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1

A cognitive semantic investigation into grammatical elements of related function: Possibilities of expressing lack in Hungarian

100%
H-Varga M.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2004
|
vol. 128
|
issue 2
212-242
EN
This paper surveys possible means of expressing 'the lack of something'. Various solutions are available for that purpose (using an independent word, circumscription, derived adjectives, postpositional adjectives, anterior or posterior constituents of compounds, as well as adjectives with derivational suffix-like posterior constituents). Of these, a detailed description is given of the meanings and mutual relationships of words involving the denominal privative suffix '–talan /-telen' (-less), the derivational suffix-like posterior constituent '-mentes' (-free), the postpositional adjective 'nélküli' (without), or the posterior compound constituent '-szegény' (poor in). For determining the meanings and semantic relations of various realisations expressing the lack of something, the author employs a method of categorisation based on the notion of prototype as in cognitive semantics in order to find out whether these data can be appropriately explored within the theoretical framework chosen.
2
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LOOKING FOR A DEFINITION OF 'MUSIC'

63%
Zurowski S.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
|
2008
|
issue 1(5)
17-25
EN
The article deals with the problem of the possibility of defining lexical unit of contemporary Polish language 'muzyka' (music) as a specific kind of non-material artefact. The author attempts to prove that 'muzyka' can be defined as 'somethingi made by someone (j) to be heard by someone (k) who (because of the act of hearing) would feel something (l)'. The author suggests that the meaning of natural language units such as 'literatura' (literature), 'film' (film), 'malarstwo' (painting) and 'reklama' (advertisement) can be explained in a similar way.
3

IS THERE SUCH A THING AS HUNGARIAN SEMANTICS?

63%
Kiefer F.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2005
|
vol. 101
|
issue 2
129-140
EN
The author's answer to the question asked in the title is that Hungarian semantics does exist, just like Hungarian phonology, Hungarian morphology, and Hungarian syntax do. Following Zoltán Gombocz, one can say that the task of Hungarian semantics is to explore whatever is characteristic of Hungarian among general semantic considerations and to account for the specific linguistic devices that implement those general features. The author dwells on the morphology-semantics interface and on the syntax-semantics interface at some length since, as far as we know today, it is in these areas that generalizations can be drawn more safely. But this does not mean that research on Hungarian semantics should be restricted to those two areas: with an appropriate typological background, the structure of semantic fields or the lexicalization patterns attested in that language can be explored, too; another rational problem for semantics could be the study of the way the mental image of the world is reflected in linguistic expressions, and so forth. However, beyond morphosemantics and syntactic semantics, we do not as yet possess reliable knowledge in the area of Hungarian semantics.
4

'TERTIUM DATUR': THE FIRST STEP IN THE STUDY OF NATURAL LANGUAGES ('Tetrium datur': el primer paso en el estudio de las lenguas naturales)

51%
Wilk-Racieska J.
Linguistica Silesiana
|
2007
|
vol. 28
51-62
EN
The object of the article is to show how semantic grammar theory can be applied as a first step to describe natural languages. Taking into account that neither purely syntactic criteria nor the application of cognitive semantics as the only method allows us to describe any natural language from every point of view, we have proposed to study and research the natural language within the framework of so called 'cultural linguistics' (J.Wilk-Racieska). The main purpose of the article is to show the importance of understanding the semantic level in the process of learning and researching.
5
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Pojęcie stereotypu w badaniach francuskich. Przegląd najnowszych tendencji

