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1

The case against drug prohibition

100%
Orriols A., Thompson W., McAndrews M., Block W. E.
Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review
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2018
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vol. 24
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issue 2
49 - 60
EN
The case against drug prohibition is overwhelming. This law is to drugs what alcohol prohibition was to those substances: a disaster. Drug use, by and among consenting adults, is a victimless crime: it preys on the poor, lifts our inmate population into the stratosphere, has negative racial connotations and leads to needless deaths.
2

Logika deontyczna w Potopie Sienkiewicza

100%
Woleński J.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
|
2022
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vol. 50
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issue 1-4
395-405
EN
This paper offers an analysis of a conversation between Zagłoba and Roch Kowalski, two characters from Henryk Sienkiewicz’s The Deluge. The analysis was inspired by the occurrence of (deontic) terms within this dialogue. The question arises of whether both interlocutors are appealing to some principles of deontic logic. To answer this question, a fragment of deontic logic is reconstructed. It is shown that some parts of the conversation in question can be analyzed with help of formal-deontic devices.
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Prohibition of Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation: Analysis of CJEU and ECtHR Case Law Concerning Human Rights

100%
Bator-Bryła M.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2024
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vol. 59
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issue 4
203-241
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza znaczenia zakazu dyskryminacji ze względu na orientację seksualną w świetle przepisów pierwotnego i wtórnego prawa Unii Europejskiej oraz orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Autorka wysunęła następujące tezy: po pierwsze analiza orzecznictwa TSUE ujawnia widoczny dysonans pomiędzy stosowaniem regulacji krajowych państw członkowskich a przepisami prawa UE w badanym obszarze, co znacznie komplikuje realizację zakazu dyskryminacji ze względu na orientację seksualną w wymiarze praktycznym. Rozbieżności występują głównie w aktach prawa wewnętrznego poprzez niewłaściwe redagowanie krajowych przepisów prawnych lub ich błędną wykładnię przez właściwe krajowe organy. W szczególności, autorka konfrontuje przepisy państw członkowskich z  dyrektywą Rady 2000/78/WE ustanawiającą ogólne warunki ramowe równego traktowania w zakresie zatrudnienia i pracy. Analiza treści dyrektywy, uwzględniająca jej interpretację dokonaną przez TSUE w nielicznych orzeczeniach prowadzi do wniosku, że państwa członkowskie wdrażają przepisy dyrektywy w sposób nienależyty, a poziom ochrony przed dyskryminacją ze względu na orientację seksualną jest niewystarczający wobec wymogów prawa UE. Państwa członkowskie są zobligowane do przestrzegania prawa unijnego, co nie oznacza wyłącznie obowiązku  respektowania  przez organy państwowe aktów obowiązujących bezpośrednio, czy dokonania implementacji do prawa wewnętrznego, lecz również obowiązek wykładni i stosowania prawa wewnętrznego zgodnie z wymogami prawa unijnego. Druga teza jest wynikową przeanalizowania orzecznictwa TSUE w zakresie zakazu dyskryminacji dyskryminacji ze względu na orientację seksualną. Dyrektywy antydyskryminacyjne co prawda stanowią podstawę systemu antydyskryminacyjnego Unii Europejskiej szczególnie w obszarze zatrudnienia i pracy, jednakże zjawisko różnego traktowania występuje również  w innych sferach jak np. dostęp do dóbr i usług czy też edukacji, co wymaga przyjęcia kompleksowych rozstrzygnięć prawnych, celem efektywnego zwalczania dyskryminacji w praktycznym wymiarze.  
EN
This article analyses the importance of the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation in light of the primary and secondary legislation of the European Union, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. In the context of human rights protection, the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation is a key element of modern judicial rulings in Europe. Both the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) play crucial roles in shaping the standards for the protection of LGBT+ persons by interpreting legal provisions and issuing judgments that influence national legislation. Both institutions emphasize the importance of equal treatment within the framework of human rights, and their rulings contribute to the elimination of prejudice and discrimination. The analysis of the case law of the CJEU and ECtHR demonstrates how LGBT+ rights are integrated into the broader context of human rights protection, which in the long term may lead to changes in social norms and legislation in member states. The prohibition of discrimination, including on the grounds of sexual orientation, undoubtedly constitutes one of the main social and economic objectives of the European Union. This is reflected in the incorporation of this matter into EU primary law, secondary law, and CJEU jurisprudence. The Treaty on the European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) identify equality as one of the Union’s values, mandate its promotion, and call for combating all forms of discrimination, prohibiting discrimination based on specified criteria. Furthermore, national measures can be examined in light of the treaty provisions only to the extent that they apply to situations not covered by the treaty’s specific anti-discrimination provisions. The author proposes the following theses: firstly, an analysis of CJEU case law reveals a noticeable dissonance between the application of national regulations by member states and EU law in the examined area, which significantly complicates the practical implementation of the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation. Discrepancies mainly arise in national law due to improper drafting of national legal provisions or their erroneous interpretation by relevant national authorities. In particular, the author compares the regulations of member states with Council Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. An analysis of the directive’s content, considering its interpretation by the CJEU, leads to the conclusion that member states implement the directive incorrectly, and the level of protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation is insufficient compared to the requirements of EU law. Member states are obliged to comply with EU law, which includes not only the duty of state authorities to respect directly applicable acts or implement them into national law but also the obligation to interpret and apply national law in accordance with the requirements of EU law. The second thesis results from the analysis of CJEU case law regarding the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation. Although anti-discrimination directives form the foundation of the European Union’s anti-discrimination system, particularly in the areas of employment and occupation, the phenomenon of unequal treatment also occurs in other spheres such as access to goods and services or education. This necessitates the adoption of comprehensive legal measures to effectively combat discrimination. The study employs a comparative legal method, involving a comparative analysis of the legal acts of EU member states and the European Union regarding the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation. The comparison of EU acts and national norms reveals the extent of the implementation of the provisions of EU law in this area within the legal systems of EU member states. The aim of this analysis is, among other things, to diagnose areas where these states have improperly implemented provisions of EU law or have incorrectly interpreted them. However, due to the limited amount of case law in this area, the author has limited the analysis to a few judgments. The second method applied is the analysis of the case law of the CJEU. CJEU rulings constitute a significant part of the study, compelling the author to use the comparative method to analyse judgments based on the same or similar legal grounds in analogous circumstances within the framework of the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation. The author presents the following theses: firstly, an analysis of CJEU case law reveals a noticeable dissonance between the application of national regulations by member states and EU law in the examined area, which significantly complicates the practical implementation of the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation. Discrepancies mainly arise in national internal law due to improper drafting of national legal provisions or their erroneous interpretation by relevant national authorities. In particular, the author compares the regulations of member states with Council Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. An analysis of the directive's content, considering its interpretation by the CJEU in limited rulings, leads to the conclusion that member states implement the directive inadequately, and the level of protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation is insufficient compared to the requirements of EU law. Member states are obliged to comply with EU law, which not only includes the duty of state authorities to respect directly applicable acts or implement them into national law but also the obligation to interpret and apply national law in accordance with EU law requirements[1]. The second thesis results from the analysis of CJEU case law regarding the prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation. Although anti-discrimination directives form the foundation of the European Union's anti-discrimination system, particularly in the areas of employment and occupation, the phenomenon of unequal treatment also occurs in other spheres such as access to goods and services or education. This necessitates the adoption of comprehensive legal solutions to effectively combat discrimination in a practical dimension.    
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Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality in the Freedom of Movement of Persons within the EU in the Light of Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union

