This study deals with Otakar Zich's conception of dramatic acting as defined in his 1931 The Aesthetics of Dramatic Art and the historical context in which the concept was formed, e.g. within the first generation of Czech Modernism in the 1890s of which Zich was a member. Zich's aesthetics were influenced by (1) experimental psychology, particularly the associationism Zich adopted from his professor František Krejčí; (2) a theory of the work of art developed by first-generation Modernists under the influence of Richard Wagner; and (3) Nietzschean individualism. Coming from this background, Zich could not fully anticipate the tumultuous developments in theatre during the interwar period, especially the latest practical and theoretical innovations in the field of anti-illusionistic avant-garde acting.
W kreacjach filmowych Marilyn Monroe od drugiej połowy lat 50., a zwłaszcza od początku lat 60., w ówczesnej przemianie jej fizycznego wizerunku, a także w działaniach, jakie podejmowała w celu zmiany swego statusu Piotrowski i Szymański widzą symptomy procesu wyzwalania się gwiazdy-marionetki spod dominacji reguł i oczekiwań „hegemonów hollywoodzkiego spektaklu”. Na podstawie ostatniego, niedokończonego filmu Monroe "Coś trzeba dać" oraz jej sesji zdjęciowych z 1962 r. – Berta Sterna dla „Vogue’a” i George’a Barrisa dla „Cosmoplitan” – autorzy analizują , w jaki sposób Monroe wybijała się na twórczą (i kobiecą) autonomię poprzez zmianę sposobu używania swej dojrzałej, naznaczonej wiekiem i doświadczeniami cielesności jako narzędzia ekspresji aktorskiej. W 1962 r. następuje wyraźny odwrót od MM jako gwiazdy, seks-symbolu, metafory czy idei w kierunku Marilyn Monroe – aktorki, dojrzałej i niezależnej kobiety, konkretnego człowieka (z całą jego realną fizycznością i cielesnością ), Zdarzenia.
EN
In Marilyn Monroe’s film creations from the second half of the 1950s, and especially the beginnings of the 1960s, and particularly in the change in her physical appearance, as well as in the steps she took in order to change her status, the authors see the symptoms of the process of the star-marionette freeing herself from the domination of rules and expectations of the “hegemons of the Hollywood spectacle”. Using the example of Monroe’s last, unfinished film "Something’s Got to Give" and her photo sessions from 1962 – Bert Stern’s from the “Vogue” and George Barris’ for “Cosmopolitan”, the authors analyse the way in which Monroe reached for creative (and feminine) autonomy through changing the way she used her mature, marked with age and experience body as means of artistic expression. In 1962 there is a marked shift from Marilyn Monroe as a star and a sex symbol, a metaphor or an idea towards Marilyn Monroe as a mature and independent woman and actress, a real, physical person with a real body, an Event.
It’s a good job you survived... Jan Świderski’s fi lm actingJan Świderski was one of the most original figures of the Polish stage. As an actor, director, theatre director and teacher he left a considerable legacy. He also enjoyed appearing on television. However, he never warmed to the idea of film. His filmography from 1947-1988 totals a mere 14 films, including one leading role. Despite this modest output, these roles do create a kind of acting strategies, which supplement his stage output in the form of counterpoint. The text presents two variants of his screen characters - the old man and the scoundrel, who were rather unsuccessful attempts at transferring the tried-and-tested theatre formula to the demanding requirements of the film set.
The terms 'spontaneity' and 'convention' obtain different meanings in Honzl's texts devoted to issues of acting. The dynamic in the interpretation of these terms is influenced by Honzl's artistic development and also by political changes in the period of 1920s–1940s. The paper is based on the research of Honzl's personal archive that includes variations of texts, proof-read versions and notes. These enable us to gain an insight into Honzl's strategy of writing the programme and theoretical studies.
In his essay "Sémiotika sémiotika Otakara Zicha" (Otakar Zich's Semiotics, 1981), Ivo Osolsobě seeks to illuminate one of Zich's most troubling and mysterious terms: 'významová představa' (semantic image). For Osolsobě, it "is a complex, liminal, and interdisciplinary phenomenon about which a substantial body of studies has been written, though a majority of which only hardly touched the problem: a systematic treatise on the phenomenon is still missing." Nonetheless, Osolsobě succumbs to the theorist's temptation and ventures into the investigation of the term and, following Mukařovský's 'semiotization' of aesthetics, finds a relevant connection with C. S. Peirce's semiotic notion of 'interpretant' which, in Osolsobě's view, resonates with Zich's notion of the semantic visual image. Surprisingly (or mysteriously) though, Osolsobě does not find in Peirce's vast work any corresponding mirror term for Zich's signifying technical image. In my paper, I try to re-read Zich via Peirce and vice versa and suggest a potential solution for the notion which strangely fell overboard while being transported across the Atlantic.
