The article presents legislation on sex offenders in the USA, United Kingdom and France. The author discusses the nature of the registers and the role played by them in the strategy applied in selected countries to deal with sex offenders. He also provides an analysis of legal basis for establishing a register of sex offenders in Poland and offers proposals for legal solutions with a view to the future law.
The author has investigated a corpus of informal email messages produced by post intermediate Czech learners of English. The method of analysis draws upon Biber & Conrad (2009) employing primarily a qualitative analysis as part of the author´s dissertation. First of all, the paper touches upon such descriptive terms as style, register and genre. Secondly, the paper presents the results of an analysis of genre features including deviations. In the concluding part, the article outlines implications for practice.
There are no conventionalized ways to investigate the results of multidimensional analysis (MDA) from the perceptual perspective in an experimental setting. An MDA of the Czech corpus Koditex by Cvrček et al. (2020) established eight dimensions of variation based on 122 linguistic features. The first two dimensions, which explain the largest proportion of shared variance, are labeled as 1. dynamic (+)/static (-) and 2. spontaneous (+)/prepared (-). In our study, we investigated if some situational contexts of language use evoke stronger associations with the poles of the two dimensions than others. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the impact of the mode of language use and the properties of the interlocutor on the ratings. Czech native speakers (n=107) rated various situational contexts on 7-point Likert-like scales representing the MDA-based dimensions. The items were balanced in the formality of the interlocutor’s name (Mr. or Mrs. in connection to surname/first name), the interlocutor´s gender, and the mode of language use (spoken/written). The statistical analysis uncovered a significant effect of the formality of the interlocutor's name and the mode of language use on the ratings. Using first names and spoken mode resulted in ratings closer to the positive poles of the dimensions. The comparison of individual items showed that some situations, mainly those representing the negative poles of the dimensions, are rated more consistently than others. The results of our study offer insight into how native speakers evaluate situations of language use on the scales of preparedness, subjectivity, and interactivity.
Adoption of the analysed amendment may contribute to ensuring easier access to publicly funded healthcare services and to a broader implementation of the idea of citizens’ equal access to these services. The validity of maintaining restrictions on the functionality of the central electronic register (CER) should be considered. This involves partially disabling the option of submitting notifications via the Internet Patient Account for selected services and patient groups. The proposed possibility of changing the date of the provision of the service due to the need to provide it to a person entitled to healthcare services out of turn also raises doubts.
As is well known, formal and colloquial registers should not be understood as two independent departments without any relation between them, but as two extremes of the continuum of speech. It should be added that this continuum will be different for speakers of different languages, since certain lexical, pragmatic or syntactic elements, among others, can be understood as corresponding to different registers, either due to the influence of the L1 or the learning process. The aim of this study is to analyze the existence of pairs of lexical preferences according to the register. In addition, it will be checked if these lexical preferences are given in both L1 and L2.
Register motivation (RM) represents one of 17 types of lexical motivation. The termregister motivationrefers to the term(communication) registerwhich is defined as situationally conditioned language behaviour of people connected by their common activity (D. Slančová). Register lexical units are thus situationally conditioned (such as child lexis, sport lexis etc.). Moreover, the relation among lexis, register and sociolect is analyzed. Finally, the relation of RM with other types of motivation (e.g. paradigmatic, word-formation, phraseological, syntactic and interlingual motivation) is outlined.
The year 1989 was both in Poland and in many other European countries, which were in the sphere of the Soviet influences, the beginning of revolutionary changes: political, economie, social and cultural ones. They also influenced the Polish language of politics which has changed radically for the last 20 years. An important reason for a variety of styles and registers is the instability of the Polish political scene, the abundance of political parties, constantly forming new parliamentary groups and government coalitions, and the disappearance of the others. In the language of the contemporary politics the lexis is particularly extensive and includes thousands of words referring to the public life of the Poles. The major point of the article is the claim that the language of contemporary politics is getting poorer, loses its elegance and becomes more and more primitive. The author sees the reasons for this pauperization in the trends of contemporary culture. He shows the main features of the phenomenon: a turn towards commonness and informality, an emotionality of expressions, a hermetic vision of the world, an impossibility of a dialogue and an increase in populist attitudes.
