Search results

1

The Right to Participate in the Consultations on the Participatory Budget in the Light of Legislation and the Case Law of Administrative Courts in Poland

100%

Lotko E., Zawadzka-Pąk U. K.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 2

191-220

EN

In the practice of the Polish local and regional government, participatory budgeting has been used since 2011, and was the first one introduced in Sopot. It is a form of consultation with residents on the allocation of a portion of the budgetary expenses of a unit of the local or regional government, most often a city. This is a special type of procedure in which residents participate in the creation of the budget of a city (municipality), thereby jointly determining the distribution of a certain pool of public funds. In the first years of the application of participatory budgeting in Poland, a very general legal authorization was used to allow consultations with residents. It was only after several years of grassroots use of participatory budgeting that it was regulated in the Polish legal system in the Act of January 11, 2018 amending certain acts. Since then, it has become a mandatory form of public consultation in cities with district rights. The procedure for participatory budgeting in municipalities is generally regulated in Article 5a of the Act on the commune-level local government. The application of participatory budgeting in Poland has resulted in an extensive case law of administrative courts, hence the purpose of this paper is to determine the group of those entitled to participate in public consultations on participatory budgeting in light of the law and the case law of administrative courts. Using the dogmatic-legal method enabled a positive evaluation of the adopted research hypothesis that the provisions of local law that designate the group of entities entitled to participate in participatory budgeting procedure is restrictive compared to the provisions of the applicable statute.

2

Sprawy z zakresu ubezpieczeń społecznych w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego w świetle przepisów dotyczących koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego w Unii Europejskiej

100%

Ślebzak K.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2015

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vol. XIII

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issue 2

53-70

EN

The article overviews the most important judicial decisions of the Supreme Court concerning application of the provisions on the EU social security systems coordination, which have been issued since Regulations No 883/2004 and 987/2009 came into force. The analysis allows identifying two major categories of cases. The first relates to disputes concerning determination of the applicable legislation, including delegation of employees to work on the territory of another member state and simultaneous pursuit of activities in two or more member states. The other category concerns awarding of benefits, in particular old age pensions. In this category one can distinguish such issues as application of the principle of equal treatment of benefits, income, facts or events, and relation between coordination regulations, both currently and previously biding ones, as well as bilateral agreements. The issues in questions seem to be dynamic. To a large extent this is due to the changing socio-economic conditions, which labour-related migration is subject to. Moreover, as regards the sphere of social security it may take several decades from the time one becomes subject to social security until they acquire rights to benefits under the laws of various EU member states. All this makes the ability to apply intertemporal rules, as well as the general principles of social coordination, which allow courts to arrive at fair and lawful decisions on matters concerning the specific individual questions, very important.

3

The practice of applying the provision of Article 297 of the Polish Penal Code

100%

Gutbier K.

Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii

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2018

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vol. 25

197-222

EN

The aim of the publication is to present the results of research on the issue of the application of the provision of Article 297 of Polish Penal Code in practice and an attempt to evaluate them and an attempt to formulate conclusions.The features characterizing the offense under Article 297 § 1 of Polish Penal Code, which reads as follows: who, in order to obtain for himself or someone else, from a bank or organizational unit conducting similar economic activity under the Act or from an authority or institution with public funds - credit, monetary loan, surety, guarantee, letter of credit, subsidy, subsidy, confirmation by the bank of a liability arising from a surety or a guarantee or similar cash payment for a specific business purpose, payment instrument or public contract, submit counterfeit,converted, attesting untruth or unreliable document or unreliable written statement regarding circumstances of significant importance in order to obtain the mentioned financial support,payment instrument or order, it is punishable by imprisonment up from 3 months to 5 years.Discussed are also the indications of committing an act consisting in abandoning the notification in Article 297 § 2 of Polish Penal Code, worded as follows: who, in breach of a binding obligation, does not notify the relevant entity of the situation that may affect the cessation or limitation of the financial support referred to in § 1 or the public order or the possibility of further use of the electronic payment instrument.Next, the methodology of the research was described in detail. The research was of an files nature and concerned final judgments issued by courts of second instance. The time period of researches was from 2012 to 2016. A purposeful selection was also made due to the legal qualification of the deed on the basis of which the conviction was handed down in the first instance, i.e. the offenses under Article 297 of Polish Penal Code. Then the results of the research were presented and an attempt was made to comment on the results obtained. The conclusions from the research indicated, among others, the cases of lack of correct understanding of the provision, confusion of concepts, unnecessary automatic cumulative classification of the deed,narrowing the use of the instruments mentioned in the provision to credits, loans and subsidies,and many more cases.