The following article deals with a possibility of finding some parallels between oratory art and staging. They are often hidden in a text structure, but also an old practice allows us to point many similarities between both arts. Some ancient, medieval treatises were chosen for the further analysis.
The discussion of the ways one conceives of and reflex upon the procedures of archiving the opus of actresses active in the socialist period represents one of the urging tasks of both theatre studies and feminist criticism in Croatia, given the relative scarcity of interest for this area of research within Croatian theatre academia. This study presents the results of a research done on the work of one of the leading Croatian actresses after WWII, Neva Rošić, which mostly rely on the discourse analysis of theatre reviews, interviews, personal letters, articles written by the actress herself and other media reports on her major successes on the stage. A whole array of sources is thus summoned to corroborate the thesis that the female acting practice in this period, belonging as it does to the poetics of impersonation, could figure as an interesting ground for the analysis of both the issues of female acting authorship, and the cultural construction of gender norms, as well as the means and outcomes of their performative subversion.
In the present article, the author undertakes an in-depth formal, content-based and interpretational analysis of the performance 1968// biegnij, mała, biegnij directed by Remigiusz Brzyk. The performance is interpreted both in the historical context of 1968 and in the contemporary context of the discussion on violence in the theatre environment. The article analyses strategies for both conducting a revolution without violence and creating a performance without fetishising violence on stage. In this context, the role of music and body as a carrier of difficult emotions as well as body as a tool of resistance is emphasised.
The article examines the issue of intimacy in the work of actors, situating it within both a psychological framework and the practice of stage performance. The point of departure is the ongoing transformation of Polish theatre, including the growing awareness of the need to protect actors’ boundaries and the emergence of the role of the intimacy coordinator. The aim of the study was to explore how actors define and experience intimacy, as well as the significance it holds in their private and professional lives. The study employed a qualitative research design based on partially structured interviews. The analysis was grounded in a phenomenological–hermeneutic approach, which made it possible to capture individual ways of making sense of experiences of intimacy. The theoretical section discusses selected conceptualizations of intimacy, including intimacy as a developmental trait of the individual, as a relational characteristic, and as an intimate interaction, relating these perspectives to the specific nature of the acting profession. The findings indicate that scenic and private forms of intimacy remain in a tense relationship. Central issues include bodily, emotional, and relational boundaries, as well as strategies for their protection, such as rituals of “stepping out of character” and the conscious separation of professional work from private life. Relationships with scene partners, audience responses, and the impact of performing intimate scenes on off-stage romantic relationships play a significant role in the experience of intimacy. The article highlights the importance of communication, trust, and ethical standards of practice, while also pointing to the need for further research.
Five questions on the character within the STAND UP COMEDY convention – based on the following shows: Sex, drugs and rock’n’roll, and Head-hammering nails into the floor The author presents the circumstances related to role construction, which can be formulated in the following questions: who, when, where, why, what for and how. The author utilizes the technique of five questions created by Konstanty Stanisławski to develop his own method designed for the STAND UP COMEDY convention. He analyses various theatre roles, taking into account time and space, as well as the other characters’ motives for action.
Screen actor as a digital puppet? From one point of view, that potentially becomes an interesting platform for modern way of spectacularity and for communications. From another, it’s something destructive and dangerous for the film art. Marek Hendrykowski’s essay analyzes possible consequences of new era of digital actorship in the shadow of its fundamental question and challenge: what happens with man in this form of moving pictures creation.
The improvising actor may experience a range of feelings that may not relate to the content of their improvisation or the themes that emerge during the improvisation. Some of these feelings are even considered negative, yet they can be a positive and activating impetus for the development of play. Using the example of a specific variant of acting improvisation, which is practised from 'point zero', the article demonstrates the influence that these feelings have on inducing the creative state of the actor. For my analysis, I will make use of, among other sources, students' written reflections of the practice of the psychosomatic discipline of Dialogical Acting with the Inner Partner, which was founded by Czech actor, director, psychologist, and acting teacher Ivan Vyskočil. I will primarily focus on the feelings of embarrassment, awkwardness, boredom, amazement, wonder, and joy in play.
