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  1. 224 Studia Psychologica

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1

PLASTICITY OF BRAIN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION ?

100%
Kaczmarek B. L. J.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2003
|
vol. 11
182-199
EN
Four basic types of plasticity of the brain work are distinguished: compensatory, developmental, hemispheric, and competence plasticity. It is also stressed that all those changes are of a functional character due to the reorganization of interneuronal connections within the whole brain. The plasticity, however, is mainly a feature characteristic of our mind, which works in an indeterminate, open way. The open nature of the mind is due to a manner of information processing within the brain since a specific diffusion of outer sensations with inner knowledge takes place there. It is reflected in a human language which violates rules of the formal logic. Consequently, the brain and the computer do work in an entirely different way.
2

ON HUBRISTIC MOTIVATION

100%
Tokarz A.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2006
|
vol. 15
195-216
EN
The paper offers an array of evidence supporting the necessity of introducing the new terms need and/or hubristic motivation, as proposed by Kozielecki (1984). The term under discussion, as understood by Kozielecki, is presented and such related notions as power motive, totalitarian ego and ego strength are analysed. Furthermore, the results of studies providing evidence for the occurrence of a specific hubristic motive are cited. They were obtained through a statistical and qualitative analysis of the responses given by young researchers and students of the Academy (High School) of Fine Arts to the question of their handling problems or artistic work. Last of all, an attempt is made at answering questions about the place of hubristic motivation among motives for creative activity.
3

The adaptation of Piaget's INRC system in Erikson's full life evolutional phases

100%
Molnar P.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2004
|
vol. 59
|
issue 4
537-559
EN
The cognitive developmental stages of Piaget and the eight age phases of Erikson according to the change in psychosocial crises constitute the starting point of the study. In both systems, the description of the changes occurring during ontogenesis, as well as the detection of invariant characteristics underlying the changes are of significance. The real issue is the concrete achievement of a synthesis, based on the various details of developmental mechanisms (motivational, affective, cognitive). In order to achieve this, I wish to connect the logic of INRC from Piaget and the fundamental epistemological problems of logical systems based on the laws of reality using a geometric model. In the theoretical geometric model, I wish to represent the psychological developmental stages of Erikson by the sequence of 8 different 90-degree rotations as integrative cognitive and motivations factor, which have been interpreted in a Cartesian coordinate system determined by the 4 different genetic bases. The eight developmental stages on the surface denote the successful and unsuccessful results of the 8 crises by Erikson. The psychological meaning of the three dimensions, according to the integral personality theory of Lersch is the atmosphere of thematic experiences connected to the 'existence', the 'self' and the 'social' factors.
4

VOCALIZATIONS IN THE FREQUENCY OF 22 KHZ AS AN INDICATOR OF THE LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL EXCITATION IN HIGH AND LOW REACTIVE RATS (Wokalizacje w czestotliwosci 22 kHz jako wskaznik poziomu pobudzenia emocjonalnego u szczurow wysoko i nisko reaktywnych)

100%
Zieba K., Gulatowska J., Trojan M.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2010
|
vol. 22
27-41
EN
The aim of the research was to verify whether vocalizations at the frequency of 22 kHz can be an effective indicator of emotional arousal of rats in behavioral tests. The research was conducted with the use of 48 Sprague-Dawley strain rats. The rats were divided into two groups: of high or low reactivity, through preselection in the open field test. The rats were exposed to a stressor (a nip on the neck) and their vocalizations were recorded with the use of an ultrasound detector. Presented results suggest that vocalization of warning calls can be considered as an indicator of emotional reactivity in rats.
5

INTERNET, SOCIAL CAPITAL, HAPPINESS. WHO, WHAT AND WHY OBTAIN BENEFITS USING THE INTERNET?

