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1

SICLES IN EARLY MEDIEVAL GRAVES IN SLOVAKIA

100%
Borzova Z.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2006
|
vol. 54
|
issue 2
209-237
EN
The paper discusses the results of the analyses of 85 sickles revealed in the early medieval graves of the inhumation burial places on the territory of present-day Slovakia. Sickles had been buried into graves from the 7th up to the 10th centuries and later on they appeared at the cemeteries again in the 16th-18th centuries. We meet with this phenomenon even in the 19th and 20th centuries, what is testified by a numerous ethnographic material. The reasons for putting these agricultural implements into graves in the period under study, absence of this phenomenon during the 11th-15th centuries and consequently the question of possible change of function of a buried sickle within the 10th century and then in the modern era have not been sufficiently clarified yet. Based on the recent studies, views on the function of a sickle in a grave can be divided into three groups. The first group interprets a sickle as a working implement or a symbol of farming. The sickle has to express a relation to soil, a certain connection with the agricultural production, or it serves on evidence of the local population activities and an attribute of the deceased's occupation. The second group of scholars consider a sickle in a grave to be a symbol of warfare or a weapon of the buried man. The other researchers view sickles in graves as a mean of certain magic-ritual practices, maybe the acts connected with the superstitions and the anti-revenant rituals. Increasing number of finds and using of the interdisciplinary results offer wider possibilities in clarifying the reasons for burying this agricultural implement into graves. Analyzing the burial features, characteristics of the sickles and studying of some features typical for the burial grounds where sickles in the graves occur can helped to solve the problem. Numbers of the graves with the buried sickles within a certain necropolis, situating of these graves at the burial ground, existing anomalies in the funeral rite of these graves at the given place were observed. Precise analysis of the grave features, e. g.: orientation of the graves with sickles in comparison with the others, position of a sickle in the grave, sex and age of the deceased individual in the grave with a sickle, presence and characterization of the another finds in such grave, were studied. Typology of the sickles from the graves and state, in which they were preserved, are complementing the entire analysis and thus helping the interpretation of the phenomenon.
2

GRAVE OF THE CORDED WARE CULTURE FROM BRZEZIE, SITE 17, WIELICZKA DISTRICT

88%
Czekaj-Zastawny A., Jarosz P.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
|
2007
|
vol. 59
293-304
EN
Site 17 at Brzezie locates in the source area of the Tusznica Creek, the left-hand tributary of the Raba River. In years 2000-2006, prior to the construction of Freeway A4 (the Cracow-Tarnow section), the site was subjected to wide-area rescue excavations. The excavations of 5.5 hectares revealed 2653 structures related to several culture of the Neolithic Period (the Linear Pottery, the Malice, the Baden and the Corded Ware cultures) and the Bronze Age (the Mierzanowice and Lusatian cultures). Discovered CWC burial remains were located in the uppermost are of the site. The survived part of the grave suggest it had a rectangular outline, width about op 140 cm and length 220 cm, orientated E-W, with deviation to S. In the northeastern corner of the pit there was found a damaged beaker, while in the southeastern corner a flint axe. Despite the damage state the vessel from Brzezie can be referred to an 'Old Corded' beaker. Rectangular axe found in the grave is compatible in shape and size with CWC axes. CWC grave from Brzezie, most probably originally covered by a barrow, is the fourth find of this kind between the rivers of Raba and Vistula.
3

