Search results - CEJSH

1

ІНТЕРНАЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЯК ДРАЙВЕР РОЗВИТКУ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ

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Сбруєва А., Козлов Д.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2016

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issue 6(60)

71-89

EN

In the article the systemic characteristics of the phenomenon of internationalization as the driver of the universityinnovation system development are given. In order to achieve this goal the analysis of the sources and terminological analysis of its key concepts, namely “internationalization” and “innovation system” was made. The systemic nature of the analysis of the phenomenon of internationalization of higher education was assured by speculations on leading dimensions and aspects of its implementation in their relationships and interactions. Peculiarities of goal setting, semantic and procedural aspects of innovation systems’ activities are outlined at the global, geo-regional and national levels. Aims, priorities, peculiarities of structural construction, subjects and mechanisms of interaction in the innovation system of higher education are defined. The author determined subjects, objectives, strategies and mechanisms of internationalization at the global, geo-regional, national, institutional and individual levels of higher education functioning. The innovative potential of internationalization of the University, positive trends and risks of implementing this process were found. Organizational and pedagogical conditions for effective development of internationalization as a driver of University innovation system are outlined: compliance of the internationalization strategy with the mission of the university; the ratio of academic reputation and commercial interests of the University in the design and implementation of its internationalization strategy; systematic and consistent process of the internationalization coverage of all aspects of the university activities (education, science, social services) taking into account the tendencies of innovative development of each of them; the ratio of losses and benefits (human, temporal, intellectual, financial, material, etc.) in the design and implementation of academic mobility programs; adherence to international standards of quality in the process of foreign students’ teaching; motivation and organizational support of students, teachers, researchers and administrators participation in international academic and research programs, internships, academic exchange programs.

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Актуальные процессы в словообразовании русского и других славянских языков

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Ratsiburskaya L.

Acta Polono-Ruthenica

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2015

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issue 20

237-246

EN

Modern globalization processes got reflection in the orientation of the Slavonic languages in the English language. The internationalization in the field of word-building demonstrates itself in activization of foreign affixes, transformation of foreign words and root morphemes into affixoids, inclusion of the new loan words as base stems into derivational processes.

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Wpływ wizerunku Polski na konkurencyjność międzynarodową polskich przedsiębiorstw

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Bednarz J.

International Business and Global Economy

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2014

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vol. Volume 33

470–481

EN

The article concentrates on a presentation of the core of the country image and the country-of-origin effect as well as the influence of these elements on the building of the competitive advantage of business entities on foreign markets. The attention is focused on the example of Poland and Polish companies. The author tries to find out whether the image of Poland, as it is perceived abroad, may be a potentially problematic element in the expansion of Polish enterprises onto foreign markets. It seems that “Polishness” constitutes a rather neutral element of the export offer on the European market; some Polish enterprises even noticed a positive influence of the associations related to Poland. The author also submits a thesis that this rather disadvantageous perception of Poland and Poles based on the stereotypes rooted in the past is gradually improving. Upon writing this article, the results of surveys prepared by Polish institutions and universities as well as the results of an unpublished survey carried out by the author were used. Empirical research entitled “Foreign Expansion of Polish Foodstuff, Cosmetic, and Apparel Branches on German, Czech, Russian, and Ukrainian Markets” was carried out in Poland in the mid-2012.

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Western European retail chains in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia - similarities and differences

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Wilk W., Miłaszewska M.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2006

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vol. 12

205-214

EN

The paper deals with an analysis the growing presence of international retail enterprises in the Central European countries of the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Results of the research show that there are differences between the Polish market and the remaining two. The differences are in the scalę of investments, the investors' geographic origin, the number of stores within the network of the so called modern distribution channels (hyper- and supermarkets and discount stores). The diversity of location strategies used by Western European retail enterprises in the Central European markets is also shown, beginning with the methods of entering new markets (organie growth, acąuisition of existing chains, franchising) and ending on the degree of concentration of retail stores in the largest cities of the three countries.

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Przedsiębiorstwa w sferze biznesu międzynarodowego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem korporacji transnarodowych – problemy definicyjne, podejoecie teoretyczne i praktyczne

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Brach J.

International Business and Global Economy

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2014

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vol. Volume 33

379–393

EN

Companies have been present in the sphere of international business for hundreds of years. The main aim of this article is to show that there are still many problems with defining what the multinational or transnational company is and how to measure the level of its internationalization. The article is mainly based on the analyzed information from books and articles dedicated to this subject. From the theoretical point of view, the main problem is that although many indices of internationalizion have been developed so far, including synthetic ones, like the TNI index proposed by the UNCTAD, scientists still have real problems with preparing indices which would be at the same time synthetic and incorporating relevant and practically used information on the companies’ activities across countries.

