawniczo-Poligraficzna „Bajt”, Poznań 2001, ss. 152
PL
The article describes the impact, the meaning and the characteristics of the housing estates developed by the real estate companies in Poland after 1989 and presents possible solutions to eliminate the dysfunctions of the inhabited space, which can improve the functionality of inhabited environment. That model of housing is one of the most typical elements of the settlement network in Poland. Unknown under the real socialism when the housing development was based on public and industrial investment and the so-called socialized housing, in the later period supplemented to a greater extent by individual projects. Real estate housing has negative impact on the quality of the urbanized space and the national economy, which results in the creation of a low quality living environment. On the other hand, to some extent they solve the problem of the housing shortage caused by the ine'cient public policy in that field. The study is based on source literature and o'cial statistics on the level of housing production in the analysed period.
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Kultura dwudziestolecia

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Politologii polskiej meandry

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PL
The paper contains the author’s attempt to review the history of Polish political science from World War II to the present day, its condition and characteristics. The progress political science has made in Poland has been crowned by its achieving the status of a rightful science, recognized by the representatives of numerous renowned fields of study. However, the factors that have contributed to the present status quo have also been administrative, even political. Yet these have neither determined the place of political science nor are they decisive in terms of its status in academia now. The stage of demonstrating its scientific status is already behind political science which, firstly, has demonstrated a clearly defined range of research issues, secondly, has undertaken significant research and arrived at valuable conclusions, and thirdly, has attracted competent, increasingly more versatile and thoroughly educated professionals. At present, political science is facing the challenges reminiscent of those faced by the remaining social sciences. In these terms, political science has not reached the limits of its transformation or capacity.
PL
The article analyzes the benefits and costs of establishing the Transatlantic Partnership in the field of trade and investment for the United States, the European Union and third countries, in the context of theory of economic integration and WTO regulations. The following factors that increase the strength of the beneficial trade creation effect were analyzed: the place of the United States and the European Union in world trade, the importance of intra-regional trade in total trade, the share of sectors in the integration process, the level of customs duties before integration. The negative impact of TTIP for third countries was also examined. A The TIPP and WTO agreements were compared, particularly the attempts to regulate investor-state disputes in TTIP.
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PL
W programie treści kształcenia w nowym przedmiocie wkraczającym do systemuedukacyjnego podstawy przedsiębiorczości” bardzo ważnym zagadnieniem jest problematyka rynku pracy i bezrobocia...
EN
During the transformations of economic system, basic changes in various factors and conditions had a strong effect on the functioning of industrial enterprises, including the sugar industry. The transition from the centrally commanded economy to market economy considerably influenced the Polish sugar industry, with a very negative effect. In 1993 the whole branch showed negative net profitability index. Prospects for the Polish sugar industry appeared together with foreign investors (on from the UK and three from Germany), who took over nearly 65% of all sugar plants. Restructurisation activities raised the competitiveness of particular enterprises. Year 2002 brought the formation of a large state owned manufacturer. The most characteristic feature of the Polish sugar industry is production potential surplus and a considerable dispersal of production. These factors largely contributed to the initiation of a production concentration process in 2001, which aimed at liquidating the unprofitable plants. The apogee of this process came in 2004, when 14 sugar plants were closed. In the current sugar campaign (2006/2007) 36 plants take part, out of 76 that existed in 2000. 40 were closed, which is 52.6% of all that existed. It must be pointed out that further reduction of the number of existing plants is possible, since the current level of sugar production is attainable with 20-25 functioning plants.
EN
The quality of intellectual resources becomes increasingly important, especially in the process of shaping the economy based on knowledge and overcoming the effects of the economic crisis. The quality of intellectual resources depends on the quality of functioning of higher education. In the process of improving the quality of intellectual resources not only the level of education of the society is essential but also the direction of graduate studies, which affects job opportunities. The aim of this article was to determine the changes in the functioning of higher education in Poland and changes of the structure of academic education in years 1990–2008, with particular emphasis on the recent years’ changes. The changes were shown on the background of the European Union.
