Search results - CEJSH

1

Child protection measures against online violence

100%

Bień I.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2023

|

issue 2(78)

193-202

EN

The study provides an overview of the legal regulations that relate to the protection of children from cyberbullying. The author also identifies initiatives and entities that aim to support child victims and cites statistics illustrating the scale of the problem.

2

New Forms of Violence – an Attempt at a Criminal-Law Assessment

100%

Palichleb P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2023

|

issue 1(77)

59-87

EN

This article attempts to look at selected new phenomena that have the characteristics of violence or are more or less associated with violence. The author presents the main characteristics of flam‑ ing, sexting (including sextortion), exclusion and happy slapping, while attempting to answer the question of which provisions of the Criminal Code they may involve. The problem of other selected phenomena concerning violence and crimes on the network which have recently gained the atten‑ tion of the media and researchers, is indicated.

3

Capacity building – how to encourage cyber-experts to join the military?

100%

Zdzikot T.

Cybersecurity and Law

|

2020

|

vol. 4

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issue 2

37-56

EN

One of the biggest challenges faced in building the capacity of armed forces to operate in cyberspace is to attract, improve and retain expert staff. Cyberspace is, after all, the only operational domain that has been entirely created by people, so people have to be able to use it and also to constantly create it anew. According to the estimates cited e.g. by ENISA in 2019, there was a shortage of over 4 million cybersecurity specialists on a global scale, and approx. 65% of organisations declared staff shortages in the area of tasks related to cybersecurity. A real race for specialists in this domain is observed among both international corporations and domestic companies from plenty of industries, critical infrastructure operators and, finally, intelligence services. In this inter-sectoral, global competition, the public sector (which includes the military) is often in a difficult situation because of the limited possibilities of using financial incentives. Considering the needs and constraints, a resources-building strategy should be adopted that uses all the advantages found within the range of influence of the military sector. The article discusses them using various approaches, based on actions successfully implemented by the Polish Ministry of National Defence under the programme of capacity building in the armed forces to operate in cyberspace. The first aspect the image, motivation and challenges. Service in the cyber armed forces component provides the opportunity to reach areas unattainable anywhere else, including constant interaction with a well-prepared and highly motivated enemy. The second point for consideration is education and continuous improvement. The possibilities to recruit experts who already have a good position in the commercial market are limited. Therefore, development of the military education system is the best way to ensure a steady inflow of staff. In Poland, it was decided both to use military academies for this purpose and a real educational ecosystem is being created and constantly developed, also including a military IT secondary school and a dedicated non-commissioned officer school. Civilian secondary schools run (in co-operation with the Ministry of National Defence, MON) profiled vocational training classes, students of civilian universities undergo military training in cybersecurity, and the performance improvement will be managed by the Expert Cybersecurity Training Centre. The third aspect is the Territorial Defence Force, which gives the opportunity in the Cyberspace Operations Team to combine military service and to continue previous professional work on an extremely competitive market.

4

The obligations of public entities within the national cybersecurity system

100%

Karpiuk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2020

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vol. 4

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issue 2

57-72

EN

The lawmakers have imposed a number of obligations on public entities within the national cybersecurity system to ensure that information systems are resilient against actions which compromise the confidentiality, integrity, accessibility, and authenticity of the data being processed in these systems, or the related services provided by such systems. These obligations include incident reporting and handling by the appropriate public entities, and designating contact persons to communicate with national cybersecurity system entities. However, they do not apply to all public bodies – only those specifically named by the lawmakers. An important spectrum of measures in this regard involves public-entity incidents, i.e. occurrences which impair, or might impair, the quality of, or disrupt the performance of, a public function by a public entity. When fulfilling their obligations, it is particularly important for public entities to handle incidents, understood as taking measures to identify, register, analyse, classify, prioritise, contain, and remedy the incidents.

5

Ocena poziomu wydatków publicznych na funkcjonowanie systemu cyberbezpieczeństwa w Polsce na tle Unii Europejskiej

100%

Kiestrzyn M.

Studia BAS

|

2020

|

issue 3(63)

127-153

EN

The main purpose of the article is to present and assess the changes in the directions of expenditure on cybersecurity in Poland from the state budget and their impact on the assessment of technological advancement in comparison with the EU. The formal and legal regulations that came into force over the last years in the EU and in Poland in this area are reviewed as well. The first part of the article focuses on the evolution of definitions and regulations regarding cyberspace, cybercrime and cybersecurity. It also highlights the entities involved in the cybersecurity system and their role in preventing threats in cyberspace. Next, the author briefly examines main threats in the digital space of the European Union and Poland. The final section assesses directions of financing cybersecurity in Poland versus the EU. The author argues that as the use of technology increases, it will be necessary to increase public spending on cybersecurity in order to maintain the level of security.