89%
Bator-Bryła M. P.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2021
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vol. 46
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issue 3
189-218
EN
The subject of this article is to analyze the meaning of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality in the light of the provisions of primary and secondary European Union law and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which is inherent to the functioning of the internal market and EU citizenship. The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of nationality is undoubtedly one of the main goals of the European Union[1] in the social and economic context, which was reflected in the localization of the matter in question in the primary law of the European Union[2], in secondary law and in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The Treaty on European Union (TEU)[3] and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)[4] indicate equality as one of the EU values (Article 2 TEU), require it to be promoted and combat all discrimination (Articles 8 and 10 TFEU) and prohibit discrimination due to the criteria indicated therein (Articles 18 and 19 TFEU). In secondary law, this principle was expressed primarily in the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 492/2011 on the free movement of workers within the Union and in art. 24 of Directive 2004/38/EC 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their relatives to move freely[5]. A special role in this area is played by the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which stated that all authorities of the Member States are obliged to refuse to apply a provision of national law that is contrary to the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of citizenship (Article 18 TFEU)[6]. Moreover, national measures may be examined in the light of art. 18 TFEU, but only to the extent that they apply to situations not covered by specific non-discrimination provisions included in the Treaty[7]. The author puts forward the thesis that the analysis of CJEU jurisprudence reveals a visible dissonance between the application of national regulations of the Member States and the provisions of EU law in this matter, which significantly hinders the implementation of the principle of non-discrimination in practice. Discrepancies mainly occur in domestic legal acts due to the improper drafting of national legal provisions and / or their misinterpretation by national judicial or administrative authorities. It should be emphasized that the Member States are obliged to comply with EU law, which is not tantamount only to the obligation of state authorities to respect directly applicable acts, or to implement required regulations into internal law, but also the obligation to interpret and apply internal law in a manner that does not violate the requirement resulting from EU law[8]. Judicial and administrative authorities of the Member States should therefore interpret national law as far as possible, in line with EU law, because the limits of the pro-EU interpretation will be determined by the powers conferred by domestic law[9]. The study uses the legal-comparative method, consisting in a comparative analysis of the legal systems of the Member States and the European Union in the field of non-discrimination on the basis of nationality, rights and restrictions on the freedom of movement of authorized entities. Comparative verification of EU acts with the internal standards of individual EU Member States allows to reveal the degree of advancement of the implementation process of EU law provisions under the free movement of EU citizens and their family members in the discussed area in the legal systems of European Union Member States. The purpose of this analysis is to, inter alia, diagnose areas in which these countries have not implemented or improperly implemented EU regulations, or have misinterpreted them. The second method used is the method of analyzing the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union - the rulings of the CJEU constitute a significant part of the study. The case law in question covers the period from the establishment of the Treaties of Rome to the present day. The use of the latter obligated the author to apply the comparative method of judgments based on same or similar legal bases in similar circumstances from different stages of the evolution of the free movement of citizens of the European Union and their family members under the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of nationality. [1] Cf. Olivier De Schutter, Links between migration and discrimination. A legal analysis of the situation in EU Member States (Brussels: European Commission, 2016), 102 and next; See also Brita Sundberg-Weitman, Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality. Free Movement of Workers and Freedom of Establishment under the EEC Treaty (Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1977). [2] Erica Szyszczak, “Antidiscrimination Law in the European Union,” Fordham International Law Journal, no. 32 (2008): 635. [3] The Treaty on European Union (consolidated version) OJ of the EU 2012, No. C 326/01. [4] The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (consolidated version) OJ of the EU 2012, No. C 326/01. [5] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2004/38 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No. 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC (O.J.E.C. L 158, 30 April 2004). [6] CJEU Judgement of 7 May 1998, Clean Car Autoservice GmbH p. Landeshauptmann von Wien, Case C-350/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:205. [7] CJEU Judgement of 18 June 2019, Republic of Austria v Federal Republic of Germany, Case C-591/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:504, pt 41. [8] Marek Górski, “Wpływ orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości na interpretację i stosowanie przepisów o ochronie środowiska,” in Wspólnotowe prawo ochrony środowiska i jego implementacja  w Polsce trzy lata po akcesji, ed. Jerzy Jendrośka and Magdalena Bar (Wrocław: Centrum Prawa Ekologicznego Press, 2008), 31. [9] Monika Niedźwiedź, “Stosowanie prawa wspólnotowego przez organy administracyjne,” Casus, no. 32 (October 2004): 6.
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A Recurring Phenomenon: The Lawful Sanctions Clause in the Definition of Torture and the Question of Judicial Corporal Punishment under International Human Rights Law