CINTORÍN Z 11. – 12. STOROČIA NA HRADE DEVÍN

88%
Plachá V., Divileková D.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 1
45 – 118
EN
The article presents the results of archaeological research of cemetery from the 11th – 12th century on the south-eastern hillock of the Devín castle. The first research was carried out here by I. L. Červinka (in 1921), and continued by J. Eisner (from 1933 to 1937), and later by V. Plachá and J. Hlavicová (from 1980 to 1987). During the explorations over 600 graves were unearthed, with the prevailing E-W orientation. Above some graves stone grave boards were found. Inventory consisted mainly of jewellery and parts of clothing. Some graves could be dated through the finds of coins (Ladislas I., Koloman, Solomon). Jewellery was dominated by the s-shaped earrings, mostly massive, in some case with longitudinally ribbed loop. Another type consisted of rings – simple rings made of wire, of stick, stripped, as well as earrings with a plate, eye and with dug out decoration in the form of signs. The four graves contained necklaces from corals made of precious stones (fluorite, carnelian), as well as amber and glass corals. The preserved parts of clothing included buckles from a belt of a circular shape. In three graves the iron knives were found. In a grave of the squatted from the beginning of the 13th century there was also a ceramic vessel containing animal bones, and one incomplete vessel also coming from a grave from the second half of the 10th century. Both graves were situated outside cemetery. The stone foundations of a rotund, probably built in the 11th century, were unearthed in the cemetery. The 13th century saw burials already at the Church of St. Cross in a town of Devín, whose oldest core is dated to the mid-13th century.
4

NEW DATA ON THE BURIAL CUSTOMS IN THE EARLY IRON AGE ON THE BASIS OF EXAMPLES FROM NORTHEAST TRANSDANUBIA

88%
Novinszki-Groma K.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
|
2017
|
vol. 21
|
issue suppl.
155 - 171
EN
The paper focused on the Early Iron Age cemeteries from Northeast Transdanubia. Some research results have already been published, especially concerning the burial mound and flat cemetery of Süttő and the flat cemeteries of Tatabánya-Dózsakert and Tatabánya-Alsó Vasútállomás. Some typical features of the burial customs are observed in these sites and also compared the results with those from the narrower area of Transdanubia and with some cemeteries of the East-Hallstatt cultural unit. The main aim – besides publishing the data – was to highlight the similarities between the burial customs of the two main types of the Early Iron Age burials, the tumuli and the flat cemeteries and also to call the attention to the differences between the elements of the rite.
5
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NÁLEZY ZO STARŠEJ A ZAČIATKU STREDNEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ Z PONITRIANSKEJ GALÉRIE V NITRE

88%
Marková K., Samuel M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2008
|
issue 43
63 - 93
EN
The article treats finds from the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the middle Bronze which were obtained in the rescue archaeological excavation at the foot of the Nitra castle hill, in the area of Nitra Gallery (Ponitrianska galéria). In prehistoric times, the settlement was most intensive in the Early Bronze Age, when a fortified settlement of the Maďarovce culture was raised on the whole area of 8 ha. The analysed material comes from rescue excavations in years 1996 and 1997. The dating of finds and situations is done on the basis of pottery fragments, which come from the standard pottery of the Maďarovce culture. A large part of the pottery can only generally be dated to the Early Bronze Age or to the period of the Maďarovce culture. The identifiable part of the pottery dates the settlement on the castle hill as early as the Únětice-Maďarovce horizon. To the most remarkable finds of this excavation of the settlement of Maďarovce culture belongs to the double grave situated on the bottom of the settlement pit. A comprehensive view of horse finds in the milieu of the Maďarovce culture or the Maďarovce-Věteřov-Böheimkirchen cultural circle does not exist yet. In our case the object could be interpreted as a human sacrifice. The ditch, which was partly unearthed in the rescue excavation on the area of the gallery, is probably related to the fortified entrance to the settlement area on the castle hill. The division of the castle area is clearest in case of the settlement and grave finds from the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the middle Bronze Age. They were found during the rescue excavations under the castle hill. The several of the newly published objects from this area are related to handicrafts. A part of the characteristic finds indicates activities in the post-classical phase of the Maďarovce and subsequent Tumulus culture. We assume that this area was divided from the area of the castle hill by the natural water course of Nitrička, and not by an artificial water ditch. At first, a more detailed publication of material will be able to throw light on the development and on both the inner and functional structure of this more than 40 settlement area.
6

MORE LIGHT? SOME REMARKS ON THE FUNCTION OF A ROMAN MORTARIUM FROM THE ‘PRINCELY’ GRAVE IN POPRAD-MATEJOVCE

88%
Rodzińska-Nowak J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue suppl 2
333 – 341
EN
The article discusses the presumed functions of the provincial Roman mortarium discovered in the ‘princely’ grave in Poprad-Matejovce. The vessel may have served as a container for some unspecified food, as a component of a feast accompanying a funeral ceremony, or it may have been used as a lamp. In both cases, the strong influence of Roman culture on the population of the southern zone of Barbaricum at the end of antiquity is evident.
7