EN
SME sector in the polish market economy and in another countries are growing rapidly last times.Small and medium-sized enterprises are a valuable resource for countries with developedmarket economy. They have importance role in the Polish economy and a great influence fortheir development. The development of this sector is related to the numerous circumstanceslike the development of national economy, economy structure and conditions, financial stateand local governments as well economic policies. The researches in this area should know allthe circumstances, to eliminate their negative impact and get propositions to economic policy,which allows eliminating these barriers.The analysis of small and medium businesses, which will be presented in the article wascarried out for the period 1994–2007.The analyses were based of statistical data obtained fromCSO. Based on these data have been done analysis of small and medium businesses. In thearticle has shown the level of investment expenditures, economic and financial results MSP’sector in last years received positive indicator as the results of own activity.
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EN
The world economy is, to a larger and larger degree, connected with the sea and dependent on it, therefore there are no alternatives for ships and other naval objects – they are and will be built. It is definitely untrue that the shipbuilding industry decays. The trade is doing well and can do even better, at least with regards to the macroeconomic situation on the world market which enforces the necessity of scrapping a large part of the senescent freight fleet and imposes new requirements of greater safety of navigation or environmental protection. In such a situation, Polish shipyards are able to compete on the world’s shipping markets; they enjoy a good reputation among ship-owners. The ships built in Polish shipyards are characterized by high quality and are favoured in the world rankings of high prestige, thus the value of order book for ships systematically increases.
EN
Small and middle enterprises (SME) are the basic part of the economy in European Unionincluding Poland. Typical feature of them are: high level of flexibility in adaptation to the chan-ges in business environment, strong motivation of entrepreneurs because of the relation betweenprofitability of an enterprise and income of its owner, high efficiency of prospering of SME thatcorresponds to the big financial discipline that dominates in SME sector and low absorptionof capital in the production areas.All these characteristics cause SME sector plays very important role in increasing GrossDomestic Product and added value as well as in increasing the employment. In 2004 the numberof active enterprises of this sector in Poland was estimated to over 1 690 000 which was the99,8% of all enterprises in this country. The number of employees in Polish SME sector in 2005was about 8234,1 that was over 71% of total number of employees working in all the enterprises.Moreover, in 2005 the SME sector generated 47,7% of gross domestic product and 54,2% of ad-ded value. It should be emphasized that importance of micro, middle and small enterprises wasdifferent in particular sectors of economy like: industrial processing, trade, constructions, ho-tels and restaurants, transport etc.Unfortunately, some problems occurred in development of SME sector, for example: thedecreasing number of active enterprises in total number of registered enterprises, low innovativeness of Polish middle and small enterprises, short time of life, high rate of employment in thegrey zone. It shows the importance of supporting this sector by national or local governmentunder the auspices of EU which formulated the rules of common politics for SME sector. You canfind these regulations in common European SME Policy and European Competition Policy. It isnecessary to remove all barriers to the SME sector progress by reducing off-pay costs, decre-asing taxes, limiting number of concessions and certificates of approval.
EN
Political changes in Germany are always crucial for Poland, and Piotr Buras reviews diverse approaches in Poland to its western neighbour as well as the potential of future bilateral relations.
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2018
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issue 2
84-93
EN
Tomasz Grosse discuss all possibilities connected with an adoption of Euro in Poland. Previously declared adoption is still a matter of the far future
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2018
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issue 1
118-126
EN
An original essay on Polish-Hungarian relations in the broad sense.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy antyfeministycznych kultur wiedzy na przykładzie badań samodzielnych rodziców w Polsce. Tło teoretyczne stanowi perspektywa queer-feministyczna, służąc analizie antyfemistycznych kultur wiedzy w badaniach samodzielnego rodzicielstwa. Uwzględniono publikacje naukowe od lat 70. do lat 2000. W artykule będą przedstawione trzy antyfeministyczne wzorce argumentacji w badaniach nad samodzielnymi rodzicami w Polsce: rodzina samodzielnej matki jako miejsce zagrożenia dla dziecka; brak ojca jako problem dla (seksualnego) rozwoju dziecka; uzasadniona nieobecność ojca.
DE
Der Artikel befasst sich mit antifeministischen Wissenskulturen am Beispiel der Alleinerziehendenforschung in Polen. Die queer_feministische Perspektive dient als theoretischer Zugang zur Untersuchung von antifeministischen Wissenskulturen in der Alleinerziehendenforschung. Dabei werden wissenschaftliche Publikationen von den 1970ern bis in die 2000er einbezogen. Drei antifeministische Argumentationsmuster in der Alleinerziehendenforschung in Polen werden diskutiert: die Familie einer alleinerziehenden Mutter als ein für das Kind bedrohlicher Ort; die Abwesenheit des Vaters als Problem für die (geschlechtliche) Entwicklung des Kindes; die legitime Abwesenheit des Vaters.