88%
Karapetyan A.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2016
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vol. 36
137-161
EN
Despite the universal condemnation of torture, the prevention of appalling practices of ill-treatment has not been achieved in the 21st century. The repugnant practice persists and even increases because of the disingenuous interpretations of the definition of torture and the lack of effective enforcement mechanisms. Notwithstanding the cogency of the absolute and non-derogable prohibition of torture, particularly regarding the treatment of detainees, nowadays corporal punishment as a punitive measure is arguably a recurring phenomenon in several former British colonies and in States where the legal system is based on Islamic Sharia. While several legally binding universal and regional instruments prohibit torture in general terms, with no specific definition, the scope of the Convention against Torture’s definition was narrowed down by the lawful sanctions clause. The universality of the definition has been undermined by the inclusion of this clause, since different States have different practices when it comes to lawful and unlawful sanctions. The intractable problem of the interpretation of the definition by the State-Parties and the lack of effective control mechanisms has perennially posed the greatest challenge with respect to compliance with International Human Rights Law. In light of the above, this article seeks to critically dissect the lawful sanctions clause within the context of corporal punishment.
6

Poker a zakłady wzajemne – gry hazardowe online po nowelizacji ustawy hazardowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wpływów z opodatkowania

75%
Frańczuk M., Knurowska I.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2013
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issue 919
19-32
EN
The study presents a reflection on the effects of changes in the Act of 19 November 2009 on gambling (Journal of Laws of 2009 No. 201, item. 1540, as amended). The paper highlights the key issues of a legal regulation on the clear statutory prohibition of organising and participating in online games such as poker, while allowing the possibility of organising and participating in online games, which are a form of betting. The main focus is on the impact of changes to the existing regulations on the activation of the shadow economy and tax revenues. The paper presents comparative legal mechanisms used on these issues under foreign laws of some West European countries.
7
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Italian, European and International Constitutional Views Between the Parliamentary Imperative Mandate, Its Prohibition and the Phenomenon of ‘Transfughismo’