100%
Skarzynska K., Henne K.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2005
|
vol. 13
171-186
EN
There is a debate in the literature concerning psychological and social effects of the Internet usage. A question is raised if this medium helps developing social contacts and building social support networks (enhance building social capital), increases psychological well-being, or the contrary - destroys social networks, lowers social trust, and makes people less happy (Putnam, 1995; 2000; Wellman et al., 2001; Kraut et al., 2002).Analysis, presented in this article, are based on the data of the representative Polish sample, gathered in the 'Social Diagnosis 2003' project. Three groups were compared. Two of them were created upon the criterion of intensity and length of the Internet usage. The third group consisted of those who don't use this medium at all. Influence of socio-demographic variables (such as: age, sex, education, place of residence, income) were also controlled.Results show that those who use the Internet, comparing to those who do not, have more sense of happiness, more friends, and declare more sense of social support. Moreover, the longer period of the Internet usage, the higher level of declared sense of happiness and social capital.
6

TEMPERAMENT TRAITS AMONG MEN PRACTICING HIGH RISK SPORTS (Cechy temperamentu u mezczyzn uprawiajacych sporty wysokiego ryzyka)

100%
Guszkowska M., Boldak A.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2010
|
vol. 22
7-26
EN
The aim of this study was to present temperamental characteristics of men practicing high risk sports, to determine their differentiation according to sport discipline and to find the relationships between temperament and sensation seeking. The research involved 158 males aged 17 to 45, practising recreational high risk sports, namely: parachuting (n=98); wakeboarding (n=30); snowboarding (n=30). The group of parachutists was divided into two sub-groups – experts (n=50) and novice (n=48) based on the number of jumps executed. 'The Formal Characteristics of Behavior – Temperament Inventory' (FCB-TI) and Polish version of 'Sensation Seeking Scale' (SSS-IV) were applied. Men practicing high risk sports were featured by high level of activity and briskness and presented temperament structure with great possibilities of stimulation processing. They were not homogenous group, snowboarders and wakeboarders were characterized by stronger sensation seeking, higher level of activity and emotional reactivity than parachutists. Temperamental selection was not observed among parachutists – the number of jumps executed did not differentiate the temperament and sensation seeking characteristics. The relationships between temperament and sensation seeking were determined. In factorial analysis three factors were obtained: active sensation seeking, psychic resistance and need for physical and intellectual stimulation.
7

DRUG INVOLVEMENT AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AT SUICIDE RISK IN CAPE TOWN

100%
Peltzer K.
Studia Psychologica
|
2008
|
vol. 50
|
issue 3
323-334
EN
The aim of this study is to investigate drug involvement (conceptualized as drug use frequency, drug access, drug use control, and adverse use consequences) in a sample of 1157 secondary school students at low and at high risk of suicide who completed a self-administered questionnaire in three schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Drug use frequency, access, control and consequences were compared among 366 students who scored at high risk of suicide on the Suicide Risk Screen (SRS) and 791 who score in the low risk range. Students at high rather than low risk of suicide endorsed a much greater breadth and depth of drug use, less drug use control, and greater adverse consequences due to drug use. Findings have implications for the prevention programs, especially for the students at risk of suicide.
8

THE COHERENCE OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE COMPONENTS AND THE STYLES OF COPING WITH THREATENING STIMULI - RESEARCH REPORT

100%
Zinczuk J.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2008
|
vol. 17
59-88
EN
The article presents the problem of the scope and causes of the coherence of three empirically and definitionally distinctive components of an emotional reaction - the experiential, physiological and expressive one. Coherence has been defined as integrated, parallel and emotion-specific changes in respective components of an emotional reaction. The evolutionary theory of emotions postulates different response patterns for every emotion and assumes coherence between emotional components, underlied by neurological mechanisms. However, the review of literature on the subject indicates that the most frequent research outcome has been the lack of or only partial coherence between emotional components. The origin of this lack of coherence may be sought in individual differences with regard to emotionality, i.e. in certain personality dimensions or traits. The conducted research was supposed to determine if styles of coping with threatening stimuli, described by D. Weinberger, G. Schwartz, R. Davidson (1979), condition the level of coherence between the described components of an emotional reaction: the experiential, expressive and physiological one. 60 women took part in the study - 20 repressive, 20 high-anxious and 20 low-anxious. The participants' task was to give a public speech about the most liked and the most disliked trait of their personality. The research instruments and procedures were selected according to the possibility of gaining the record of the emotional process changing in time. Along with the physiological method - ECG Holter - the author applied the Facial Action Coding System - FACS - of P. Eckman, W. V. Friesen and J. C. Hager (2002). The results indicated that there were significant differences in the experiential, expressive and physiological responses to a social stress between repressive, high-anxious and low-anxious participants.
9