4

Postavení Nejvyššího soudu v právním státě a jeho role při sjednocování judikatury

88%

Šámal P.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2018

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vol. 157

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issue 4

283-302

EN

This article focuses on the position of the Supreme Court in the Czech judicial system from the perspective of its role in the unification of case law. It is divided into three separate parts examining the relationship between i) the Supreme Court and the Court of Justice of the EU and the European Court of Human Rights, ii) the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, iii) the Supreme Court and lower courts. Purpose of the article rests, besides the theoretical grasp of the issue, in pointing out the individual practical overlaps of the subject matter. In the context of examining the relationship between the Supreme Court, the Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights, the author highlights the importance of the Supreme Court in facilitating the correct application of the case law of these courts and gives due regard to the selected aspects of the judicial dialogue. Within the analysis of the relationship between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, emphasis is placed on the issue of the tension between the declared and the actual scope of judicial review carried out by the Constitutional Court. At the same time, a brief comparative excursion to the German doctrine defining the relationship between the Federal Court of Justice and the Federal Constitutional Court is presented. In dealing with the relationship between the Supreme Court and the lower courts, attention is paid to individual modes of unification of case law.

5

The Supreme Administrative Tribunal on Civil Status Records. A Case Law Review

88%

Truszkowski B.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 1

242-286

EN

In interwar Poland, civil status records were kept under five separate legal regimes, which the Second Polish Republic inherited from the different partitioning powers. Only the Prussian and Hungarian systems, which were in force in the western voivodeships and in Spiš and Orava, were fully secular and professional. In the central, eastern, and southern voivodeships, the civil status records of the majority of the population were combined with church records, and thus were kept by the clergy. The cluster of outdated regulations, which were ill-adapted to the new state and were often mutually exclusive, caused a host of registration problems in each of the five systems in operation. Due to the unsuccessful attempts to unify this system throughout the country, efforts were made to organize it not only through legislation and ministerial circulars, but also through court judgments, including those issued in the administrative court system. The present paper analyzes eight judgments of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal that have been published in the official Collection of Judgments, as well as four rulings of the Tribunal presented in other sources on civil status records and related issues. The resulting overview is intended to present how the various provisions on civil status records were interpreted in the conditions prevailing in interwar Poland, as well as to illuminate the nature of the cases considered and their relevance in terms of their impact on further operation of the civil status records system.

6

Harmonization of the protection against misleading commercial practices: ongoing divergences in Central European countries

88%

MacGregor Pelikánová R.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2019

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vol. 10

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issue 2

239-252

EN

Research background: Modern European integration focuses on competition in the internal single market, embracing both competitiveness and consumer protection, and it aims at full harmonization in this arena. The hallmark, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive from 2005, aims to overcome diverse social, political, legal and economic traditions. Is the implied protection against misleading practices an opportunity or a threat for Central European Regions? Purpose of the article: The primary purpose is to comparatively describe and critically assess the transposed legal frameworks. The secondary purpose is to study and evaluate their coherence in the light of the case law and their impact in Central Europe, in particular whether it represents an opportunity or a threat for the smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, i.e. boosting competitiveness and innovation along with consumer welfare. Methods: The cross-disciplinary and multi-jurisdictional nature of this paper, and its dual purposes, implies the use of Meta-Analysis, of various interpretation techniques suitable for legal texts and judicial decisions, of the critical comparison and of a holistic assessment of approaches and impacts. Legislation and case law are explored and the yielded knowledge and data are confronted with a field search and case studies. The dominating qualitative research and data are complemented by the quantitative research and data. Findings & Value added: For over one decade, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive has required full harmonization of the protection against, among other items, misleading commercial practices, by legislatures and judges in the EU. The exploration pursuant to the two purposes suggests that this ambitious legislative and case law project entails a number of transposition approaches with varying levels of coherence, importance and impacts on the competitiveness and innovation of business and consumer welfare in Central Europe. Therefore, full harmonization should be either readjusted or relaxed.

7

European constitutional “case law” as a possible concept of the European “legal state”

88%

Klíma K.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 1

37-52

EN

The European Convention of Human Rights, together with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights creates a special and entire legal system, which is particularly aimed to cultivation of decisions of bodies of public power in issues of natural and legal persons, or of other power intervention. The current jurisprudence particularly of the European Court of Human Rights undoubtedly shifts the concept of the legal state into the position of quantitative intensity not only of human rights and freedoms protection, but also particularly cultivation of public administration and decision activity of courts. Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights therefore sets not only on enforceability of the European law in member states, but also at requirements of organizational, intervention and decision legal level of activity of bodies of the public power. It is therefore possible to declare and confirm that the concept of the “European Legal State” is a specific European versions of constitutional protection of basic human values.