6

Special rules of remuneration for individuals performing cybersecurity tasks

100%

Czuryk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 2

105-112

EN

Effective support for measures to protect ICT systems against cyberthreats is possible through the use of appropriate incentive schemes to motivate people hired by entities concerned with matters of cybersecurity. One such incentive involves an ICT benefit, paid from the Cybersecurity Fund managed by the minister competent for computerisation.

7

The position of the Computer Security Incidents Response Teams in the national cybersecurity system

100%

Kostrubiec J.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 2

27-35

EN

The purpose of the Computer Security Incident Response Teams is to ensure a coherent and complete system of risk management at the national level and, therefore, they have been obliged to perform tasks to counter cybersecurity threats of cross-sectoral and cross-border nature, as well as to ensure coordination of handling of reported incidents, i.e. events that have or may harm cybersecurity.

8

The State as a Learning Organization and Cybersecurity

100%

Szreniawski P.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 8

|

issue 2

36-43

EN

In a contemporary state, cybersecurity is becoming an increasingly important issue. In order for a state to adequately respond to changing threats, it must be a learning organization. Learning about cybersecurity should include specialist knowledge, but also knowledge about cybersecurity shaping the behaviours of the general public and policy makers. Legal regulations are an important instrument of shaping cybersecurity in a learning state.

9

Cybersecurity in civil aviation in Poland and Slovakia

100%

Karpiuk M., Kelemen M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 8

|

issue 2

70-83

EN

Civil aviation, similar to other economy sectors, is exposed to cyber-attacks. In this case however, the protection against cybersecurity threats is gaining particular significance, as the industry relies heavily on the use of information systems (information and communication systems with electronic data processed in such systems). The systems are exposed to incidents. Incidents in civil aviation are events occurring in cyberspace which affect, or might potentially affect, the security of aircraft. The issue of cybersecurity in civil aviation is discussed in the context of legal regulations that are in force in Poland and Slovakia. Individual solutions aimed at ensuring the cybersecurity of air transport were analysed.

10

Cybersecurity-related responsibilities of the minister competent for computerisation

100%

Karpiuk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 2

17-26

EN

The legislator has awarded the status of being the authority competent for ensuring cybersecurity to the minister competent for computerisation in respect of digital service providers. The minister manages computerisation, a government administration department which entails cyberspace security in the civilian dimension. The range of the official’s activities includes monitoring, information activities and reporting. As a competent authority for ensuring cybersecurity, the minister also no.s decisions on recognising a digital infrastructure sector entity as an operator of essential services.

11

Cybersecurity as an element in the planning activities of public administration

100%

Karpiuk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2021

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vol. 5

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issue 1

45-52

EN

The focus of this article is on planning in the field of cybersecurity. Planning activities in this respect play a vital role, not only in systematising tasks relating to cybersecurity, but also of the authorities whose power extends to these matters. Cybersecurity occupies a special place in the public domain, and it is within this domain that planning is intended to ensure the coordination of activities in emergency situations. The plans which cover cybersecurity allow the prevention and monitoring of threats, and act accordingly as they arise, as well as to effectively remedy the effects caused by them.

12

Cybersecurity in Hungary and Poland. Military aspects

100%

Bencsik A., Karpiuk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2023

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vol. 9

|

issue 1

82-94

EN

Nowadays, ensuring cybersecurity is an important objective of public authority. It must take into account the protection of cybersecurity, both in the current and future perspectives. The state security policy must also take into account its dimension in cyberspace, especially today, where many services are provided through communication and information systems. A special place in the cybersecurity system is given to cyberspace security in the military dimension. In this regard, both the military administration and civil law entities, both acting for defence, will be competent. Effective military operations are directly linked to new digital technologies. As a result, for the sake of state security (both internal and external), it becomes necessary not only to respond to cyberattacks, but also to counteract them.

13

Rola centrów wymiany i analizy informacji w budowaniu odporności kluczowych sektorów polskiej gospodarki

100%

Pawlik M., Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz E.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2023

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vol. 9

|

issue 1

23-39

EN

As the threats from cyberspace to IT systems (information technology) and digital OT systems (operational technologies) using ICT technologies (information and communication technologies) grow exponentially, while at the same time the scale of the use of digital data collecting, processing and sharing for the needs of many national economy areas and to support functioning of the state in terms of, for example, defence, health care, education or citizen services, building awareness of the risks and skills to secure networks, systems and digital services against cyber threats becomes crucial. A new type of structures called ISACs (Information Sharing and Analysis Centres) play an important role in this respect. The co-authors, based on the provisions of the law and their own experience in ISAC-Kolej and ISAC-GIG centers, present the ecosystem around ISAC centers, their tasks and challenges.