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Internationalization process on the example of LVMH

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Płoneczka K.

Ekonomia Międzynarodowa

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2018

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issue 21

20-31

PL

Proces internacjonalizacji jest często stosowany przez firmy chcące zwiększyć obszar działalności. Może być rozumiany zarówno jako wejście na nowe rynki za pomocą np. jont-venture, jak i sprzedawanie produktów na rynkach zagranicznych. Istnieją dwa konwencjonalne modele internacjonalizacji: model uppsalski oraz modele oparte na innowacji. Oprócz nich możemy wyróżnić model sieciowy czy też born-global. LVMH jest międzynarodowym konglomeratem dóbr luksusowych, który od początku swojego istnienia wykorzystywał internacjonalizację do wchodzenia na nowe rynki i powiększania zakresu działalności. Teraz aktywność LVMH skupia się głównie na przejmowaniu nowych firm oraz na wchodzeniu na nowe rynki w Azji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem rynku chińskiego. Dla firm z branży dóbr luksusowych internacjonalizacja jest czymś naturalnym, jednak w przypadku takich firm większy nacisk kładziony jest np. na lokalizację sklepów oraz ich wystrój czy na personalizację produktów, jak również na przystosowanie produktów do potrzeb lokalnego rynku. Artykuł przedstawia pokrótce proces internacjonalizacji na przykładzie LVMH na rynku azjatyckim, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem chińskiego rynku dóbr luksusowych. Głównymi metodami badań użytymi na potrzeby artykułu są studia literaturowe oraz studium przypadku.

EN

Internationalization is a process commonly used by companies to expand their business. It can be understood as entering new foreign markets by using different methods such as joint-venture, greenfield investments, but also simply selling the products abroad. There are two main models of internationalization: the Uppsala model and models based on innovation. LVMH is an international luxury goods conglomerate that since the beginning of its existence has used internationalization as a way of entering new markets and expanding its businesses even more. Now, their activities are mainly acquiring new firms, entering new markets, especially in Asia, with special attention paid to China. Internationalization for the luxury goods company is something natural, but more attention is paid to details such as shop location, the interior design of the shops, the customization of products and adjusting them to local market needs. The goal of this article is to briefly present the internationalization phenomenon and show it on the example of LVMH on the Asian market, with special attention paid to the Chinese luxury market. The main research methods used for this article are a literature study and a case study.

7

Strategies of Internalization in the Industry of Mining Ma-chines and Appliances

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Jonek-Kowalska I.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 2

75-100

EN

Currently, the industry of mining machines and appliances in Poland, as a result of considerable economic improvement on the market of energetic resources, gains an incredible opportunity for further development. However, its use is dependent on the intensification of activity internationalization. Polish sales market, due to hard coal mining decrease and financial problems of mining enter-prises, does not guarantee sales increase.Therefore, the basic objective of this article is to assess the currently used internationalization strategies of Polish enterprises performing in the industry of mining machines and appliances. In the article, in the theoretical part literature studies concerning enterprises internationalization are used. Next, the characteristics of the industry of mining machines and appliances in Poland are presented, ending with a SWOT analysis. In the part devoted to a strategy of internationalization, the results of a question-naire research conducted in the group of producers of mining machines and appliances in the 2012 were used. According the research results, Polish enterprises from the industry of mining machines and appliances in the internationalization of their activity use the sim-plest strategies that do not require engagement of capital on foreign markets. Some examined enterprises have been functioning on popular markets, offering the same products. Other ones conquer new markets and/or modify the products in order to adjust them to geological-mining requirements of target markets. Diversification strategy is not used because of high risk. The examined enterprises are not able to use dumping, due to global competitors and Chinese producers. It is not profitable to use direct investments either in exploration and penetration. The reason is mostly a lack of recognition of markets remote geographically and culturally, as well as low domestic production cost which cause that Polish producers choose a focus strategy instead of a diversification strategy.

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Zachowania małopolskich małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw eksportujących w świetle teorii stopniowego umiędzynarodowienia

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Morawczyński R.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2007

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vol. 217

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issue 7-8

65-82

EN

The author endeavors to establish if Poland’s small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are undergoing internationalization in line with the rules described in the theory of gradual internationalization. This theory is generally used to explain the behaviors of companies on foreign markets. The author carries out a quantitative analysis on a sample of more than 100 exporting manufacturing enterprises based in Poland’s Małopolska province. The study shows that the behavior of most surveyed companies accords with the rules followed in other countries and the guidelines of the gradual internationalization theory. In particular, as their experience grows, companies are entering new markets and increasing the share of exports in their total revenue. Morawczyński’s study shows that companies are entering foreign markets at an increasingly faster rate. This conclusion is compatible with the latest findings in other countries. Beginning exporters usually choose countries that are considered to be close “psychologically,” the author says. Unexpectedly, Morawczyński finds a weaker-than-expected link between the level of internationalization and the system of knowledge associated with operations abroad. The surveyed companies break away from the pattern mapped out by the gradual internationalization theory. This is largely due to a global business concept increasingly popular in recent years whereby companies are encouraged to pursue global operations from inception onward.