The basic idea behind establishing the register of beneficial owners is to increase the transparency and accessibility of data on beneficial ownership of companies and other legal entities with the aim of ensuring the public availability of data on domestic and foreign natural and legal persons. However, the possibility of the data being accessible to the general public instead of to persons or organizations that can demonstrate a legitimate interest raised the issue of violating the principles of respect for private or family life and the protection of personal data. Consequently, this raises the question of drawing the line between contributing to the common good and fighting against money laundering and terrorist financing, on the one hand, and protecting personal data, with the possibility of their misuse, on the other. A balance as well as a response to the possibility of setting soft limits of legitimate interest that would result in the achievement of all set goals was sought in the practice of the European Court of Justice. One of the legislative solutions regarding the extent of access to data on beneficial owners for the entire public, along with the establishment of different types of registers in order to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing, is described using the example of Croatia.
This study discusses the main issues regarding division of real estate based primarily on the Act of 21 August 1997 on real estate management. Basic definitions related to the division of real estate and the problems of their precision have been presented. In the scientific work have been listed and described the types of divisions, specific cases of their occurrence and rules of conduct independently of the local spatial development plan in the area of real estate, the division of which is to be made. In addition, the economic consequences of divisions of real estate in the form of the need to pay betterment levy or pay compensation for expropriated property were also included.
The linguistic situation in medieval Croatia was fairly dynamic. The present article discusses the stratification of linguistic culture in the Middle Ages as regards its division into the three registers (high, middle, low) inherited from ancient rhetoric and poetry and received in the Middle Ages. We conclude that there was no strict division among the three languages according to function in the Middle Ages, and that the languages themselves did not constitute styles or registers. The Old Croatian language possessed all three registers (high, middle, low) already in the Middle Ages. However, the hybrid Čakavian-Church Slavic variety as well as the Croatian redaction of Church Slavic were not used as everyday (in)formal business/colloquial codes, so that they did not develop a middle and low linguistic register.
An attempt is made to assess the Central Register and Information on Business Activity (CEIDG) as a teleinformation system operating in conjunction with other electronically accessible public registers. The need for an integrated system of public registers results from the Act on freedom of economic activity of 2 July 2004 that provides, among others, for a system of verification of the data already entered in the Register. As the analysis shows, the Act did not originally provide for the necessity to transfer to the Central Register and Information on Business Activity the data entered in other public registers, but merely imposed an information obligation on concession authorities, registers of regulated business activity as well as relevant licencing authorities. Currently, the statutory provisions regulating the freedom of economic activity provide that economic courts, the Central Information unit of the National Court Register, the National Criminal Record, ward guardians and relevant organs deciding upon incapacitation, organs of state administration issuing or withdrawing permits to foreigners wishing undertake business activity in Poland as well as concession authorities, registers of regulated business activity and licencing authorities are obliged to make their data and information available to the CEIDG. The imposed obligation, however, does not mean that the above entities comply with its provisions. As practice shows, the Exchange of information between the Central Register and Information on Business Activity and the obliged entities is still negligent. The paper also indicates certain other problems related to the functioning of the Central Register and Information on Business Activity, and the availability of an entrepreneur’s address if the same as the place in which business is conducted, in particular. Despite the shortcomings, however, there are advantages as well, such as. e.g. a fast track procedure for those wishing to undertake economic activity, or a creation of a register of representative offices. Nevertheless, the current regulation requires further amendments to improve the existing system.