51%
Skibinska E.
Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
|
2003
|
vol. 15
63-79
PL
Autorka studium przedstawia, w jaki sposób pojęcie stereotypu funkcjonuje w nowszych pracach francuskich, głównie językoznawczych, ale też w dziedzinach pokrewnych, gdyż studia dotyczące stereotypu często mają charakter interdyscyplinarny. Lektura francuskojęzycznych książek i rozpraw wskazuje, że dla autorów z tego kręgu językowego głównymi cechami stereotypu są: powtarzalność, odtwarzalność utrwalonych składników, charakter społeczny, uproszczenie i schematyczność. Cechy te eksploatowane są na różny sposób w różnych nurtach językoznawstwa, które pojęciem stereotypu posługują się jako narzędziem analizy czy opisu. Część autorów omawianych prac ujmuje stereotyp w sposób wąski i odnosi do sposobów jego funkcjonowania w języku (składnik znaczenia wyrażeń, czynnik współbudujący relacje wewnątrztekstowe), inni rozumieją go szeroko, w sposób zbliżony do Lippmannowskiego (socjologicznego) ujęcia stereotypu jako czynnika zapewniającego możliwość komunikacji wewnątrz określonej grupy społecznej (widoczne to jest np. w dydaktyce języka francuskiego jako obcego). Choć termin stéréotype nie ma jednego jasno i wyraźnie zdefiniowanego znaczenia, to właśnie jego „nieostrość” sprawia, że jest on używany często i służy do mówienia o różnych zjawiskach natury semantycznej, gramatycznej i pragmatycznej.
EN
The article attempts to show how the notion of stereotype is used in recent French publications, mostly linguistic but also from related fields (research on stereotypes is often interdisciplinary in nature). For French authors, the main characteristics of stereotypes are: recurrence, reconstitution of stable features, social character, simplistic nature and schematicity. For analytical or descriptive purposes, the characteristics are used differently in different linguistic trends, which results in various interpretations of what stereotypes are and how they function. Some authors understand stereotypes in a narrow way and restrict their descriptions to the way the latter function in language (as components of the meaning of linguistic expressions or factors contributing to intratextual relationships); others adopt a broader perspective, closer to Lippmann's (social) understanding of stereotypes as factors facilitating communication within a given social group (this approach is characteristic of the methodology of teaching French as a foreign language). The notion of stereotype does not have one clearly and precisely defined meaning; due to its vague boundaries it is used frequently and resorted to in the analyses of various semantic, grammatical and pragmatic phenomena.
6

IDIOM TRANSLATION STRATEGIES: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON POLISH TRANSLATIONS OF LEWIS CARROLL'S ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND

51%
Adamczyk M.
Linguistica Silesiana
|
2007
|
vol. 28
221-234
EN
Idiom (from Greek idios 'own, private'; late 16th c.) is most frequently referred to as a string of language whose meaning cannot be pieced together from the meanings of its component parts. As such it relies heavily on the interdependencies between formal and semantic levels of language. This makes it a highly complex linguistic phenomenon, if only intra-lingually. What exacerbates the problem with idiom is the fact that the form/meaning relationship should not be expected to be identical across languages, unless these allow for historical, typological or cultural relatedness. That is why idiom is often described as a piece of language which does not translate literally. Although the definition of this type proves highly imprecise in a lot of instances, it properly points to difficulties involved in a largely unexplored domain of idiom translation. It is the key aim of the present study to suggest methods of obviating these difficulties, which is hoped to be achieved by cataloguing viable strategies of idiom translation, as employed in four English-to-Polish translations of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
7
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Uwagi na temat koncepcji zjawiska podmiotowego Jerzego Kmity

51%
Dobosz A.
Filo-Sofija
|
2011
|
vol. 11
|
issue 1(12)
159-170
EN
This article presents subject phenomenon and terms essential for its explication. It proposes a triple approach to its indication; followed by a comparison of Jerzy Kmita’s concept with Krystyna Zamiara’s concept notions.
8

SEMANTICS AND METAPHORICAL CONCEPTUALISATION OF FEAR IN THE POLISH, RUSSIAN, AND GERMAN LANGUAGES

51%
Kiklewicz A.
Slavia Orientalis
|
2005
|
vol. 54
|
issue 2
283-308
EN
The author discusses problems of language semantics representation in the cognitive theory of conceptual metaphors. He expresses criticism concerning the explication model of meanings by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, because it does not take into account certain important aspects of language functional semantics, and, first of all, the communicative context of language nomination and conceptualization of experience. The model of semantic (conceptual) category proposed by the author is based on propositional (predicate-argument) structures, whereas the figurative models form the level of lexicalisation for separate components of base propositional structures. The integrative model of semantic category, ambivalent to the new-positivist and phenomenological theories of meaning, is applied to describe the category of fear in modem Polish language.
9

O aksjomatach teorii wielości rzeczywistości Leona Chwistka

51%
Bednarz G.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
|
2019
|
vol. 47
|
issue 1
23 - 35
EN
The aim of the article is to present and critique the axioms of Leon Chwistek’s theory of plurality of realities. In particular, I analyze the primary notions of the theory and I propose their semantics. I show that some axioms of phenomenalism should have a narrower scope. For other axioms, there is no reason to omit them in the axiomatics of phenomenalism. One axiom of reality of things is unnecessary.
10

KTO SÚ ADRESÁTI POKOJA V CHVÁLOSPEVE GLORIA IN EXCELSIS? ANALÝZA SPOJENIA ἀΝΘΡώΠΟΙ ΕὐΔΟΚίΑΣ V LK 2,14 A NÁVRH JEHO PREKLADU