HROB 1/68 NA POHREBISKU Z OBDOBIA AVARSKÉHO KAGANÁTU V RADVANI NAD DUNAJOM, V ČASTI ŽITAVA I. K PROBLEMATIKE FALER TYPU ŽITAVSKÁ TÔŇ

75%
Zábojník J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 2
319 – 335
EN
The article presents data concerning a grave´s content, which was retrieved in 1968. The grave pit was looming in a gravel pit wall. The grave belongs to the necropolis in which 82 burials were revealed during two preceding excavating seasons. In 23 of them riders were buried together with their horses. The grave 1/68 was one of them, but it was partially damaged by gravel mining and hence the grave pit shape and size could not be found. The grave was probably plundered as it was discovered during its emptying. Skeletons were preserved only in fragments. The grave orientation could not be fixed thoroughly. Presumably it was similar to that of other graves at the necropolis, i. e. approximately in the E – W or ESE – WNW direction. In addition to the fragments of skeletons, the grave pit included several finds. The most significant of them are three cast openwork bronze phaleras with zoomorphic decoration motif of raptor heads arranged to swastika. For these artefacts the term “phaleras of Žitavská Tôň” has been suggested. They are very much similar to the openwork circular ornaments, which use to be part of female grave goods. The both artefact categories can be dated into the 8th century. Other grave artefacts (engraved bosses, stirrup, bridle bit, buckle, spear, ceramic vessel) cannot be used for dating. The grave assemblage presented was a part of the necropolis, at which the deceased ranked to a superordinate social group were buried. In spite of remarkable secondary interventions into the graves during their plundering the necropolis in Radvaň nad Dunajom, part Žitava I offered extraordinary sumptuous archaeological monuments, such as sets of belt mounts or horse harness ornaments first of all. Gilded bronze artefacts were found in many graves. The luxurious artefacts comprised also iron phaleras inlaid with gilded copper plate. With its wealthy spectrum of types and shapes of artefacts, the necropolis ranks among significant sites of the Avar Khaganate period with their concentration on the northern bank of the Danube near Komárno.
8
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HRUŠKOVITÉ ZÁVESKY V GERMÁNSKOM PROSTREDÍ DOBY RÍMSKEJ NA SLOVENSKU

75%
Dragonidesová P.
Študijné zvesti
|
2022
|
vol. 69
|
issue 2
343-354
EN
The main aim of an article is to focus on the presentation of pear-shaped pendants found in the barbarian environment, specifically in the area of Slovakia during the Roman Period. Most essential for this work was an article of A. von Müller from 1956. It provides a typological classification according to which the finds from Slovakia were sorted. We can see the origins of the younger pear-shaped pendants in the older ball shape. Development of pendants is observable not only in the prolonging of a body shape but also in the surface decoration. Younger types represents the master works of an artisans through the delicate motifs created with thin metal wires and granulation. Archaeological and anthropological analyses points to its belonging to the female ornaments of a body. These small pieces of jewellery, made out of precious metals, were in Slovak territory found mostly in the urn graves. For the reason, that some of these finds carry traces after burning, we can expect, that they are belongings of the deceased. Most of them belongs to the B2/C1 stage. Many analogies to finds from Slovak sites are coming from Germanic burial grounds of Roman Period in today’s Poland, which indicates its origin in this area. Pear-shaped pendants were most likely brought to Slovak territory in the Roman Period by people of Przeworsk culture.
9

K proměnám postavení hrobníka

75%
Kotrly T.
Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)
|
2008
|
vol. 95
|
issue 3
273-292
EN
We have been witnesses of the revival of various moral, cultural and religious differences among people based on a concrete description of activities of a Czech gravedigger. In the recently launched standardization of particular qualifications of a gravedigger and in the manner of verification of his/her professional competence, the author, who is personally involved in this process, looks for the assumptions for establishing a cemetery open for all nationalities where religion and culture could co-exist. The text introduces both the historical (diachronic) interpretation of the position of a gravedigger as well as its socio-cultural (synchronic) delimitation. The author attempts to incorporate all objectively existing elements into the requirements laid upon professional competences of a gravedigger. Especially globalization, migration and recovery of local communities on the religious and ethnic basis belong among them.
10