Before 1989, the Stanislavsky system was compulsory in Czech theatre schools. The author attempts to capture the real effects of its formal inclusion in the school curricula by conducting interviews with eleven acting or directing graduates, who had been studying at the Janáček Academy of Performing Arts in Brno between 1951 and 1987. The paper captures the changes in the pedagogical environment at the time: its ideological colouring, the level of its personnel, and the students’ lingering impressions of the effectiveness of the teaching. It maps the pedagogical personalities who were active at the school at the time and the way in which they approached the Stanislavsky system; it presents the reservations and observations of the then students and their opinions on the following impact of the system on their careers as theatre practitioners.
CS
Systém K. S. Stanislavského byl před rokem 1989 na českých divadelních školách povinný. Autor se pokouší zachytit reálné vlivy jeho formálního zařazení do školních osnov tím, že vede rozhovory s jedenácti absolventy herectví nebo režie studujícími v letech 1951–1987 na Janáčkově akademii múzických umění v Brně. Studie zachycuje proměny tehdejšího pedagogického prostředí: jeho ideologické zabarvení, personální úroveň, přetrvávající dojmy studentů z účinnosti výuky; mapuje pedagogické osobnosti, které tehdy na škole působily, a to, jakým způsobem k systému Stanislavského přistupovaly; uvádí výhrady a postřehy tehdejších studentů a jejich názory na vliv systému v jejich pozdější divadelní praxi.
Duszyczka (A Little Soul) by Tadeusz Różewicz was the penultimate production staged by Jerzy Grzegorzewski and at the same time the director’s last production, included in the repertoire of the National Theatre for seventeen years after his death. The author, a theatre historian and archivist, researcher of Grzegorzewski’s work and a multiple viewer of Duszyczka, attempts to describe the life of the play, which despite being deprived of the director’s care, nevertheless retained the shape given to it by the author to the end. He draws attention to how the aging of the performance, both in the metaphorical and quite literal sense (the physical aging of actresses and actors, the wear and tear of the stage objects) may have affected its reception. To this end, he confronts the surviving archival documentation of the performance with the personal experience of a multiple viewer. Despite the author’s declared reluctance towards this methodology, the article can be categorised as part of the current of the so-called affective archive.
Jerzy Ziomek’s theory of the actor and acting Marek Hendrykowskis article presents Jerzy Ziomeks pioneering theory of the way that the actor functions in the system of signs, which was published nearly half a century ago in the “Dialog” [Dia- logue] monthly. It refers both to the history and the contemporary development of the performing arts.
Stanisław Różewicz’s The voice from the other world is one of these masterpieces od polish cinematography, which draws inspiration from the authentic case: two fraudsters impersonate a doctor and quack medium. But at the same time Różewicz’s movie has become an artistic event showing the drama of frauders’ victims – people struggling with pain, loneliness and lack of hope. Formation of concept of The voice from the other world and the analysis of its following realization’s stages are the attempt to describe the essence of Stanisław Różewicz’s unique style and his sensitivity as a director.
PL
‘Those who have died see us, see our sins and our suffering’: The voice from the other world of Stanisław Różewicz Stanisław Różewicz’s The voice from the other world is one of these masterpieces od polish cinematography, which draws inspiration from the authentic case: two fraudsters impersonate a doctor and quack medium. But at the same time Różewicz’s movie has become an artistic event showing the drama of frauders’ victims – people struggling with pain, loneliness and lack of hope. Formation of concept of The voice from the other world and the analysis of its following realization’s stages are the attempt to describe the essence of Stanisław Różewicz’s unique style and his sensitivity as a director.
This article examines the theatrical activities and connections of famed Hollywood film producer David O. Selznick. Based on a study of archival materials and articles in the contemporary U.S. press, the author reconstructs Selznick's relationship to the theatre and argues that it was characterised by ambiguity. On the one hand, the producer used the theatre as a source of acting talent and a training ground for honing the skills of his contract actors; on the other hand, the theatre represented a burden in terms of time and financial resources, and its positive impact on Selznick's business and creative activities was limited, given its relatively modest audience appeal, especially compared to the mass appeal of mainstream Hollywood cinema.
Ingmar Bergman contributed his own specific aesthetics and language to the discussion on art. I will try to figure out if by means provided by cinematic techniques Bergman conducted his own reasoning on the matters of philosophical existentialism. In analyzing Prison, The Seventh Seal, Wild Strawberries, Winter Light and Cries and Whispers I am referring to director’s utterances, researcher’s interpretations and existential philosophy – Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger and Jaspers. I take a look at his artistic output in a broad perspective. Based on the opinions expressed by Höök and Bergom-Larsson I assume that entire work of Bergman constitutes a coherent wholeness. Such perspective provides me with possibility to present the connection between Bergman’s movies and existential philosophy as well as his philosophical point of view.