75%
Giulimondi F.
Teka Komisji Prawniczej
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2025
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vol. 18
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issue 2
197-214
EN
The age-old issue of the so-called “transfughismo” has sometimes particularly incisive consequences on the dynamics of democracy as well as on opposition-majority relations. “Transfughismo” is the defecting of parliamentarians, once elected in a certain parliamentary group, who then switch to another parliamentary group, usually in support of the Government. The impact of this so-called “change of uniform” undoubtedly concerns aspects of political nature, nevertheless the origin of the problem is purely constitutional. Most of the Charters, both in Europe and outside its borders, provide for the prohibition of the imperative mandate: they consider the parliamentarian to represent the entire nation. The comparative debate is leading constitutionalists and institutions to reflect on the reintroduction of the imperative mandate, that is the obligation of the deputy or senator to strictly comply with the indications of the Party or parliamentary group, under penalty of forfeiture of the positions they hold in the Parliament, including the role of parliamentarian tout court. The elected, with the introduction of the imperative mandate (as is already provided for in some Constitutions, i.e., the Portuguese one), does not represent the nation but the party that nominated him. This paper examines numerous European, American and Asian constitutions, scrutinizing their similarities and differences, thus reflecting on which path could be most consistent with the most recent law amendments, the material constitution’s change and the voters’ actual expectations. Particular attention will be given to the institutions of the Popular recall, the Abberufungsrecht, the Amtsenthebungsrecht and the Impeachment.
8
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Parki narodowe – wnioski de lege ferenda (cz. I)

75%
Radecka E.
Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
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2022
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vol. 1(XXII)
101-116
EN
The article aims to synthetically and critically discuss the proposed change in the legal status regarding the highest form of nature protection in Poland, i.e. national parks. The article will assess whether the new regulations will effectively ensure the protective function, and if so, to what level, and whether – and if so, to what extent – the new regulation will remove evident defects of the currently binding Nature Protection Act. The discussion will first refer to the wording of the regulations, and then the criticism of these solutions will be carried out with simultaneous formulation of de lege ferenda conclusions. The author’s intention is to develop the subject in a series of articles. This approach is justified by the comprehensive nature of the issues regulated by the Act. The first article, hereby submitted to you, explains selected problems concerning the creation of national parks, legal regime of this form of protection and the system of exemption from prohibitions. The results of the presented analysis have not been presented to readers so far and cover only Polish law. The innovative nature of this research results from the fact that these issues are not the subject of studies in legal scholarship.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu syntetyczne i krytyczne omówienie proponowanej zmiany stanu prawnego1 dotyczącej najwyższej formy ochrony przyrody, jaką w Polsce są parki narodowe. Dokonana zostanie w nim ocena, czy nowe regulacje skutecznie zrealizują funkcję ochronną, a jeśli tak, to w jakim stopniu, oraz czy – a jeśli tak, to w jakim zakresie – nowa regulacja usunie ewidentne wadliwości aktualnie obowiązującej ustawy o ochronie przyrody. Rozważania będą prowadzone najpierw poprzez nawiązanie do brzmienia przepisów, a następnie przeprowadzona zostanie krytyka tych rozwiązań z jednoczesnym formułowaniem wniosków de lege ferenda. Zamysł autorki zakłada opracowanie tematyki w ramach cyklu artykułów. Zabieg ten uzasadniony jest obszernością regulowanych ustawą zagadnień. Pierwszy z artykułów, przedłożony do Państwa rąk, wyjaśnia wybrane problemy dotyczące tworzenia parków narodowych, reżimu prawnego tej formy ochronnej oraz systemu wyłączania obowiązywania zakazów. Wyniki zaprezentowanej analizy nie były dotychczas prezentowane czytelnikom i obejmują wyłącznie prawo polskie. Nowatorski charakter tych badań wynika z faktu, że tematyka ta nie stanowi przedmiotu opracowań w doktrynie.
9
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Wolność a zakaz prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej

63%
Mamiński M.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2021
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vol. 19
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issue 4
109-116
EN
The article seeks to highlight the issue of the essence of freedom to conduct a business and the possibility of its prohibition. This work presents the constitutional basis for freedom of  establishment, indicating what economic activity idea actually is. It also points out how and on what basis it can be limited. The author focuses foremost on the purpose of any business restriction while analyzing the issue based on individual legal sectors.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na zagadnienie dotyczące istoty wolności prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej oraz możliwości jej zakazania. Niniejsza praca ukazuje konstytucyjne podstawy wolności prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej, wskazując przy tym, czym naprawdę jest działalność gospodarcza i w jaki sposób, a także na jakiej postawie jej prowadzenie może zostać ograniczone. Autor skupia uwagę, przede wszystkim na celowości wszelkich ograniczeń związanych z prowadzeniem działalności gospodarczej, analizując przy tym zagadnienie na podstawie poszczególnych gałęzi prawa.
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Z problematyki zakazu prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej

63%
Badziak J., Ewa U.
Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa
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2015
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issue 6 (785)
28-35
PL
Ustawa z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. Kodeks karny nie definiuje pojęcia „działalność gospodarcza”, którym posługuje się m.in. w treści art. 41 § 2. Powstaje zatem wątpliwość jaki zakres znaczeniowy nadawać należy temu pojęciu na gruncie zakazu prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej. W doktrynie prawa karnego powstały w tym zakresie dwie przeciwstawne koncepcje. Celem pracy jest analiza zagadnień z tym związanych, w szczególności odwołanie się do przepisów prawa podatkowego, w którym funkcjonuje kilka definicji legalnych działalności gospodarczej.
EN
The act of 6 June 1997 Criminal Code has never defined the term "economic activity", which is specified in art. 41 § 2. The lack of definition gives rise to serious questions about semantic range of this expression as regards a business activity-prohibiting. In criminal law has developed the two opposing concepts which determine the direction of its interpretation. The aim of this article is to analyze issues related to it, in particular through recourse to tax law, where there are several legal definitions of this term.
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Zakaz zawarcia małżeństwa w Kodeksie Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r. i instrukcji procesowej Dignitas connubii

63%
Kołbuc M.
Kościół i Prawo
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2012
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issue 1(14)
179-194
EN
It is necessary to meet the several prerequisites for legally binding prohibition of entering a marriage. The first prerequisite is prohibition issued by a competent church authority – the tribunal of first instance or the tribunal of appeal, the second one is prohibition addressed to certain person – which causes the nullity of the marriage concerned, or people – if this cause concerned each parties. Reasonable causes for the grounds of imposing a prohibition determine the third significant element. Legislator mentions judgment of nullity by reason of a permanent incapacity and absolutely impotent. In these circumstances a vetitum is obligatory, however there is also vetitum possibility by declaration of nullity by reason of simulation or deception. It is necessary to give rational arguments by a Tribunal while adding a vetitum to the sentence. In the case at issue tribunal should consider all the circumstances significant for the case, so that moralis certitudo was achieved.
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,,Czy wprowadzić częściową prohibicję?” Sposoby przeciwdziałania zjawisku pijaństwa w województwie śląskim w drugiej połowie lat 40. XX wieku

63%
Mokrosz J., Hojka Z., Ruchniewicz M.
Zaranie Śląskie. Seria druga
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2023
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vol. 9
74-90
EN
After World War II, the phenomenon of alcohol abuse was noted throughout Poland. Military officers, militiamen, UB officers, ORMO officers, and party activists tended to fall into addiction. Drunkenness was observed among professional chauffeurs, clerks and representatives of managerial cadres. Skilled and unskilled workers succumbed to it. There was mass drinking in both urban and rural areas. Women, young people and even children did not shy away from alcohol at that time. Based on archival and press sources, the article presents the scale of the alcohol abuse phenomenon in the Silesian Voivodeship in the years 1945-1950 and the measures taken to curb it. Available monographic studies were also used to show the supra-regional background of the problem involving various social groups in the post-war Poland.
PL
Po II wojnie światowej w całej Polsce odnotowywano zjawisko nadużywania alkoholu. W nałóg popadali wojskowi, milicjanci, funkcjonariusze UB, ORMO-wcy, i działacze partyjni. Pijaństwo obserwowano wśród zawodowych szoferów, urzędników i przedstawicieli kadr kierowniczych. Ulegali mu wykwalifikowani i niewykwalifikowani robotnicy. Masowo pito zarówno w miastach jak i na wsi. Od alkoholu nie stroniła w tym czasie kobity, młodzież, a nawet dzieci. Na podstawie źródeł archiwalnych i prasowych w artykule przedstawiono skalę zjawiska alkoholizmu występującego w województwie śląskim w latach 1945–1950 oraz działania podjęte w celu jego ograniczenia. Do ukazania ponadregionalnego tła problemu obejmującego w powojennej Polsce różne grup społecznych wykorzystano także dostępne opracowania monograficzne.
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Zakaz uprawiania handlu i dokonywania transakcji przez duchownych Kościoła katolickiego