8

Stare decisis and information abundance in a common law jurisdiction

88%

Roscoe E., Szypszak C.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2022

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vol. 49

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issue 2

7-32

EN

In a common law jurisdiction, according to the principle of stare decisis judges are bound to interpret a constitutional or common law principle by applying authoritative cases already decided. Parties in disputes pending before the courts must find and assess the prior cases on which they can expect that judges will rely. Not very long ago, research for such precedent involved reviewing known cases and linking them to other cases using topical digests and citators. Success with this approach required a patient, persistent, thorough, and open-minded methodology. Modern information accessibility gives previously unimaginable quick access to cases, including with tools that promise to predict judicial tendencies. But this technological accessibility can have negative side effects, including a diminished research aptitude and a stilted capacity to synthesize information. It can also lead to an inadequate account of the human factors that often cause judges to depart from predictions based on logical inference from prior cases. This article considers the extent to which the identification of precedent is essential in legal analysis, yet is of limited value in predictability as a result of judges’ unavoidably human perspectives. With examples from landmark cases, the article illustrates that judges sometimes make decisions based on considerations that will not be revealed in a mechanistic application of precedent. The article considers how evolving legal research tools and methods give access to precedent that in some respects makes the process more scientific, but in other respects can obscure the realities of how cases are decided. The article also gives examples of this paradox as demonstrated by today’s students who are learning how to do research, drawn from years of the authors’ teaching experience.

9

Konstytucyjność bożonarodzeniowej symboliki w przestrzeni publicznej w świetle orzecznictwa sądów Stanów Zjednoczonych

88%

Maroń G.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2018

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issue 3(146)

123–141

EN

The article deals with the issue of legality of displaying Christmas symbols, in particular creche, on public property. The problem is considered in the context of the constitutional freedom of speech and the Establishment Clause in the U.S. legal order. In the case law it is assumed that a presentation of creche in public space is constitutional, provided that the Nativity scene is a part of a display also featuring secular holiday symbols, such as Santa Claus, reindeer, snowman or Christmas tree. According to the author, the so-called “plastic reindeer rule” trivializes religion and reduces creche to a fairy-tale ornamentation. The author is of the opinion that public authorities can constitutionally use an “unsecularised” symbol of creche to show historical, religious origin of Christmas.

10

The practice of applying the provision of Article 297 of the Polish Penal Code

76%

Gutbier K.