14

Cybersecurity Politics – Conceptualization of the Idea

100%

Górka M.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2021

|

issue 1 (50)

71-89

EN

The cybersecurity issue discussed in the paper is seen from the perspective of political science with the indication that the subject under discussion concerns the multifaceted nature of the state’s actions, which consists of political, economic, social, and cultural factors. At the same time, the work also intends to prove that cybersecurity is not only a domain of technology because it is the mentioned aspects that shape the conditions of stable development of the state and its citizens in a space dominated by cyber technology in a much more decisive way. Given the growing role of cybertechnology in almost all areas of human life, its importance also forces and inspires political science to question the shape and model of modern policy, which is significantly evolving under the influence of new technologies. On the one hand, emerging cyber threats reveal the weakness of the state and the dependence of state institutions on cybertechnologies, but on the other hand, existing cyber incidents may also motivate many governments to take action to increase the level of cybersecurity.

15

Polskie media o wojnie na Ukrainie – przegląd ważniejszych wydarzeń pierwszego półrocza 2022 roku

100%

Stalmach S.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2023

|

vol. 9

|

issue 1

215-242

EN

The war that Russia has been waging against Ukraine since 2022 is brutal and described as full-scale, i.e. with the use of all forces and means. In the era of dynamically developing media, information has also become a weapon that is consciously used in this conflict. When reviewing the most important information that was the focus of interest of a large part of the media in Poland during the first half of the year after the Russian attack on Ukraine, it can be stated that the media in Poland extensively inform about the war in Ukraine, but they do not limit themselves to reporting the conflict, they also refer to to disinformation and propaganda, and even touch on the sphere of resentment that is still alive between different countries. The summary of information makes it clear how important the media are in the modern world and that care for their development and securing the media infrastructure is a strategic task of the state.

16

The executive agency as a legal organisational form of implementing cybersecurity tasks

100%

Karpiuk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2023

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vol. 9

|

issue 1

48-60

EN

The national cybersecurity system is formed of a number of public entities, including executive agencies with legal personality as entities of the public finance sector. The executive agency could implement cybersecurity tasks important to the functioning of the state and its institutions. Through this legal organisational form, it would be possible to shape the development of new technologies that could then serve a digital society or digital state, including the protection of ICT systems for communication, as well as the provision of digital services and key services. Due to the widespread activity in cyberspace, it is necessary to have entities in place to protect its users. Such an entity could have the form of a cyber agency, working with other institutions (public and private), that is competent for cybersecurity

17

Marketing techniques as a threat to cybersecurity

100%

Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz K.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 7

|

issue 1

37-50

EN

The Internet is a suitable place to display a product or service, however, the ways in which an advertising message exerts influence on its audience differ from the ones the advertisers relied on in traditional media. The speed of communication, the availability of information sources and e-administration are significant social benefits that come with the growth of technology. However, there are justified concerns about the consequences of the operation of the Internet. Today, the Internet is not a new phenomenon, but the use of it leads to a growing number of new consequences. The continuous development of the medium has resulted in the significant commercialisation of the web. The active expansion of mass media, visible especially in continually expanding advertising and marketing offers, including mobile devices, requires a fresh look at regulations in the area of advertising.

18

The local self-government’s place in the cybersecurity domain. Examples of Poland and Hungary

100%

Hoffman I., Karpiuk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 7

|

issue 1

171-190

EN

Local self-government, as a structure within which civil society can thrive, where the digital competencies of the local and regional community come to life, must have the right tools to ensure adequate cybersecurity. These days, e-government, also at the local self-government level, is a common form of performing public tasks, and as a result, its activities in cyberspace must be properly secured. Many tasks are performed using ICT systems that are exposed to external attacks, and therefore, they should meet the appropriate security standards. The article refers to the legal solutions in the field of cybersecurity operating within local self-government in Poland and Hungary.

19

Cyberspace in a risk society

100%

Drabik K.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 7

|

issue 1

17-26

EN

The dynamic processes of modernization have affected the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of an unprecedented social transformation. It can be said that man has entered into hitherto unknown realms of abstraction. One of its dimensions is cyberspace with attributes that elude previous identifiers of physical three-dimensional space. The highly dynamized processes of technological progress have situated societies in new dimensions of risk. The likelihood of positive or negative events has been etiologically linked to the effects of „producing”, processing, storing, and transmitting the information. This article aims to analyze the factors justifying the crystallization of a risk society, a key identifier of which is cyberspace, the associated risks, and security measures in the context of shaping cybersecurity

20

Tasks of the Minister of National Defense in the area of cybersecurity

100%

Karpiuk M.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 7

|

issue 1

85-94

EN

The Minister of National Defense, as an organ of government administration whose jurisdiction also extends to cybersecurity in the military dimension, has been provided by the legislator with specific measures to ensure cybersecurity in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, or in the units subordinate to them or supervised by them – in the military dimension. The Minister of Defense is in charge of the Computer Security Incident Response Team operating at the national level, through which they also perform tasks related to information systems security.

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