51%
Jančovič J.
Slavica Slovaca
|
2019
|
vol. 54
|
issue 2
129 - 141
EN
This article focuses on the phrase ἀνθρώποι εὐδοκίας of Lucan canticle in Luke 2:14 and specifies the identity of people as addressees of peace. It examines the literary genre of the canticle proclamation, its syntax, and semantics of Greek term εὐδοκία and offers the author’s lexical choices to propose a more accurate and context-oriented translation of the phrase for Slovak professional and the general public.
11

K NIEKTORÝM SÉMANTICKÝM A KOGNITÍVNYM ASPEKTOM VLASTNÝCH MIEN

51%
Zouhar M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2006
|
vol. 61
|
issue 4
265-280
EN
The paper deals with the understanding of proper names. Though the theme goes across various disciplines - e.g. semantics, epistemology, psychology - the paper examines only selected semantic and cognitive aspects of the problem. The question runs: How should we comprehend the thesis of understanding a proper name as knowing what the name refers to? What kind of knowledge is involved here? The question is posed within the direct reference theory framework enriched by the notion of singular proposition and the compositionality principle. The distinction between an expression and an utterance of it is accepted and the original question is split up accordingly. As for expressions (as ideal signs), to understand a proper name is to grasp a meaning axiom along the lines of D. Davidson and J. McDowell. As for utterances of expressions, to understand an utterance of a proper name is to know a piece of information concerning the referent of the name; ideally, it is a fact that can be expressed by an identity statement claiming that the referent of the name under discussion is identical with the individual about which the speaker has a mental file at her disposal.
12
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O pojęciu prawdy w matematyce

51%
Murawski R.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
|
vol. 47
|
issue 4(190)
471-481
EN
The paper is devoted to the concept of truth in mathematics. The starting point is Tarski's definition of truth. The philosophical background of this definition is discussed, its meaning for the language of mathematics and for philosophy, its relation to various definitions of truth. The relation provability vs. truth is also considered. With use of some results of mathematical logic, it is shown that the conditions from Tarski's definition are too weak to assure the uniqueness of interpretation of truth predicate. It is also shown that semantic notions such as satisfaction and truth are not finitistic and require the concept of infinity.
13

APPROACHING CONCESSION - SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, RHETORIC AND INTERACTION

51%
Lyda A.
Linguistica Silesiana
|
2007
|
vol. 28
23-49
EN
The present paper aims to discuss the concept of concession and the various senses in which it has been used in the literature. The fact that the term concessive has acquired many different senses is not to mean however that we have been dealing with a terminological chaos but rather that the understanding of concession has been undergoing a continuous development paralleling the development of new linguistic theories and the emergence of new fields of linguistic studies.
14

The Possible and Other Kinds of World

51%
Pasniczek J.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
|
2008
|
vol. 17
|
issue 2(66)
17-27
EN
The author argues that possible worlds semantics is counterintuitive and does not to achieve its goals. The definition of the meaning of a sentence as the set of all possible worlds in which the sentence is true is criticized as inadequate; the semantics of modal expressions is shown to be uninformative. Truth-conditions of counterfactuals on one hand, and definitions of law-like expressions (or statements expressing causal connection) on the other hand, are exposed as circular. A further development of indexical semantics - more fine-grained and involving interdisciplinary research into the relationships among the indices - is advocated as an alternative.
15

TOWARDS A COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF WAYIHÎ + T CONSTRUCTIONS IN BIBLICAL HEBREW

51%
Ellis J. W.
Asian and African Studies
|
2018
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1
50 – 79
EN
This study analyses the complex behavioural profile of Biblical Hebrew constructions that are formally characterized by the schematic sequence: wayhî + temporal expression (T) + a wayyiqtol or qatal clause within the corpus of Genesis – 2 Chronicles. More specifically, this schema entails the following construction types: 1) wayhî + T + wayyiqtol, 2) wayhî + T + (ו +) X + qatal, and 3) wayhî + T + qatal. In analysing these constructions, this study utilizes a framework known as Construction Grammar, in addition to other complementary frameworks that fall under the more general rubric of Cognitive Linguistics. The constructions are analysed according to the following parameters: the formal and semantic profile of the temporal adjunct employed; the discourse pragmatic function and distribution in discourse; and the TAM semantics of the wayyiqtol and qatal verb forms. This empirical analysis reveals that, while sharing a prototypical discourse function, these constructions differ with respect to their distribution in discourse. Moreover, this study shows that the choice to use one construction over another is motivated by the simultaneous interplay of several factors, among which the most relevant are: the morpho-syntactic and semantic properties of the temporal adjuncts; the discourse pragmatic profile of each construction type; the TAM properties of the verb; and the syntactic profile of the wayyiqtol and qatal clauses. Overall, the behaviour of the wayhî + T constructions epitomizes the complexity of Biblical Hebrew, in particularly, the fuzziness of grammatical categories, their multilevel interconnectivity, and dynamics.
16
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Proměny českého lexika pod vlivem historických událostí 20. století