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Artykuł dotyczy oceny funkcjonowania Centralnej Ewidencji i Informacji o Działalności Gospodarczej (CEIDG) jako sytemu teleinformatycznego powiązanego z innymi rejestrami publicznymi dostępnymi w formie elektronicznej. Konieczność istnienia takiego powiązania wynika wprost z treści ustawy z dnia 2 lipca 2004 r. o swobodzie działalności gospodarczej np. w celu weryfikacji danych wpisanych do CEIDG. Przeprowadzone w tej mierze badania wykazały, że początkowo ustawodawca nie uwzględniał konieczności przekazywania do CEIDG informacji zamieszczanych w innych rejestrach publicznych, ograniczając się wyłącznie do nałożenia na organy koncesyjne, organy prowadzące rejestry działalności regulowanej oraz organy właściwe do spraw zezwoleń i licencji obowiązków informacyjnych. Obecnie przepisy ustawy o swobodzie działalności gospodarczej zakładają udostępnianie danych i informacji do CEIDG przez sądy gospodarcze, Centralną Informację Krajowego Rejestru Sądowego, Krajowy Rejestr Karny, opiekunów i kuratorów w zakresie postanowień o ograniczeniu lub utracie zdolności do czynności prawnych, organy administracji rządowej w zakresie utraty przez cudzoziemców uprawnień stanowiących podstawę podejmowania działalności gospodarczej na terytorium RP, a także organy koncesyjne, organy prowadzące rejestry działalności regulowanej oraz organy właściwe do spraw zezwoleń licencji. Nie oznacza to jednak, że obowiązki te są wypełniane zgodnie z przepisami ustawy. Jak ukazuje praktyka, mimo istnienia obowiązków informacyjnych i funkcjonowania rejestrów publicznych wymiana informacji między tymi rejestrami a CEIDG jest znikoma. W dalszej części opracowania wskazano na problemy związane z funkcjonowaniem CEIDG, w szczególności w zakresie udostępniania adresu przedsiębiorcy jeśli jest taki sam jak miejsce wykonywania działalności. Nie sposób jednak nie dostrzec korzyści regulacji ułatwiającej podejmowanie działalności gospodarczej poprzez zintegrowanie wniosku (tzw. jedno okienko) czy też utworzenie rejestru przedstawicielstw. Wydaje się jednak, że obecna regulacja wymaga dalszych zmian w celu jej udoskonalenia.
This study presents a lexical semantic analysis of the French verb blaguer and related expressions. This verb belongs to a suite of “French humour practices”, and French-English dictionaries translate it as ‘to joke’. However, Anglo-specific terminology such as “joke” does not match the conceptual semantics of blaguer and its related noun blague. Relying on Anglo-specific terms to categorise culture-specific practices perpetuates conceptual and terminological Anglocentrism. This study furthers the call to avoid the dangers of sustaining Anglocentrism in the theoretical vocabulary of humour studies (Goddard & Mullan 2020; Goddard 2018; Wierzbicka 2014a). Working from the assumption that semantic categories reflect particular ways of speaking, thinking, and behaving, this study’s goal is to capture the insider perspective that French speakers have about the meaning of the verb blaguer and the noun blague. Making local understandings more obvious and accessible to cultural and linguistic outsiders will increase cross-cultural understanding and foster appreciation for the different ways that speakers construct and interpret their world with words (Levisen & Waters 2017). The analytical tool for this study is the technique of semantic explication couched in the simple cross-translatable and culture-neutral words of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (Goddard & Wierzbicka 2014). Carefully chosen example sentences are drawn from Google searches (google.fr) of authentic language use of the verb blaguer and the noun blague. Comparative reference is made to the verb ‘to joke’ from Australian English to highlight the differences in the conversational humour cultures of French and English speakers (Goddard & Mullan 2020; Béal & Mullan 2013, 2017).