PL
Ingmar Bergman wniósł do dyskusji o sztuce własną estetykę i autorski język. Zastanowię się, czy wykorzystywał filmowe medium do filozofowania w duchu egzystencjalizmu. Analizując Więzienie, Siódmą pieczęć, Tam, gdzie rosną poziomki, Gości Wieczerzy Pańskiej i Szepty i krzyki odwołuję się do: wypowiedzi artysty, interpretacji badaczy jego filmów i filozofii egzystencjalnej – Kierkegaarda, Sartre’a, Heideggera i Jaspersa. Perspektywa interpretacyjna, którą przyjmuję jest panoramiczna. Zakładam za Höök i Bergom-Larsson, że twórczość Bergmana stanowi spójną całość. W takiej perspektywie nie tylko ujawniają się związki filmów Bergmana z filozofią egzystencjalną, ale również jego filozoficzny punkt widzenia.
Tematem artykułu jest odpowiedzialność, która spośród wielu ontycznych warunków jej aktualizacji (np. odpowiedniej kwalifikacji etycznej, dyspozycji intelektualnej czy racjonalności działania) zakłada przede wszystkim wolność, która konstytuuje wszelką aktywność podmiotów, zarówno osobowych, jak i formalno-prawnych. Oddziałuje przeto w specyficzny sposób na kształtowanie wewnętrznej struktury jednostki ludzkiej czy organizacji. Podjęto próbę dookreślenia kategorii odpowiedzialności na podstawie koncepcji w ujęciu R. Ingardena i K. Wojtyły pod kątem możliwej aplikacji ich koncepcji do współczesnego pojmowania etycznego przedsiębiorstwa. Okazuje się, że filozoficzne rozróżnienia na odpowiedzialność „przed czynem” i „po czynie” R. Ingardena oraz odpowiedzialność za kogoś i za samego siebie według K. Wojtyły mogą służyć za swoisty „elementarz” w rozmaitych formach zarządzania i w podejmowaniu strategii biznesowych. Głównym przedmiotem dociekania staje się kwestia wskazania, że współczesna polaryzacja stanowisk w kwestii odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstw (choć poparta złożoną argumentacją) jest w rzeczywistości dość jałowa, a może nawet pozorna. Istotne bowiem jest nie to, czy i jaką osobowość posiada spółka, ale co jest istotą jej odpowiedzialności i co jest jej podstawową odpowiedzialnością.
EN
The topic of this paper is responsibility, which has many ontic conditions, including, among many others, appropriate ethical qualification, intellectual disposition and rationality of action, but whose primary one is freedom, which is constitutive of all activity by subjects, both personal and legal ones. Freedom, therefore, has a special effect on the inner structure of an individual or organisation. My first aim is to define more closely the category of responsibility, on the basis of the most important intuitions of Roman Ingarden and Karol Wojtyła, and to consider the applicability of their ideas to the modern understanding of the ethical business. It becomes clear that Ingarden’s philosophical distinction between responsibility “before the act” and “after the act” and Wojtyła’s concept of responsibility “for” someone and for oneself can serve as fundamental reference points in various forms of management and in the choice of business strategies. I argue that the current polarisation of views on the responsibility of businesses (even though supported by complex networks of arguments) is sterile, or perhaps even spurious. What truly matters is not the legal status of a company, but what its basic responsibilities are and the essence of its responsibility.
The essay analyses some scenes from Friedrich Schiller’s Mary Stuart and from Paolo Giacometti’s Queen Elizabeth I of England, performed by Adelaide Ristori. Through a careful comparison between textual sources (memoirs, scripts, testimonies) and iconographic sources (paintings, photographs, engravings), the scene movements and gestures used by the great actress are reconstructed.
IT
Il saggio analizza alcune scene di Maria Stuarda di Friedrich Schiller e di Elisabetta I regina d’Inghilterra di Paolo Giacometti interpretate da Adelaide Ristori. Attraverso un’attenta comparazione tra fonti testuali (memorie, copioni, testimonianze) e fonti iconografiche (quadri, fotografie, incisioni) vengono ricostruiti i movimenti di scena e la gestualità usati dalla Grande Attrice per delineare e rendere scenicamente i caratteri e le psicologie delle due regine rivali.
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