Biuletyn Kryminologiczny

|

2018

|

issue 25

197-222

PL

The aim of the publication is to present the results of research on the issue of the application of the provision of Article 297 of Polish Penal Code in practice and an attempt to evaluate them and an attempt to formulate conclusions. The features characterizing the oﬀense under Article 297 § 1 of Polish Penal Code, which reads as follows: who, in order to obtain for himself or someone else, from a bank or organizational unit conducting similar economic activity under the Act or from an authority or institution with public funds - credit, monetary loan, surety, guarantee, letter of credit, subsidy, subsidy, conﬁrmation by the bank of a liability arising from a surety or a guarantee or similar cash payment for a speciﬁc business purpose, payment instrument or public contract, submit counterfeit, converted, attesting untruth or unreliable document or unreliable written statement regarding circumstances of signiﬁcant importance in order to obtain the mentioned ﬁnancial support, payment instrument or order, it is punishable by imprisonment up from 3 months to 5 years. Discussed are also the indications of committing an act consisting in abandoning the notiﬁcation in Article 297 § 2 of Polish Penal Code, worded as follows: who, in breach of a binding obligation, does not notify the relevant entity of the situation that may aﬀect the cessation or limitation of the ﬁnancial support referred to in § 1 or the public order or the possibility of further use of the electronic payment instrument. Next, the methodology of the research was described in detail. The research was of an ﬁles nature and concerned ﬁnal judgments issued by courts of second instance. The time period of researches was from 2012 to 2016. A purposeful selection was also made due to the legal qualiﬁcation of the deed on the basis of which the conviction was handed down in the ﬁrst instance, i.e. the oﬀenses under Article 297 of Polish Penal Code. Then the results of the research were presented and an attempt was made to comment on the results obtained. The conclusions from the research indicated, among others, the cases of lack of correct understanding of the provision, confusion of concepts, unnecessary automatic cumulative classiﬁcation of the deed, narrowing the use of the instruments mentioned in the provision to credits, loans and subsidies, and many more cases. Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie wyników badań dotyczących problematyki zastosowania przepisu art. 297 k.k. w praktyce oraz podjęcie próby ich oceny i sformułowania wniosków. Opisano znamiona charakteryzujące przestępstwo z art. 297 § 1 k.k., który brzmi następująco: kto, w celu uzyskania dla siebie lub kogo innego, od banku lub jednostki organizacyjnej prowadzącej podobną działalność gospodarczą na podstawie ustawy albo od organu lub instytucji dysponujących środkami publicznymi – kredytu, pożyczki pieniężnej, poręczenia, gwarancji, akredytywy, dotacji, subwencji, potwierdzenia przez bank zobowiązania wynikającego z poręczenia lub z gwarancji lub podobnego świadczenia pieniężnego na określony cel gospodarczy, instrumentu płatniczego lub zamówienia publicznego, przedkłada podrobiony, przerobiony, poświadczający nieprawdę albo nierzetelny dokument albo nierzetelne, pisemne oświadczenie dotyczące okoliczności o istotnym znaczeniu dla uzyskania wymienionego wsparcia fnansowego, instrumentu płatniczego lub zamówienia, podlega karze pozbawienia wolności od 3 miesięcy do lat 5. Omówiono także znamiona popełnienia czynu polegającego na zaniechaniu powiadomienia z art. 297 § 2 k.k., o następującym brzmieniu: kto wbrew ciążącemu obowiązkowi, nie powiadamia właściwego podmiotu o powstaniu sytuacji mogącej mieć wpływ na wstrzymanie albo ograniczenie wysokości udzielonego wsparcia fnansowego, określonego w § 1, lub zamówienia publicznego albo na możliwość dalszego korzystania z instrumentu płatniczego. Następnie została dokładnie opisana metodologia przeprowadzonych badań. Badania miały charakter aktowy i dotyczyły prawomocnych orzeczeń wydanych przez sądy drugiej instancji. Cezurą czasową objęto okres od 2012 do 2016. Dokonano także wyboru celowego ze względu na kwalifkacje prawną czynu na podstawie, którego dokonano skazania w pierwszej instancji, tj. przestępstwa z art. 297 k.k. Następnie przedstawiono wyniki badań oraz podjęto próbę skomentowania otrzymanych rezultatów. Wnioski z badań wskazały, między innymi, na przypadki występowania braku prawidłowego zrozumienia przepisu, mylenie pojęć, niepotrzebnej automatycznej kumulatywnej kwalifkacji czynu, zawężenie stosowania instrumentów wymienionych w przepisie do kredytu, pożyczki oraz dotacji oraz a wiele innych.

EN

The aim of the publication is to present the results of research on the issue of the application of the provision of Article 297 of Polish Penal Code in practice and an attempt to evaluate them and an attempt to formulate conclusions. The features characterizing the oﬀense under Article 297 § 1 of Polish Penal Code, which reads as follows: who, in order to obtain for himself or someone else, from a bank or organizational unit conducting similar economic activity under the Act or from an authority or institution with public funds - credit, monetary loan, surety, guarantee, letter of credit, subsidy, subsidy, conﬁrmation by the bank of a liability arising from a surety or a guarantee or similar cash payment for a speciﬁc business purpose, payment instrument or public contract, submit counterfeit, converted, attesting untruth or unreliable document or unreliable written statement regarding circumstances of signiﬁcant importance in order to obtain the mentioned ﬁnancial support, payment instrument or order, it is punishable by imprisonment up from 3 months to 5 years. Discussed are also the indications of committing an act consisting in abandoning the notiﬁcation in Article 297 § 2 of Polish Penal Code, worded as follows: who, in breach of a binding obligation, does not notify the relevant entity of the situation that may aﬀect the cessation or limitation of the ﬁnancial support referred to in § 1 or the public order or the possibility of further use of the electronic payment instrument. Next, the methodology of the research was described in detail. The research was of an ﬁles nature and concerned ﬁnal judgments issued by courts of second instance. The time period of researches was from 2012 to 2016. A purposeful selection was also made due to the legal qualiﬁcation of the deed on the basis of which the conviction was handed down in the ﬁrst instance, i.e. the oﬀenses under Article 297 of Polish Penal Code. Then the results of the research were presented and an attempt was made to comment on the results obtained. The conclusions from the research indicated, among others, the cases of lack of correct understanding of the provision, confusion of concepts, unnecessary automatic cumulative classiﬁcation of the deed, narrowing the use of the instruments mentioned in the provision to credits, loans and subsidies, and many more cases.