Background: The aim of the paper was to present basic statistical data on occupational diseases diagnosed in 2012. Material and Methods: The work was based on the data from "Occupational Disease Reporting Forms" received by the Central Register of Occupational Diseases in 2012. The data comprised information on nosologic units, gender and age of patients, duration of occupational exposure, sections of the national economy and voivodeships. The incidence was specified in terms of the number of cases in relation to paid employees or to employed people. Results: The number of occupational diseases accounted for 2402 cases. The incidence rate was 23 cases per 100 000 paid employees. In spite of the general decline in the number of cases, the incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases increased by 8.6%. The highest incidence was noted for infectious and parasitic diseases (6.8/100 000), pneumoconioses (5.5/100 000), hearing loss (2.1/100 000), diseases of: the peripheral nervous system (2/100 000), voice disorders (1.9/100 000) and the musculo-skeletal system pathologies (1.1/100 000). The pathologies specified above accounted in total for 84% of all occupational diseases. The industrial sectors of the national economy characterized by the highest incidence included mining and quarrying (288.3/100 000) and manufacturing (27.8/100 000). The highest incidence was recorded in the Silesian (46.2/100 000) and the lowest in the Opolskie (4.2/100 000) voivodeships. Conclusions: The downward trend in the incidence of occupational diseases continues. Different incidence of voice disorders among teachers in individual provinces suggests that uniform preventive, diagnostic and certification standards are missing. Med Pr 2013;64(3):317–326
PL
Wstęp: W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe dane o chorobach zawodowych stwierdzonych w 2012 r. Materiał i metody: Podstawą opracowania były „Karty stwierdzenia choroby zawodowej” wystawione przez stacje sanitarno-epidemiologiczne w 2012 r. i przesłane do Centralnego Rejestru Chorób Zawodowych w Instytucie Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera w Łodzi. Dane przedstawiono z uwzględnieniem jednostek chorobowych, płci i wieku osób chorych, okresu narażenia w miejscu pracy na czynniki szkodliwe, które powodują stwierdzoną patologię, oraz w zależności od sekcji gospodarki narodowej i województw. Zapadalność scharakteryzowano za pomocą współczynników obliczanych w stosunku do liczby zatrudnionych lub liczby pracujących. Wyniki: Stwierdzono 2402 przypadki chorób zawodowych. Współczynnik zapadalności na 100 tys. zatrudnionych wynosił 23. Przy ogólnym spadku liczby chorób zawodowych w 2012 r. wzrosła o 56 (8,6%) liczba przypadków chorób zakaźnych lub pasożytniczych. Najwyższe współczynniki dotyczyły chorób zakaźnych lub pasożytniczych (6,8 na 100 tys. zatrudnionych), pylic płuc (5,5 na 100 tys.), ubytku słuchu (2,1 na 100 tys.), chorób obwodowego układu nerwowego (2 na 100 tys.), narządu głosu (1,9 na 100 tys.) i układu ruchu (1,1 na 100 tys.). Wymienione patologie stanowiły łącznie 84% wszystkich chorób zawodowych. Sekcjami gospodarki o charakterze przemysłowym, których dotyczyła najwyższa zapadalność, były górnictwo i wydobywanie (288,3 na 100 tys.) oraz przetwórstwo przemysłowe (27,9 na 100 tys.). Pod względem terytorialnego rozproszenia najwyższą zapadalność odnotowano w województwie śląskim (46,2 na 100 tys. pracujących), a najniższą w opolskim (4,2). Wnioski: Utrzymuje się tendencja spadkowa zapadalności na choroby zawodowe. Zróżnicowanie zapadalności w województwach na choroby narządu głosu u nauczycieli wskazuje na brak jednolitych standardów profilaktycznych, diagnostycznych i orzeczniczych. Med. Pr. 2013;64(3):317–326
Within the project “Pragmatics above grammar: Subjectivity and intersubjectivity in Estonian registers and text types” (PRG341) we are studying the expression of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in different written and spoken registers of modern Estonian. We focus on adverbs that function as discourse markers (e.g. vist ‘maybe, probably’, ilmselt ‘apparently, obviously’, tegelikult ‘actually’), markers that develop from main clauses containing cognition verbs that take sentence complements (e.g. (ma) arvan ‘I think’, usun ‘I believe’, (mulle) tundub ‘it seems (to me), it appears (that)’) as well as modal and performative verbs (e.g. võib (juhtuda) ‘can (happen)’, peaks (tulema) ‘should (come)’; kinnitan/väidan (olevat) ‘I affirm/claim’). The analysis combines quantitative corpus-linguistic and qualitative pragmatic approaches, thus belonging to the field of corpus pragmatics. Unlike previous studies of related topics, the project systematically compares the usage of markers in different registers (spoken, online communication, print texts) and text types. The pilot studies performed thus far have revealed several problems with the existing Estonian corpora, important in the study of pragmatics. Firstly, some text types are underrepresented or not represented at all, the text types cannot always be distinguished, and the particular text may not always correspond to the nominal text type (e.g. an academic text may contain quotes from texts of other types). All of this makes it difficult to do comparative statistical analysis of different text types. Secondly, the markers under examination are multifunctional and identifying their (inter)subjective function requires consideration of context broader than a single sentence. However, the public search systems for the existing corpora do not provide this context. For instance, the discourse marker function of cognition verbs is indicated primarily by the fact that the topic of the conversation or text follows through the subordinate clause, not the main clause. Since the available search systems do not provide context larger than a single sentence, the identification of the topic of the discourse, and therefore of the potential discourse-marker function of the verb, is made more difficult. To avoid these problems, the project working group is developing a new “Pragmatics” corpus, being created in the SketchEngine environment. The corpus is made up of 10 subcorpora representing different text types and registers. Each subcorpus contains roughly 500,000 words.