63%
Gałkowski T.
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
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2016
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vol. 25
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issue 2
79-90
EN
The article discusses the issues concerning the norm included in can. 286 of The Code of Canon Law. The author presented the rationale of this norm in its historical development, made a linguisticlogical and purposeful interpretation of it, and showed different forms of prohibited and allowed activity of the clerics in the field of trade and business.
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Refleksje na temat art. 62 ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii na tle karnoprawnym i konstytucyjnym

63%
Tkaczyk-Rymanowska K.
Ius Novum
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2021
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vol. 15
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issue 1
47-66
EN
The article presents a few critical comments on the regulations laid down in Articles 62-62b Act on the prevention of drug addiction of 2005. The paper aims to draw attention to some doubts that the regulation raises not only because of the subject matter referred to in Article 62 but also due to the context of the constitutional provisions. It is an attempt to answer the question about the legal reason for criminalising the possession of psychotropic substances. The author presents a thesis that drug ‘use’ and ‘possession’ should be treated by law similarly and more as a social or medical problem than a criminal one, although it is not so in the present legal state, which is confirmed by the case law and literature referred to in the article. Penalisation of drug possession constitutes excessive entry in the forefield of prohibited acts and, as a result, leads to repressing consumers of psychoactive drugs by creating a separate category of offenders and offences. In the author’s opinion, the possession of small amounts of drugs for one’s own use should be rather treated in terms of social pathology (like prostitution or suicide), which should not generate criminal liability. The article also presents an analysis of Article 62 Act on the prevention of drug addiction from the perspective of Article 31 and Article 47 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As a result, the author draws a conclusion that the provision of Article 62 referred to herein does not pass the so-called proportionality test and is unconstitutional.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano kilka uwag krytycznych pod adresem regulacji zawartych w art. 62–62b Ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii z 2005 roku. Celem tej publikacji jest zwrócenie uwagi na wątpliwości, jakie budzi wspomniana regulacja nie tylko od strony przedmiotowej opisanej w art. 62 ustawy, ale i w kontekście przepisów konstytucyjnych. Stanowi więc ona próbę odpowiedzi na pytania o ratio legis kryminalizowania posiadania środków psychoaktywnych. Autorka wysuwa tezę, iż „używanie” i „posiadanie” powinny być w zakresie regulacji prawnych traktowane podobnie, bardziej jako problem społeczny czy medyczny, a nie prawnokarny, choć w aktualnym stanie prawnym tak nie jest, o czym świadczą prezentowane w pracy orzecznictwo oraz zgromadzona literatura. Karalność posiadania stanowi zbyt duże wyjście na przedpole czynu zabronionego i w konsekwencji prowadzi do represjonowania konsumentów środków psychoaktywnych, tworząc odrębną kategorię przestępców i przestępstw. Posiadanie na własny użytek niewielkich ilości narkotyków powinno być, zdaniem Autorki, rozpatrywane w kategoriach bardziej patologii społecznych (podobnie jak prostytucja, samobójstwo), które to zjawiska nie powinny generować odpowiedzialności karnej. W prezentowanym artykule dokonana została także analiza art. 62 ustawy w kontekście art. 31 ust 3 oraz art. 47 Konstytucji RP, w wyniku której Autorka doszła do wniosku, iż wskazany przepis art. 62 ustawy nie spełnia tzw. testu proporcjonalności i jest niezgodny z Konstytucją.
15
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Propozycja wykładni zasady zakazu spożywania owoców z zatrutego drzewa – przyczynek do dyskusji

55%
Kotowski A.
Studia Prawnicze
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2015
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issue 2 (202)
5-36
EN
The article presents theoretical issues related to the interposition to Polish criminal procedure rules known as „prohibition of eating the fruit of the poisonous tree”. The study addressed the following issues: 1) the interpretation of the article 168a of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the version after 1 July 2015; 2) some of the issues related to the possible problems with applicaton of this rule, and 3) axiology and theoretical legitimacy of this regulation.
16

Stan cywilny osób homoseksualnych a zasada niedyskryminacji w orzecznictwie TSUE na tle odpowiedzi na pytanie prejudycjalne w sprawie c-267/12 – Frédéric Hay przeciw Credit Agricole mutuel de charente-maritime et des deux-sèvres