HROBOVÉ NÁLEZY ÚNĚTICKEJ KULTÚRY Z ROKU 1898 V ŠENKVICIACH

75%
Nevizánsky G., Prohászka P.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2017
|
vol. 65
|
issue 2
195 – 206
EN
The article deals with the finds from Šenkvice, which were found in 1898. With methods of the archival archeology it was possible to reconstruct the finding circumstances and identify the majority of the finds. Accoding to the letter of Franz Meissl, former mayor of the town Pezinok, a skeleton grave with objects were excavated in the area of the brick factory. Meissl collected them and send the finds to the Hungarian National Museum. He reported about the finding circumstances and enclosed a map of the locality. Only a part of the finds are now in the collection of the National Museum. Most of them belong to the earliest assemblages of the Únětice culture in Slovakia. Bronze jewelry and a clay pot were in grave. These hair rings, a cyprian needle and a tutuli are typical typs of the Únětice culture. From the locality Meissl sent shards of red painted pottery vessels that were typical for the neolith Lengyel culture to the National Museum. The authors anlyzed and evaluated the objects and the other Early Bronze Age finds and localities of Šenkvice.
11

NEOLITICKÝ HROB (?) A KULTOVÝ OBJEKT ZO STARŠEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ V NITRE-DOLNÝCH KRŠKANOCH

75%
Ruttkay M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
537 – 552
EN
In 2003, a feature – presumably a grave – was uncovered during an investigation in the southern part of Nitra-Dolné Krškany. Based on the radiocarbon dating, the grave was dated to the end of the Late Neolithic (5830 ±40 BP) – most likely the phase I of Lengyel culture. Due to the violation of the contexts, it was impossible to determine whether the feature was a grave within a settlement or a burial at the bottom of a storage pit. We were also able to obtain new knowledge about the feature no. 16 – a conical storage pit with five skeletons lying on its bottom. The radiocarbon dating indicates that the feature could be dated between 3570 ±35 and 3550 ±35 BP. Feature no. 16 can be linked with Nitra culture, probably its Nitra-Únětice phase. The context indicates that the bodies were intentionally deposited in the feature (not discarded). The central skeleton is, most likely, a man in a so-called frog position with arms in an artificial adoration gesture. Above him was laid a child who apparently died violently. The find allows various interpretations. However, the author prefers the explanation that the deceased were intentionally deposited in the grave with a certain cult intention.
12
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ANALÝZA NÁHRDELNÍKA Z MOSTOVEJ. K TERMÍNOM ZÁVESOK A KORÁLIK

75%
Staššíková-Štukovská D.
Študijné zvesti
|
2009
|
issue 45
209 - 216
EN
The article presents analysis of beads found at necropolis in Mostová site. A necklace from a child’s grave No. 18 is the object of our attention. It consists of 26 whole and several fragmented beads. Macroscopic analysis of the stuff proved that only two of them were made of glass. Pretty rare are the four pendulums made by a technique of welding of two beads together. The article is aimed in précising of the terms “bead” and “pendulum” usage in the archaeological literature dedicated to historical glass items.
13
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RINGS MADE OF TWISTED WIRE AND THEIR IMITATIONS FOUND IN TRANSILVANIA, CRIȘANA, BANAT, AND DOBRUDJA (10TH – 12TH CENTURIES)

75%
Oţa S.
Konštantínove listy
|
2017
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
98 - 113
EN
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the rings made of twisted wire and cast specimens imitating the twisted ones. Such adornments were discovered in 40 sites situated in the area of 33 nowadays settlements. The rings, made of gold, silver and bronze, were mostly found in funerary structures, less in treasures or accidental discoveries. In order to gather more information about this type of jewellery, the author have analysed the burials in which were deposited, the chronology of the cemeteries, the funerary rite, rituals and other adornments that have been associated with the above mentioned rings. The association, in some cases, of the rings with coins provides significant data regarding the absolute chronology of the items. The way such adornments were manufactured, the patterns and the territorial distribution were discussed too. Finally, he has tried to answer to the complicated question regarding the origin of such rings. Taking into account their territorial distribution, he believes that such rigs were rather a fashion than markers of a certain funerary horizon.
14
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ARCHEOBOTANIKA KOPČIANSKEHO SÍDELNÉHO KOMPLEXU