In this article we intend to present the theoretical bases for the contrastive study of colloquial and formal registers from a pragmatic point of view. Although we start from the point of view of contrastive linguistics, we consider that neither the comparison of the theoretical grammars of two languages, nor the description of specific actions of learners of an L2, can show the nuances of the formal and colloquial registers.Formal and colloquial registers should not be understood as watertight departments with no relationship between them, but as two extremes within the continuum of speech. Obviously, this continuum will differ depending on the language in question, since certain lexical, pragmatic or syntactic elements, among others, can be understood as corresponding to different registers.Now, how should we face the contrast of this continuum belonging to different languages? In the paper we present both the techniques used to measure the attitude of the interviewees regarding different elements of the colloquial and formal records, as well as the concepts that will help us to analyse the data obtained. Finally, the analysis can draw conclusions that refer to the learning process and the teaching process.
Przedmiot niniejszego opracowania dotyczy ram prawnych działalności realizowanej przez przedsiębiorców w sferze turystyki. W tym zakresie analiza odnosi się przede wszystkim do regulacji zawartych w Ustawie z dnia 29 sierpnia 1997 r. o usługach turystycznych (tekst jednolity: Dz. U. z 2014 r., poz. 196 z późn. zm.). Prowadzone rozważania zmierzają do realizacji dwóch celów badawczych. Pierwszym z nich jest przedstawienie statusu prawnego, jaki mają wybrane kategorie podmiotów gospodarczych działających w turystyce. Drugi sprowadza się do odpowiedzi na pytanie o rolę samorządu terytorialnego w działalności wspomnianych wyżej podmiotów. W odniesieniu do drugiego celu postawiono tezę, że samorząd terytorialny odgrywa istotną rolę w tej działalności. Analiza, którą przeprowadzono, po pierwsze pozwala na sformułowanie wniosku, że przedsiębiorcy turystyczni mają złożony status prawny, a po drugie potwierdza tezę o istotnej roli samorządu terytorialnego w działalności przedsiębiorców turystycznych. Przejawia się ona w szerokim zakresie uprawnień realizowanych przez marszałka województwa na podstawie ustawy o usługach turystycznych, np. w myśl art. 7 ust. 1, 2 i 3 ustawy marszałek województwa prowadzi specjalny rejestr dla przedsiębiorców turystycznych.
EN
The subject of this article refers to the legal frameworks of activity run by entrepreneurs in the sphere of tourism. In this realm the analysis concerns, firstly, regulations contained in the Tourism Services Act of 29 August 1997 (consolidated text: Journal of Laws of 2014, item 196, as amended). The ongoing considerations are aimed at carrying out two research goals. The first goal is to describe the legal status held by selected categories of economic entities active in tourism. The second goal is reduced to the answer to the question of what is the role of the territorial self-government in the activity of the above-mentioned entities. With reference to the second goal, the thesis has been submitted that the territorial self-government plays an important role in this activity. The analysis that has been made firstly allows the formulation of the conclusion that tourism entrepreneurs have a complicated legal status and, secondly, confirms the truthfulness of the thesis about the important role of the territorial self-government in the activity of tourism entrepreneurs. This role manifests itself in the wide range of powers of the marshal of the voivodeship on the basis of the Tourism Services Act (for example, according to article 7 items 1, 2 and 3 of the Tourism Services Act, the marshal of the voivodeship runs a special register for tourism entrepreneurs).