55%
Schulz A. N.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2015
|
issue 2 (202)
83-98
EN
The text shows impact of the EU law on the internal legal order in question sat the edge of competences of the Members States, as matters of civil status stay beyond the exclusive competences of the EU. The ECJ develops previous case-law concerning relation between the non-discrimination rule and sex-orientation in the labor matters. In the light of the Council Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, the CJEU treated the French PACS concluded by a homosexual couple at the same way as a marriage in spite of the fact that the French legislation had highly differentiated both statuses at the moment when the facts of the case took place. The provisions of “the bank collective agreement, […] under which an employee who concludes a civil solidarity pact with a person of the same sex is not allowed to obtain the same benefits, such as days of special leave and a salary bonus, as those granted to employees on the occasion of their marriage, where the national rules of the Member State concerned do not allow persons of the same sex to marry” create a direct discrimination in the light of the Art.2(2)(a) of Directive2000/78/EC.
17
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Co je v právu dovoleno a co je zakázáno:

51%
Tryzna J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2020
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vol. 159
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issue 11
886-889
EN
The paper strives to answer a seemingly apparent question about permitted and forbidden behavior in law. The aim is to show that the answer is complicated not only due to the fact, that law is a very complex system of legal rules. The true nature rests in fact, that rules comprised in law are quite often deliberately challenged by their recipients. The paper strives to show the cause and present examples. Inter alia, there is tension between the concept of democracy and concept of human rights present in the background.
CS
Text hledá odpověď na zdánlivě samozřejmou otázku týkající se toho, jaké chování je v právu dovoleno či zakázáno. Snaží se dokázat, že odpověď je složitá nikoliv pouze z toho důvodu, že současné právo představuje mimo jiné velmi složitý soubor pravidel chování, nýbrž také proto, že je mnohdy záměrně a soustavně zpochybňován obsah těchto pravidel jejich adresáty. Příčiny tohoto jevu se snaží odhalit a ukázat na příkladech. V pozadí se odhaluje napětí mezi konceptem demokracie a konceptem lidských práv.
18
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Problem legalizacji narkotyków miękkich w Polsce na tle regulacji prawnych przyjętych w Republice Czeskiej oraz w Królestwie Niderlandów

51%
Fiedukowicz M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 76
PL
Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przybliżenie unormowań prawnych odnoszących się do problematyki legalizacji oraz dostępności narkotyków miękkich w Polsce. W oparciu o regulacje prawa międzynarodowego, a także najważniejsze akty prawa wewnątrzwspólnotowego wskazuje się na zasadnicze przyczyny, dla których depenalizacja zachowań polegających na posiadaniu bądź też wytwarzaniu tzw. soft drugs nie jest obecnie możliwa. Zestawienie przepisów karnych polskiej ustawy narkotykowej pozwala wytyczać pożądane kierunki zmian w polskim modelu prohibicyjnym. W tym kontekście autor prezentuje podstawowe założenia polityk antynarkotykowych przyjętych w Republice Czeskiej oraz w Królestwie Niderlandów, jako państw o mniej restrykcyjnym (radykalnym) podejściu do kwestii posiadania narkotyków. Podjęte rozważania pozwalają ostatecznie na sformułowanie odpowiedzi na pytanie: Czy zasadne jest zalegalizowanie chociażby tzw. „narkotyków miękkich”, czy też należy pozostawić obowiązujące unormowania prawne bez zmian, karząc zawsze i za każdy przejaw posiadania narkotyków i to bez względu na ich rodzaj?
EN
The aim of this publication is to bring closer legal regulations referring to issues of legalization and availability of soft drugs in Poland. Basing on regulations of the international law as well as on the most important acts of the intra-Community law fundamental reasons are indicated for which depenalization of behaviours such as the possession or production of the so-called soft drugs is not at present possible. Comparing regulations of penalties of the Polish drug act allows setting necessary guidelines for changes to the Polish prohibition model. In this context the author is presenting fundamental assumptions of the anti-drug policies adopted in the Netherlands and Czech Republic as the states with a less restrictive (radical) approach to the issue of drug possession. The considerations undertaken allow finally formulating an answer to a question: Is it reasonable to legalize at least the so-called ‘soft drugs’ or should the binding legal regulations be maintained without changes, punishing always and for every manifestation of drug possession and irrespectively of a type of drugs?
19
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DEONTIC MODALITY AND MODALS IN THE LANGUAGE OF CONTRACTS