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono drogi obniżania kosztów obsługi zadłużenia publicznego oraz ich potencjalne oddziaływanie na możliwości korzystania z finansowania zewnętrznego, a następnie doświadczenia w tym zakresie trzech krajów – Polski, Meksyku i Węgier – w czasie ostatniego światowego kryzysu finansowego. Doświadczenia trzech krajów na zbliżonym poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego, których gospodarki są jednak w różnym stopniu obciążone zadłużeniem publicznym wskazują, iż w okresie kryzysu ciężar finansowania zadłużenia publicznego przeniesiony zostaje na rynek wewnętrzny. Uzyskuje się to nawet wbrew podstawowym założeniom systemu gospodarczego, stosując tzw. represje finansowe. Wydaje się też, że stan finansów publicznych – przynajmniej tak długo, jak długo nie grozi kataklizmem – w małym stopniu wpływa na dostępność zagranicznego kapitału portfelowego. Napływ zagranicznych inwestycji portfelowych zdaje się być raczej uwarunkowany koniunkturą gospodarczą, od której skądinąd zależy stan finansów publicznych.
EN
The paper presents the ways of public debt servicing costs reduction and their consequences on handling with external finance. The experiences of three countries – Poland, Mexico and Hungary during the recent global financial crisis are studied in details. The experience of three countries at similar level of economic development, and with different public debt burden shows that public debt burden is transferred to the internal market during the crisis. This is achieved even against the basic fundaments of economic system, using the so-called financial repression. It also seems that the position of public finances – at least as long as it does not threaten disaster – in small extent affect the availability of foreign portfolio capital. The inflow of foreign portfolio investment seems to be rather conditioned by the economic performance, which otherwise depends on the state of public finances.
PL
Zjawisko starzenia się społeczeństwa w rozwiniętych gospodarkach świata zaczyna stanowić istotny problem determinujący możliwości ich przyszłego rozwoju. Wzrost gospodarczy powinien odbywać się z uwzględnieniem zmian demograficznych. Wydłużony okres dalszego trwania życia ma również bezpośredni wpływ na życie całych społeczeństw jak i jednostek. Dotyczy to m.in. zmian w modelu produkcji, konsumpcji, oszczędzania i inwestycji, jak również kondycji rynku pracy oraz wydajności, poszukiwanych rodzajów usług oraz modelu wydatków budżetowych.
EN
The globalization of socio – economic life, technical and technological progress, fast pace of life and quest for more and better socio-economic conditions are the elements that contribute to lower population growth, thus causing that selected societies are aging. The processes of population aging consistently affect other socio-economic areas causing many changes, and forcing that some of their elements must be changed as to be able to function normally. The author of this articles outlines the demographic situation in selected countries. Scientific considerations on the aging of society in a globalized world, where production and services can be conducted at each point of the globe may be the beginning of research in this field.
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Refleksje nad rentownością sektora bankowego w Polsce

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PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wyników finansowych i ocena wybranych aspektów rentowności banków w polskim sektorze bankowym. Zaprezentowano dane empiryczne dotyczące sektora bankowego w latach 2008-2012. W oparciu o materiały prezentowane przez Narodowy Bank Polski i Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego opisano wyniki finansowe banków i przedstawiono wybrane wskaźniki oceny ich rentowności. Podkreślono wpływ uwarunkowań makroekonomicznych, regulacji nadzorczych i polityki właścicieli banków. Rentowność znajduje się w sferze zainteresowań wielu podmiotów, gdyż jest podstawą stabilności banków, potrzebna jest właścicielom banków oraz klientom i kontrahentom banków. Analiza rentowności polskich banków w ostatnich kilku latach pokazuje wysoką zdolność banków do generowania rosnących zysków mimo wielu problemów w bliższym i dalszym otoczeniu banków. Można oczekiwać, że w najbliższej przyszłości wskutek zmian regulacji nadzorczych zwiększy się zaangażowanie banków w kredytowanie sektora przedsiębiorstw.
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