75%
Látková M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2014
|
issue 55
113 - 129
EN
This study is focused on the issue of plant macro remains in early medieval graves in Kopčany. The main goal of the analysis is to address the question of the origin of carbonized seeds in graves and their relation to funeral rite context. Based on the detailed examination of the macro botanical remains, we may prove the origin of the seeds in graves as an evidence of various transformation processes. From the results of the analysis it is obvious that the graves which were situated closest to the settlement structures contain the highest number of carbonized seeds, while more distant graves contain only a minimum of macro remains. It is also evident that the samples from the skeleton’s surroundings areas are sterile, and the macro remains are found only in the upper layers of the grave pit filling.
15

MONUMENTE DER AHNENVEREHRUNG? ZUR DEUTUNG DER HALLSTATTZEITLICHEN GRABHÜGEL VON NOVÉ KOŠARISKÁ

75%
Müller S.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 2
343 – 364
EN
The 5 barrows of Nové Košariská are, even 50 years after their excavation, one of the key sites of the northeast alpine Hallstatt culture. In the article selected features of the burials are analysed and being set into relation with each other. Remarkable is the high diversity referring to grave construction and furnishing. The reasons for these strong differences can probably be attributed to the general developments and upheaval which are marked by the Hallstatt period. Obviously there was no set of detailed rules established with regard to the construction of elite burials. Another topic is the understanding of the grave as a whole. The current and widely accepted interpretation of the grave furnishing as a symposion is challenged and an alternative approach is presented. The elaborately only for the grave purpose crafted vessels as well as their placement within the burial can be interpreted as result of worship activities for the dead. If this interpretation is correct, the universal phenomenon of ancestor veneration could be identified as a reason for the rich and outstanding equipment of the graves. Ancestor veneration has, on a spiritual level, the function to make sure that the dead people do not disturb the life of the living and even that they support their descendants from the world beyond. In the material world the purpose of ancestor veneration can be seen in establishing or legitimizing the claim for power or for the dominance over a particular territory by a group of people.
16
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ŽENSKÝ KROJ LUŽICKEJ KULTÚRY V DOBE BRONZOVEJ NA SLOVENSKU (POKUS O REKONŠTRUKCIU NA ZÁKLADE HROBOVÝCH NÁLEZOV A DEPOTOV)

75%
Makarová E.
Študijné zvesti
|
2008
|
issue 44
65 - 191
EN
Clothing is a very good measure of cultural level in a specific period. The costume of prehistoric cultures represents not only textile parts of clothes. Its parts are also clothing fittings and ornaments, including jewels decorating different parts of the body by which the cultures and groups vary from each other. Because there are not well-preserved any organic parts of the prehistoric clothing in our geological-soil conditions, even we do not have any iconographical or written evidence from that time, we can use only inorganic clothing fittings and personal ornaments for reconstruction of the womenfolk costume of the Lusatian culture. People of the Slovak branch of the Lusatian culture used only cremation, so it is hard to say how they wore the personal ornaments or clothing fittings, not as in case of the inhumation graves. Providing that person had these objects with him on the funeral pyre, many times the objects had been damaged so much that it was impossible to define not only number but also original appearance of the objects. For this reason the hoards of the bronze ornaments on the area of the Lusatian culture are important help for creating idea about kinds of the things completing mainly ceremonial costumes. Only few graves were anthropologically determined, so first we had to determine the graves where women were buried. We compared objects which had been found not only in the graves of Lusatian culture with anthropological analyses in Slovakia and other countries (Moravia, Poland), but also in the graves of current cultures. We tried to find out, if the objects had been used by women. Upon them we determined individual graves as female graves. To determine which personal ornaments and clothing fittings from hoards had been component parts of the womenfolk costume we used results acquired by comparing the objects from graves.
17
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“CHAINED BY HER DESTINY” – THE GRAVE OF A FEMALE WITH A TODDLER AT THE LA TÈNE CEMETERY IN NITRA-MLYNÁRCE