45%
MATULEWSKA A.
Comparative Legilinguistics
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2010
|
vol. 2
75-92
PL
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie najbardziej typowych metod wyrażania modalności deontycznej (tj. nakazu, zakazu i przyzwolenia) w brytyjskich, amerykańskich i polskich umowach. Autorka dokonuje analizy 45 umów sformułowanych w polskim, amerykańskimi brytyjskim języku prawniczym. Zanalizowano następujące umowy: (i) umowy przeniesienia własności, (ii) umowy sprzedaży, (iii) umowy najmu i dzierżawy, (iv) umowy logistyczne (dystrybucji i magazynowania), (v) umowy spółek kapitałowych i osobowych, (vi) umowy świadczenia usług, (vii) umowy o dzieło, umowy zlecenia oraz umowy o pracę. Autorka przedstawia przykłady i dokonuje zestawienia wykładników modalności deontycznej w tabelach. Zebrane przykłady mogą stanowić ekwiwalenty przekładowe zgodnie z zasadą stosowania ekwiwalencji tekstowo-normatywnej (cf. Kierzkowska 2002).
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present most typical methods of expressing deontic modality, namely obligation, prohibition and permission in Polish, American and British contracts. The author has analyzed the corpora of about 45 contracts formulated in British-English, American-English and Polish, namely: (i) deeds of conveyance, (ii) contracts of sale, (iii) contracts of lease, (iv) logistic contracts, (v) deeds of partnership and company-related contracts, (vi) contracts for rendering services and (vii) contracts of employment. After presenting the exponents of deontic modality, the author compiles the results in tables to show potential translative equivalents. The listing of such exponents of modality may serve translation purposes in accordance with textual-normative equivalence (cf. Kierzkowska 2002).
20
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Instrumenty ochrony prawnej osoby doznającej przemocy domowej w świetle ustawy o Policji

45%
Gadomska-Radel A.
Przegląd Policyjny
|
2024
|
vol. 153(1)
EN
Domestic violence is an important social problem which is constantly on the increase and therefore leads to the victimisation of victims. The perpetrator, by his actions, violates the basic rights of the victim, namely his dignity, freedom and personal inviolability. Therefore, there was a need both to improve the proceedings and to increase the effectiveness of the existing legal solutions for the protection of victims of domestic violence, as well as to introduce in the current legal order additional new protection instruments aimed at the rapid isolation of the perpetrator of domestic violence from the victim, not only in the shared flat, but also in another place. The instruments of legal protection of victims of domestic violence introduced in the Police Act in the form of an injunction and prohibition, a restraining order, a contact ban or an entry ban undoubtedly show more effective protection of the interests of the victims of domestic abuse and are the most effective way of stopping it. Immediate isolation of the victim of domestic violence from the violent person ensures the safety of the victim, improves his/her situation and contributes to the prevention of the problem.
ES
La violencia doméstica es un importante problema social que sigue persistiendo y que, en consecuencia, conduce a la victimización de las víctimas. El agresor, con sus acciones, viola los derechos básicos de la víctima, a saber, su dignidad, libertad e inviolabilidad corporal. Por lo tanto, es necesario tanto mejorar los procedimientos y aumentar la eficacia de las soluciones jurídicas existentes para la protección de la persona que sufre violencia doméstica, como introducir en el ordenamiento jurídico vigente nuevos instrumentos de protección adicionales destinados a aislar rápidamente al autor de la violencia doméstica de la víctima, no sólo en el piso ocupado conjuntamente, sino también en otro lugar. Los instrumentos de protección jurídica de las personas que sufren violencia doméstica introducidos en la Ley de policía en forma de mandamiento judicial y prohibición, orden de alejamiento, orden de no contacto o prohibición de entrada expresan sin duda una protección más eficaz de los intereses de las víctimas de la violencia y son la forma más eficaz de ponerle fi n. El aislamiento inmediato de la víctima de violencia doméstica de la persona violenta garantiza la seguridad de la víctima, mejora su situación y contribuye a la prevención del fenómeno.
PL
Przemoc domowa stanowi istotny problem społeczny, który nie traci na aktualności i w konsekwencji prowadzi do wiktymizacji ofiar. Sprawca swoim działaniem narusza podstawowe prawa ofiary, a mianowicie jej godność, wolność i nietykalność cielesną. W związku z tym zaistniała konieczność zarówno usprawnienia postępowania i zwiększenia skuteczności funkcjonujących rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie ochrony osoby doznającej przemocy domowej, jak i wprowadzenia w obowiązującym porządku prawnym dodatkowych nowych instrumentów ochrony mających na celu szybkie izolowanie sprawcy przemocy domowej od ofiary, nie tylko we wspólnie zajmowanym mieszkaniu, ale także w innym miejscu. Wprowadzone do ustawy o Policji instrumenty ochrony prawnej osób doznających przemocy domowej w postaci nakazu i zakazu, zakazu zbliżania, zakazu kontaktowania lub zakazu wstępu niewątpliwie stanowią wyraz efektywniejszego zabezpieczenia interesów ofiar przemocy i są najskuteczniejszym sposobem jej przerwania. Natychmiastowe odizolowanie osoby doznającej przemocy domowej od osoby stosującej przemoc zapewnia bezpieczeństwo ofierze, wpływa na poprawę jej sytuacji i przyczynia się do przeciwdziałania temu zjawisku.
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