9

Teorie internacjonalizacji

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Gorynia M., Jankowska B.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2007

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vol. 219

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issue 10

21-44

EN

The paper discusses some internationalization theories of the firm. The authors look for key factors behind internationalization processes, with a special emphasis on experience and knowledge as the determinants of the internationalization strategy of firms. The review begins with a presentation of the Uppsala model and the approaches to internationalization developed by Cavusgil; Bilkley and Tesar; Cieślik; and Korth. Then the authors highlight concepts perceiving internationalization as a kind of innovation in the strategy of the enterprise as well as the concept of simultaneous internationalization. At the end of the paper, the authors draw the reader’s attention to a network approach toward internationalization. The analysis made in the paper allows the authors to conclude that the key determinants of the firm’s internationalization process come from the competitive potential of the company as well as the firm’s environment. Some theories of the foreign expansion of enterprises focus on internal factors, while others stress external factors. It seems that the best method is an eclectic approach and taking advantage of the complementary character of the theories discussed, the authors say.

10

Umiędzynarodowienie sektora usług

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Grzanka R.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2007

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vol. 217

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issue 7-8

43-63

EN

The paper examines trends such as outsourcing and offshoring in international service operations, focusing on the macroeconomic and international aspects of the process. This especially involves determining the causes and scope of offshoring and the factors that encourage companies to move their service operations abroad. Grzanka also looks at the directions of these activities and the scope of the process. There is no uniform, precise definition of offshoring, the author notes, which is one of the reasons why it is impossible to determine the precise scope of this process. However, statistical research by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) involving the trade of services-confirmed by research conducted by Bardhan and Kroll (2003), Jensen and Kletzer (2005) and Van Welsum and Reif (2006), as well as polls carried out among businesses in the Netherlands and Denmark-shows that outsourcing and offshoring are still at an inceptive stage, and the scope of these operations is bound to increase in the future, especially in Europe. Poland is a host country for foreign direct investment and a destination for offshoring operations. As investors increasingly eye Central and Eastern European markets, attracting more offshoring investors to Poland will require further transformations in the country’s economy.

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Wpływ internacjonalizacji na wyniki ekonomiczne największych polskich przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych

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Doryń W., Stachera D.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2008

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vol. 228

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issue 11-12

95-114

EN

The paper aims to identify the effects of internationalization on firms’ financial performance. Numerous empirical investigations have attempted to study the relationship between internationalization and firm performance, producing both monotonic and curvilinear findings. The paper uses a sample of Polish businesses from the 2005-2006 period based on an annual league table of Poland’s 500 largest companies ranked by Rzeczpospolita daily newspaper. The dependent variable, firm performance, was measured using the return on assets. The key independent variable, the degree of internationalization, was measured by the ratio of foreign sales (exports) to total sales. The authors controlled for firm size, which was measured by the natural logarithm of total employment. The econometric analysis of a cross-sectional data set of multinational firms yielded results that point to a non-monotonic relationship between the degree of internationalization and firm performance, Doryń and Stachera say. The study shows that there is a standard U-shaped curvilinear relationship between international diversification and firm performance. Polish firms initially suffer a decline in profits as they expand internationally, but over time, through gaining experience and through organizational learning, they begin to derive benefits from their international expansion and their performance improves.

12

МІЖНАРОДНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК ФАКТОР ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІВ США

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Огієнко О.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 8(52)