The contribution of narrative psychology to Szondi's fate-analysis

100%
Hargitai R.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2004
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3
455-466
EN
In the middle of the 1980s a new paradigm appeared in psychology, which emphasized the epic character and the narrativity of our knowledge and thinking. The untied narrative is not a simple report about what had happened, but it implies a lot of psychological characteristic features connected to the events. The study intends to discuss the question whether the narrative meta-theory can contribute to the integration of Szondi's fate-analysis and projective testing method into modern psychology. I survey the main anchoring points of narrative psychology, emphasizing that narration as a form of representation based on its mental and linguistic-semiotic character can be applied in the exploration of individuals' psychic reality. Following, I will present the Szondi projective test, the clinical tool for exploring the intrapsychic process. The connection between the narrative and the intrapsychic occurrences seems to be the most evident in case of biographies. Therefore, we have chosen for the subject of our research, the personality examination of 20 malignant colorectal cancer patients aged between 45 to 65. We carried out Szondi's projective test and narrative psychological content-analysis of their life-stories. Comparing the life narrative of cancer patients and controls by using the method of narrative psychological content-analysis and Szondi's projective test we found qualitative differences. Based on the evidence of this qualitative differences we are able to draw clear and reliable conclusion and make distinction between colorectal cancer patients and control persons in terms of intrapsychic occurrences.
10

French and Hungarian top executives: Managerial practices in French companies operating in Hungary

100%
Denes E.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2005
|
vol. 60
|
issue 1/2
65-90
EN
The study examines the effects of intercultural differences on corporate management. We concentrate on the differences between French and Hungarian culture and their influence at French-owned companies operating in Hungary. The paper attempts to explore the interactions between organizational culture and the national cultures of associates with various cultural backgrounds.
11

HOW SHOULD THE HERO OF AESOP'S FABLE ACT? A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NARRATIVE PSYCHOLOGY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

100%
Bokus B., Cieslik K.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2006
|
vol. 15
173-188
EN
The question to be answered was how children present moral issues in narratives and what solutions they suggest in narrative texts directed to different addressees. Sixty boys and sixty girls aged 6;1 - 6;11 participated in the study. Each child was presented with an adapted version of Aesop's fable 'The Porcupine and the Moles'. The children were informed that the fable lacked a proper ending and were asked to complete it. In addition, they were asked to evaluate the actions of the heroes. In the course of the experiment, the children were asked to perform a radio broadcast to target audiences described respectively as 'small children', 'peers' and 'adults'. A total of 118 narratives were recorded, and were analyzed in reference to presentation of relationships between heroes and the suggested solutions of moral problems. The research showed a significant dependency between discourse participant structure and the voice of narration, defined here as manifestation of 'ethics of care' and/or 'ethics of equality'. Focusing on the communicative competence of the discourse participants has allowed for a broader approach to Gilligan's theory which has revealed the relation between the moral orientation activated in a narrative discourse and the given addressee of the story.
12

APPRAISAL COMPONENTS IN ANGER AND ANGER COPING

100%
Perez N. M. A., Miguel T. J. J., Redondo M. M.
Studia Psychologica
|
2009
|
vol. 51
|
issue 2-3
123-136
EN
The present paper investigates the appraisal contents associated with anger and the different means of controlling and expressing this emotion. With a sample of 121 participants, a Likert-type scale was used to measure Scherer's dimensions of appraisal (1997) and Smith and Lazarus's components of appraisal (1993). The factor analysis (Oblimin with Kaiser Rotation) produces four appraisal factors. A discriminating analysis is also used to assess the discriminative validity of these four factors when it comes to sorting groups by their degree of experience, expression and anger control as measured by the STAXI 2 (Spielberger, 2000). The results show that harmful and other-accountability appraisals seem to have a strong effect on the way how anger is experienced and expressed.
13

OPTIMISM AND HEALTH

100%
Szondy M.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2006
|
vol. 61
|
issue 4
617-636
EN
The paper studies the literature on the connection between optimism constructs (dispositional optimism, attributional optimism, unrealistic optimism, therapy-specific optimism) and physical health. Most of the reviewed studies find a positive connection between optimism and health indicators. The optimists have less symptoms measured both subjectively and objectively. Optimism is connected to better immune functions (with the exception of the presence of uncontrollable stressors) and a faster rate of recovery. Optimists live longer compared to less optimistic people. There are several factors influencing the positive connection between optimism and health. The optimists have less stressors, evaluate them differently and cope with them differently than pessimists. The level of optimism influences the health behaviour and sickness behaviour. Finally it is possible that a third variable, neuroticism, influences the connection between optimism and health. The article's view is critical and stresses the theoretical and methodological difficulties of the field.
14
Content available remote