51%
Novák V.
Bohemistyka
|
2010
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1
26-38
EN
The article deals with the problematic of the Czech language changes in 20th century. The main attention is given to problematic of the Czech lexicon changes under the influence of historical turns in this century. 20th century was the time of the Czech lexicon dynamical changes, because political, technical and cultural development of the Czech society was very fast and rich. The most interesting historical events, that produced significant part of these changes, was the fall of Austrian Habsburgs empire in the 1918 and the establishment of Czechoslovak democratic state and society in the 1920s and 1930s, the occupation of Czech countries by German forces in the 1939-1945, the establishment of Communist Party government in the end of 1940s and 1950s and the Czech society democratic transformation after the 1989s “Velvet” Revolution. Historical turns are focused on the Czech standard and substandard lexicon. Lexical changes were realized especially in the group of substantives (appellatives and proper substantives) and verbs. The great part of these lexical changes were motivated by German, French, English and Russian languages.
17

SÉMANTICKY RELEVANTNÉ PRAGMATICKÉ PROCESY (2): TESTY A METODOLOGICKÉ ASPEKTY

51%
Zouhar M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2013
|
vol. 68
|
issue 4
296 – 308
EN
This is the second part of the paper in which it is claimed that there is exactly one semantically relevant pragmatic process, namely saturation. The author analyses Recanati’s tests for free enrichment as well as Stanley’s test for saturation. It is claimed that all these tests lead to unacceptable generalizations. On the other hand, it is also claimed that minimal indexicalism avoids such generalizations because it requires a more flexible theory of language. Finally, the author outlines some methodological reasons preferring minimal indexicalism to another explanation which embraces free enrichment.
18
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Lexikální prostředky vyjadřující negativní postoje a emoce v projevech současné mládeže

51%
Hradilová D.
Bohemistyka
|
2010
|
vol. 10
|
issue 3
EN
Our treatise attempts to describe lexical resources currently used by young people to express negative emotions and attitudes. The study is based on a questionnaire survey (600 respondents). While creating the questionnaire and assessing its results we focused on the characteristics of situations that may cause negative attitudes and emotions. We obtained samples of lexis and analyzed them from lexical and functional-stylistic points of view.
19

Триада «дорога, переправа и заречье» в восточнославянском обрядовом тексте: лексика, семантика, прагматика

51%
Iliadi A. I., Zhyhora I. V.
Slavica Slovaca
|
2022
|
vol. 57
|
issue 1
3 - 20
EN
The paper offers detailed consideration of actional and verbal aspects of the triad of the ritualized actions «road», «crossing» and (reaching of) «lands beyond the river», which forms the basis of the East Slavic burial rite. Due to the linguistic specifics of the study the authors put their preferential attention to the language of the burial ritual, which is folklore texts (keening, spells, ritual precepts), their vestiges, separately existing as idiomatic phrases and separate words with peculiar semantics. Being the verbal counterpart of the ritualized action, textual information not only shows the interconnection between three stages of the burial ritual, but also encourages thinking about possible existence of mythological texts in the past, where the path of the dead is described – starting from gathering to the road, ritual precepts, and entering the Paradise extents.
20
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NAMES OF DISEASES IN CLASSICAL ARABIC

51%
Michalski M.
Lingua Posnaniensis
|
2006
|
vol. 48
67-83
EN
The aim of the paper is to comment on different strategies of coining the names of the diseases in classical Arabic and on their semantics. Every language has its own means of naming diseases. To some extent, ways of understanding the nature of pathological states are encoded in each language in a manner specific to it. This question was approached by the Classical Arab grammarians together with the rise of the linguistic thinking in this civilization. Sibawayhi is interested mainly in the morphological aspect of words that denote diseases wheras Al-Ta'alibi represents a lexicographer's point of view. Two principal verbal patterns expressing pathological states, KaTiBa and KuTiBa, must be taken into consideration when speaking of naming diseases in Classical Arabic. Some interesting semantic implications result from formal affinities with other verbs which do not denote diseases. Also adjectives can be informative of how Arabic speakers conceive of diseases. There are numerous strategies of coining names of diseases in this language, many of which are based upon interesting metaphors.
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