219-227

EN

The article describes the essential characteristics of internationalization in higher education, peculiarities of universities innovative development; analyzes the objectives, principles, forms and results of the U.S. universities international activity; distinguishes the conditions for effectiveness of universities international activity and justifies its impact on the innovative development of all aspects of the U.S. universities activity. It is shown that internationalization as a leading trend of higher education development creates opportunities for its modernization, innovation, provides mobility, improves the availability and quality, expands international cooperation. Internationalization serves as an important factor of innovative development of higher education in the USA, which is a cyclical process based on the interaction and interdependence of creation, dissemination and absorption of innovation; acts as both a strategic objective and a means of the U.S. universities international activity. It is found that international activity at American universities is considered as one of the tools of foreign policy issues, maintaining leadership and ensuring the competitiveness, innovative development not only of education, but also the country as a whole. International activity of the U.S. universities is complex and multifaceted, it is integrating into all activities of universities and serves as a factor of their innovation. Its main forms are collaborating with other universities, businesses and international organizations. Important results are academic and scientific mobility, development of internationalized curricula and more. The initial principles of its organization are integration, innovation, intensification, mobility, transferability, democracy, tolerance, multiculturalism, flexibility. Strategy of obtaining profit serves as a benchmark in the organization of international activity of the U.S. universities. The main objectives of the U.S. universities international activity are: improving the quality of education, creating global competencies, development of international benchmarking activity, the use of advanced ideas of international experience, international cooperation with universities in other countries, the export of educational services, international technology transfer and more. The effectiveness of the university international activitiy and ensuring its innovation are achieved by defining its strategy and tactics, the presence of individual units and professional project managers, development of internationalized curriculum and innovative educational programs of the university.

13

Individual-Level Determinants of International Orientation of a Firm: A Study Based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data

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Pawęta E., Zbierowski P.

Journal of Intercultural Management

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2015

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vol. 7

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issue 1

43-58

EN

In recent decades economic integration and globalization processes facilitate the firms’ internationalization. The main determinants of that process are divided into three categories - internal factors, external factors and personal characteristics of an entrepreneur. The latter is considered to be the most important and will be the research subject in this article. The objective of this paper is to analyze the determinants of firm internationalization on the individual level and to verify whether entrepreneurial traits of the founder are indeed important for the internationalization. The research is based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, using which we employ independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA analyses to test the hypotheses. The results show that the only variable which determines international orientation of a company is the level of education of an entrepreneur. All other characteristics of an entrepreneur do not correlate with international orientation of a firm. Results obtained make important contribution to entrepreneurship research - they show significant shift in international entrepreneurship trends - internationalization is getting more available, less risky and more natural for entrepreneurs of different ages, backgrounds and individual characteristics. Findings may be useful for further international entrepreneurship research.

14

ЗАРУБІЖНІ МОДЕЛІ ІНТЕРНАЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЇ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

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Донченко В.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2014

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issue 6(40)

10-19

XX

An attempt to analyze essential characteristics of higher education internationalization, based on its theoretical models which exist in foreign science is presented in the paper. The methodological approaches, which lie at the bases of systematic internationalization research, are highlighted, namely activity approach, process approach, ethos approach and competence approach. It is stated that activity approach characterizes internationalization from the activity point of view, process approach deals with internationalization as a process of integration of international perspective to all the functions of university; ethos approach focuses primarily on human resources development in the context of internationalization while ethos approach examines culture of the organization and institution’s attitude to internationalization. The outlined approaches are used by researchers while elaborating models of higher education internationalization. The approaches may be used separately, that is focusing on one of them or in combination. However it is noted that recognition of essential features of internationalization presupposes complex use of the approaches. The J. Davies’s model, the H. van Dijk and K. Meijer’s model, G. Neave’s model, R. Rudski’s model, M. van der Wende, M. Söderkvist’s model, J. Knight’s model and K. Menning’s model are analyzed within the framework of the research. The comparative study of the given models enables to define internationalization either as a linear or a cyclic process, which evolves in stages. The number, duration and peculiarities of the stages vary in different models. While developing models of internationalization some researchers focus on internal process of internationalization in the university and others try to explain features of internationalization based on influence of external environmental factors. The presented models can be used in accessing internationalization results, in developing internationalization strategy on the state and institutional level. They can be utilized while managing internationalization process in the university.

15

Drives of stepping into international markets – the analysis of oriented firms in the Silesian voivodeship

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Szymczyk K.

Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy

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2018

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vol. nr 2

83--104

EN

The aim of the article is to present basic foundations of internationalization which were presented and interpreted, terminology and related concepts functioning in management sciences, as well as key determinants and trends prevailing in the contemporary realities of business management in global conditions. The author interprets the basic categories of strategic management in relation to the phenomenon of internationalization, that is the essence of the strategy and their types as well as the methods and motives of undertaking operations on foreign markets by enterprises. The article contains considerations on issues related to external and internal factors affecting the internationalization of enterprises.