Excessive Internet Use Risk Scales

100%
Kaliszewska K.
ASK. Research and Methods
|
2007
|
vol. 16
115-131
EN
In the article the theoretical bases and the psychometric characteristics of the Excessive Internet Use Risk Scales were presented. The scales were constructed for the needs of empirical research conducted in order to psychologically characterize the Excessive Internet Use phenomenon. The psychometric parameters of the scales are satisfactory and it may be assumed that this tool can be successfully used in individual and group research as well as in intergroup comparisons of the Excessive Internet Use variable. .
15

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE POLISH VERSION OF THE AARON T. BECK'S DEPRESSION INVENTORY BDI-II (Charakterystyka psychometryczna polskiej adaptacji Kwestionariusza Depresji BDI-II Aarona T. Becka)

100%
Zawadzki B., Popiel A., Praglowska E.
Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka
|
2009
|
vol. 19
71-95
EN
The paper presents results of psychometric analyses of the Polish translation of the Beck's Depression Inventory BDI-II. The sample included 456 subjects - 337 controls, 43 patients with depressive episodes and disorders (19 - current episode mild and moderate, 24 - current episode severe), 26 patients with anxiety disorders including mixed anxiety and depressive disorder, as well as 23 male prisoners and 27 females, experiencing domestic violence. The analyses comprise factorial structure of BDI-II items and their criterion-related validity (correlation with medical diagnosis of depression and severity of depression obtained by Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale), as well as reliability and validity of the total BDI-II scale, done in control and clinical groups. The validity studies of the BDI-II scale were focused on construct-oriented validity (correlations with scales of TALEIA-400A inventory, assessing clinical disorders) and criterion-oriented validity (analyses of differences of BDI-II scores among control, demographic and clinical samples). Finally, the culture specific norms in the form of cut-off scores, differing controls and depressed subjects, were derived for diagnosing the mild and severe depression, as well as several indices of validity of diagnosis (like 'total misclassification rate', 'sensitivity', etc.). The results indicate the very high reliability and validity of the BDI-II translation, fully equivalent to the original version, what enables to recommend this inventory for use in scientific research and clinical practice regarding Polish-speaking subjects.
16

VALUE ORIENTATIONS AS FACTORS OF SOCIAL TRUST, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, AND LIFE SATISFACTION

100%
Vyrost J., Kentos M., Fedakova D.
Studia Psychologica
|
2007
|
vol. 49
|
issue 4
283-294
EN
The current paper presents results based on European Social Survey Round 2 data (2002-2004). The sample consisted of respondents from 24 countries; N = 45 681 (aged 15 - 100; M = 45.25). Several scales were used to meet the aim of the study: Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ), Social Trust Scale (STS), Trust in Institutions Scale (TIS), Political Participation Scale (PPS), Satisfaction with Life in General Scale. Participants were divided into 4 quadrants according to their PVQ scores on the dimensions openness to change vs. conservation and self-enhancement vs. self-transcendence. The results indicate that participants with self-transcendence orientation scored significantly higher in the Social Trust Scale (perceived honesty, objectivity, consistency, competence, and fairness in relationships between individuals), Trust in Social Institutions Scale (from national to international institutions), and also in the Political Participation Scale. These participants also perceived their lives as more satisfactory.
17

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ON THE ANXIETY LEVEL. A PILOT STUDY OF 14-18 -YEAR-OLD HUNGARIAN HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS

100%
Kovacs S., Fabian T. K., Gaal V., Csermely P.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2007
|
vol. 62
|
issue 2
193-201
EN
480 volunteers (n = 476; 224 male, 252 female; age: 12-18 years, mean: 15.97 +/- 1.25 years; 139 are from the city of Budapest, 234 from towns, 103 from villages) participated in the study. The authors study showed that the anxiety level (reduced CPI) related to the gender (T Test: p - 0,01) and to the age (p - 0,05), but not to the place of residence. We also found that the anxiety level is related to the number of close relatives and friends (p - 0,05; p - 0,01 ). It is also connected to the number of mobile phone calls to the family, friends and acquaintances (p - 0,05); to the number of text messages sent to friends and acquaintances (p - 0,05); and to the willingness to build new contacts and trust strangers (p - 0,01). The authors' results indicate that besides the willingness to build new contacts and therefore enlarge the personal social network, the most important factors of controlling anxiety are: the number of not-too-strong links (close relatives and friends); and the number of not-too-strong communication channels (mobile phone calls, text messages). In contrast, the number of very strong links (parents, siblings) and very weak links (distant relatives, acquaintances), as well as the use of strong communication channels (personal contacts) and very weak communication channels (anonymous Internet-communication) may have only a moderate influence on the anxiety level.
18

NEW DATA FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE POST CRITICAL BELIEF SCALE - THEORY AND METHODOLOGY (Ujabb adatok a Kritika Utani Vallasossag Skala alkalmazasahoz - elmelet es modszertan)

100%
Martos T., Kezdy A., Robu M., Urban S., Horvath-Szabo K.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
|
2009
|
vol. 64
|
issue 4
643-669
EN
Post Critical Belief Scale (Horvath - Szabo, 2003; Hutsebaut, 1996) orders different approaches towards religion into two dimensions: Inclusion vs. Exclusion of Transcendence and Symbolic vs. Literal processing of religious contents. Recently a new computational method was developed for the scale directly assessing the underlying two-dimensional structure by PCA. These dimensions can be henceforth associated with several other variables. Recently published results as well as theoretical and methodological aspects of the computational process will be reviewed in the article. Applicability of the method was tested on a sample of 1820 subjects. Results show that internal structure of the Flemish and Hungarian versions of the scale is predominantly identical. Existence of the two dimensions could be found in Hungarian sample regardless of gender and denomination. Furthermore, stability of the internal structure was high across the subsamples. The authors proposed a shortened 18 item version of the scale that can be seen as a substitute of the original 33 item version. In sum, their results showed that two-dimensional computation of the Post Critical Belief Scale is a reliable method that can provide new insights for psychological investigation of religiosity.
19

IMPLICIT THEORIES OF RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM AMONG SLOVAK YOUNG ADULTS

100%
Adamovova L.
Studia Psychologica
|
2005
|
vol. 47
|
issue 3
235-246
EN
Little attention is being paid to the implicit theories of different dimensions of religiosity that would take into account the subjective side of understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, in the present study, lay definitions of religious fundamentalism were investigated among young adults in Slovakia. Participants were recruited by the snowball method of sampling via the Internet and they were asked to write down their own personal definitions of religious fundamentalism. Our sample consisted of 50 adults (44% females and 56% males) aged between 19 and 60 years (AM = 28.5). Regarding education, 74% were university graduates, 14% were undergraduates, and 12% had secondary education. Members of a non-specified religious group formed 62% of the sample, 26% were not members of any such group, and 12% were formal but nonpracticing members of their group. The data were analyzed by the Constant Comparison Method (Grounded Theory Methodology). The results showed the category structure of the notion which yielded formal and content categories. Within the content categories, Extremism (Extremism in belief and in behavior), Dealing with otherness (Attitudes toward otherness and Reactions to otherness), and Personality traits, states, and needs emerged. The discussion bears on a comparison between personal understanding of religious fundamentalism and previous research findings based on a review of the pertinent literature.
20

DESIRED VERSUS FEARED EMPATHY: THE ROLE OF EMPATHY IN THE REPRESENTATION OF LOVE

100%
Lamy L.
Studia Psychologica
|
2006
|
vol. 48
|
issue 1
45-56
EN
The author investigates whether empathy constitutes the main dimension of the representation of love. The participants were acquainted with two tales telling of the beginning of a love story. The experimental group integrates discursive marks showing the empathic ability of the speaker towards his/her partner. No such marks of empathic ability existed in the control group. The participants assess the more or less prototypic nature of love in these two stories. The results show that a story is acknowledged as being more representative of love when the speaker is empathic than when he is not; but also that a dimension of inter-sex rivalry may modify this process: when the impression of intenseness of love expressed by the story decreases, empathy is only perceived positively when it testifies to the mastery of the relationship by someone of the same sex as the participant.
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