The usefulness of machine translators (MTs) is virtually indisputable. Although, until recently, they could be considered almost the ‘enemy’ of translators, the rise of technology in our profession has changed from a threat to an opportunity to broaden skills and take on new roles (Moorkens, 2018). MT has evolved since its inception and, in particular, Statistical MT (SMT) and Neural Network-based MT (NMT) systems have become very popular. One question that deserves particular attention is whether these automatic resources are just as effective for a humanistic-literary translation as they are for a specialised translation in the scientific-technical field. In this article, we have compared the degree of appropriateness of a corpus of EN>ES translations produced by around one hundred 4th year degree Translation and Interpreting students at the University of Córdoba. The analysis shows, as could be predicted, that, although it is always necessary to revise the automatic target text, in the case of humanistic-literary texts it is essential to use MT only as a basis for a ‘human’ translation. Furthermore, and very pertinently, the students’ translation results were better when the texts were related to their own lives or had social repercussions with which they could sympathise.
There are different formal structures which requests can be made with depending on the register used and the degree of courtesy. During the teaching process, these structures are introduced according to their recursiveness and difficulty, and not necessarily due to their courtesy. This can cause mismatches between the perception of requests in L2 and in L1. In this paper we intend to analyze if this is really the case, or if there are no differences in the perception of these structures in L1 and L2.
Introduction. The employees’ health condition depends to a large degree on occupational risks and occurrence of harmful physical, chemical and biological factors at work. These hazards are reflected in the incidence of occupational diseases. Purpose. Analysis of incidence of occupational diseases in 2004–2015 at the territory of the District Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Bielsko- Biala. Material and methodology. The source of information about occupational diseases in the city end District of Bielsko-Biała was data from individual occupational disease record sheets analysed in the Station. The analysis covered data on occupational diseases according to disease classification, gender, age and duration of exposure to harmful factors in the work environment. Results. The noted reduction in occupational disease incidence on the territory of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Station in Bielsko-Biała during the period of 2004–2015 correlated with the general declining tendency in Poland. In the city end District of Bielsko-Biala dominated chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal and nervous system, pneumoconiosis, hearing loss and chronic disease of speech organ prevailed, which was related to a longstanding exposure to harmful factors in the work environment. Conclusions. In the city and District of Bielsko-Biala the declining incidence tendency of occupational diseases is maintained. Analysing morbidity of particular occupational diseases in the city and District of Bielsko-Biala shows that dominating illnesses in this group are currently skin allergies, bronchial asthma, chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal and nervous system and hearing impairment
The solutions concerning the Central Register and Information on Economic Activity (CEIDG) regulated in the Act of 6 March 2018 on the Central Register and Information on Economic Activity and the Information Point for Entrepreneurs are analysed. The starting point of the analysis are the assumptions set out in the rationale for the draft act. Next, the changes introduced by the new act in terms of these assumptions, in particular with regard to the ordering of regulations, the division of data contained in CEIDG, their exchange and facilitations for entrepreneurs are assessed. The authoress also analyses the activities that are not subject to entry in the CEIDG (not registered) introduced by the provisions of the Act of 6 March 2018: Law on Entrepreneurs.
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Autorka poddaje analizie rozwiązania dotyczące Centralnej Ewidencji i Informacji o Działalności Gospodarczej (CEIDG) uregulowane w ustawie z 6 marca 2018 r. o Centralnej Ewidencji i Informacji o Działalności Gospodarczej i Punkcie Informacji dla Przedsiębiorcy. Za punkt wyjścia przyjmuje założenia określone w uzasadnieniu projektu ustawy i ocenia zmiany, jakie wprowadza nowa ustawa pod kątem tych założeń, w szczególności w zakresie uporządkowania przepisów, podziału danych zawartych w CEIDG, ich wymiany oraz ułatwień dla przedsiębiorców. Autorka analizuj także tzw. działalność niepodlegającą wpisowi do CEIDG (tzw. nieewidencjonowaną) wprowadzoną przepisami ustawy z 6 marca 2018 r. Prawo przedsiębiorców.
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