16

ІНТЕРНАЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ В РОЗВИТКУ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТОЛІТТЯ

100%

Товканець Г.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 3(47)

444-454

EN

The relevance of the article due to the fact that higher education in the third millennium is one of the most important factors for successful development of society, the necessary condition for sustainable competitive professional level personality matched due to the acquisition of knowledge and skills to provide employment, higher incomes, better working conditions. One of the forms in which higher education responds to the opportunities and challenges of globalization is internationalization. The documents which cover the international cooperation of universities and creating European Higher Education are analyzed. There are four strategies of internationalization of higher education: a coordinated approach; a strategy to attract qualified workforce; an income strategy; an empowerment strategy. The following goals are systematized: academic – the internationalization of the courses; organization of foreign training of the teachers, students, researchers, organization and participation of the teachers, students and researchers in the international conferences; international competitiveness and reputation of these schools; economic – University internationalization of economic activity: exports of educational and research services; attracting foreign students; foreign branch organization; implementation of distance learning programs; attraction of international grants for research activities. The multilevel nature of the process of internationalization of higher education is studied: international, national, university, individual. The predictions of cooperation between higher education institutions of the franchise, the program – «twins», mutual recognition of training programs are grounded. The author has determined internationalization as a factor in creating new opportunities and increasing the accessibility of higher education and its quality, innovative methods in higher education systems, strengthening international cooperation. The prospects for further research can be a problem of innovations in higher education, comparative analysis of the legal framework of European and Ukrainian higher education, complexity and discipline between the educational services, the intensification of international trade in educational services.

17

Equity Investments vs. Debt Investments – What Drives OFDI in Polish Industry

100%

Kłysik-Uryszek A.

Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie

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2015

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vol. 16

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issue 1

65-81

EN

Polish economy witnessed enormous changes over the past 25 years. Systematic economic growth, increasing market openness, legal stabilization and integration with EU have substantially improved Poland’s global competitive position. That is reflected, among others, in intensified flows of long-term capital in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). What is worth stressing, the last decade (regardless the economic crisis) brought a significant rise of investments made by Polish companies abroad (Outward FDI). It should be mentioned however, that the FDI flows are usually analyzed (in both theoretical and empirical literature) as if they consist only of equity investments, when in fact they consist also of intracompany loans. As the latter may not be driven by the same factors as equity flows, the real structure of FDI flows should be taken into consideration while evaluating the investment potential of companies. The paper examines selected issues concerning international expansion of Polish companies in the form of foreign direct investment. It provides theoretical background of the problem, explores the reasons for expansion and presents the structure of foreign direct investment by Polish industrial companies in the period 2003-2012 with regard to the equity and debt components of the flows. The study is based on the data provided by the National Bank of Poland (NBP).

18

Strategies for Modern Integrated International Management

100%

Witczyńska K.

Logistics and Transport

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2017

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vol. 34

41-46

EN

The implementation of modern IT solutions in enterprises to improve the management is a prerequisite for the success of all companies in the era of globalization. The example of this type of technology are modern integrated strategies for IT management class of material requirements planning (MRP II) and enterprise resource planning (ERP). This article presents the possibilities of using the above strategies employed in Polish enterprises.

19

Il Genius Loci nell’era della globalizzazione

100%

Zingone L.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2019

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vol. 18

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issue 2

37-49

EN

In a globalized society a single identity is no longer verifiable, as happened in the Middle Ages, but as many identities as the cultural and social forms that can be found in communities.From the considerations above reported, it would seem not only to have produced a profound rupture between past and present, but also that the meaning of the Genius Loci can be relegated to a historical and not an actual concept.In the writer’s opinion, the Genius Loci simply experiments with yet another change not very dissimilar to the many that we have been witnessing from the Roman era to the more recent one. This research claims to establish if: i) it is possible to enhance localization, meant as the spirit of the place, through internationalization; ii) there is a relationship between the spirit of the Genius Loci and the corporate strategies of internationalization in the era of globalization.

20

International Activities of Young Technology Companies Located in Science and Technology Parks

100%

Sobol D.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 4

441-455

EN

This article presents selected results of the research carried out in the second half of 2017 as part of a research project entitled International business operations of companies located in science and technology parks in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeship. The aim of the study was to rec¬ognize the current and planned path of foreign expansion as well as to identify the main factors determining the internationalization of operations. To achieve the goal, literature studies on the subject and the conditions of internationalization of enterprises in relation to the SME group were carried out. Empirical studies were then conducted with the participation of three young, innovative enterprises located in science and technology parks in the Warmińsko-Masurskie Voivodeship. Due to the specificity of business operations and the desire to fully understand the paths of foreign expansion, the empirical study was carried out in two stages: an interview with the questionnaire method using a questionnaire survey and personal interviews with representatives of top man¬agement of individual companies to enrich the results obtained earlier (case study). The results presented are for demonstration only and may not be used for generalisation. Nevertheless, they are an inspiration to undertake in-depth studies of this subject.

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