75%
Bujna J.
Študijné zvesti
|
2019
|
issue 65
57 - 69
EN
The article pays attention to a specific inhumation grave of a female with a toddler uncovered together with 10 cremation graves from the Middle La Tène period (stage LTC1) at the site of Nitra-Mlynárce. The inhumation grave is dated to the end of stage LTC1 (C1b–c) and it can be characterized by several specific attributes: 1 rare orientation of the buried woman with her head to the east; 2 depositing of remains of the dead female in a flexed (“hocker”) position on the right side which can be associated with the baby in her arms; 3 specific costume garniture characterized by absence of anklets, by a chain belt and an armlet; 4 higher social status of the buried female indicated by textiles/burial shroud decorated with gold; 5 chain of 23 mutually hooked cramp irons probably as a symbol of the kinship of the mother and her child. The remarkable grave complex is assessed in the context of analogous finds and paleo-demographic profile.
18
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BEITRÄGE ZUR MITTELDONAULÄNDISCHEN HÜGELGRÄBERKULTUR

75%
Benkovsky-Pivovarová Z.
Študijné zvesti
|
2024
|
vol. 71
|
issue 1
69 – 88
EN
This paper attempts a supra-regional approach to the Middle-Danube Tumulus culture problem on the basis of the inhumation burial from Oberdürnbach, which shows the variability of burial in the crouched position in the Middle-Danube Tumulus culture, the settlement in Veselé, where bronzes and casting moulds from the pits prove the continuity of the settlement by the Maďarovce culture and the Middle-Danube Tumulus culture, and the burial site in Dunaújváros, where the pottery proves the contacts of this culture with the Vatya culture.
19

POHREBISKO Z DOBY POPOLNICOVÝCH POLÍ V ŽITAVANOCH-KŇAŽICIACH

63%
Kujovský R.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 2
235 – 336
EN
The locality is situated in the southwestern Slovakia, in the cadastre of Žitavany-Kňažice, district Zlaté Moravce, at the foothill of Čertov vrch, which is the part of Pohronský Inovec. An archaeological research of cremation burial ground was realised there from 1979 to 1983. The site was found by field survey. The research was done by two cooperating institutions: Nitra National Museum and the Archaeological Institute. 77 graves were excavated. The burial site belongs to the sphere of Lusatian Urnfield culture, but it has distinct manifestations of Middle-Danube Urnfield culture. The presence of elements of South-eastern Urnfield culture, which occurred sporadically, is also the new information. The grave inventory enables dating of site to the end of the late Bronze Age (HA2) and to the beginning of the final Bronze Age (HB1). The frontier between three big cultural spheres – Lusatian culture at the north, Middle-Danube Urnfield culture at the south and the southwest and Southeastern Urnfield culture at the southeast and the south was present at the territory of Slovakia. The relationships between them are most visible in the southwest Slovakia. Evaluated burial ground, on which elements of all of cultural spheres expressed themselves, enables the examination of their relationship.
20
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SOCIÁLNÍ STRUKTURA NA POHŘEBIŠTÍCH V ZÁVĚRU ENEOLITU A STARŠÍ DOBY BRONZOVÉ V OBLASTI MORAVY A JIHOZÁPADNÍHO SLOVENSKA

63%
Gardelková-Vrtelová A.
Študijné zvesti
|
2014
|
issue 55
5 - 68
EN
The main aim of this work was to find out to what extent the society of the Late Eneolithic was differentiated from that of the Early Bronze Age based on the cemeteries situated in Moravia and South-western Slovakia. To answer this question the most suitable were the grave goods whose thorough analysis and comparison was one of the most important parts of this work. Also anthropological data were used (age, appearance, records about diseases) that together with the results of the analysis gave an insight into the burial practices of the mentioned societies. The results were arrived at through a comparison based on similarities and differences. A considerable growth in number and variability of grave goods in rich male, female and child burials was observed in the cultures connected with the beginning of the Bronze Age. Animal burials or symbolic graves occurred just sporadically. The following methods were used: geographic information system (GIS), analysis of individual cultures on the basis of cemeteries (processed as a database in MS Access).
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