11

Pojęcie dobra wspólnego w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka

75%

Jarczak J.

Polonia Journal

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2018

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issue 7

241-257

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszym opracowaniu są kwestie orzecznictwa Europejskiego Trybunału Praw człowieka w zakresie zagadnienia dobra wspólnego. Przedstawione zostały wybrane przez autora wyroki Trybunału, w których Trybunał definiuje pojęcie dobra wspólnego. W celu zobrazowania specyfiki orzecznictwa Trybunału, zostały przedstawione podstawowe zasady funkcjonowania Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka.

EN

The subject of this study is the issues of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in the matter of the common good. The judgments of the Tribunal selected by the author were presented, in which the Tribunal defines the concept of the common good. In order to illustrate the specificity of the Court’s jurisprudence, the basic principles of the functioning of the European Court of Human Rights were presented.

12

Przegląd orzeczeń i decyzji Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego (kwiecień-listopad 2019 r.)

75%

Gacka P.

Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda

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2019

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vol. 2

|

issue 2(4)

345-352

PL

Prezentujemy trzeci już przegląd wybranych orzeczeń i decyzji Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego od kwietnia do listopada 2019 r. Okres ten charakteryzował się nadzwyczajną aktywnością Trybunału zarówno w odniesieniu do poszczególnych sytuacji (situations), jak i spraw konkretnych sprawców (cases). Oprócz przykuwających uwagę mediów posiedzeń i decyzji w odniesieniu do sytuacji w Afganistanie, zwięzłemu omówieniu poddane zostaną także decyzja dotycząca autoryzacji postępowania przygotowawczego w sytuacji Birma/Bangladesz, wyrok w postępowaniu apelacyjnym w sprawie decyzji odszkodowawczej w sprawie T. Lubangi, a także wyroki – kolejno o winie i karze – w sprawie B. Ntagandy.

EN

In this review of the case law of the International Criminal Court, Patryk Gacka briefly examines decisions of the Court in the Afghanistan situation, the decision on the authorization of preliminary examinations in the situation of Myanmar/Bangladesh, the appeal judgment on reparations in the case of T. Lubanga, and finally two judgments issued by the Court in the case of Bosco Ntaganda.

13

Spanish Legal System: Between Statutory Legal Systems and Case Law

75%

Martínez Pujalte A.-L.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2018

|

vol. 27

|

issue 1

EN

The purpose of this article is to show that Spanish law is a paradigmatic example of the approach between traditional continental and Anglo-Saxon models of legal application. Two main factors have caused a deep transformation of Spanish legal system in the last decades: the position of Constitutional Court and its active role in legal creation, and the doctrine, which has been developed precisely by the Constitutional Court, on equality principle in the application of law. These changes show that the rigid traditional distinction among civil law and common law systems cannot be kept any more.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wskazanie, że prawo hiszpańskie jest paradygmatycznym przykładem podejścia pośredniego między stosowaniem prawa w sposób tradycyjny (czyli kontynentalny) a modelem anglosaskim. Do dwóch głównych czynników, które spowodowały głęboką transformację hiszpańskiego systemu prawnego, należą: stanowisko Sądu Konstytucyjnego i jego aktywna postawa w tworzeniu prawa, a także doktryna precyzyjnie opracowana przez ten sąd na podstawie zasady równości w stosowaniu prawa. Zmiany te ukazują, że wyraźne tradycyjne rozróżnienie pomiędzy prawem cywilnym a systemem common law nie ma już racji bytu.

14

How Polish Courts Use Previous Judicial Decisions?

75%

Tobor Z., Zeifert M.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2018

|

vol. 27

|

issue 1

EN

In this article, the authors analyse the manners of applying prior rulings in the process of law enforcement by the Polish courts. Three aspects of this issue are examined in sequence. Firstly, the manner of referring to rulings (e.g., quote, paraphrase, etc.). Secondly, situations, in which courts refer to other rulings (e.g., as a reference point, as an evidence of interpretative doubts, as a tool removing vagueness or ambiguity of a provision, as a methodological tip, as a legal basis of a ruling, etc.). Thirdly, the reasons for those acts of reference to appear. In conclusions, the authors juxtapose the analysis results with the practice of referring to judicial rulings, which is characteristic for countries applying the precedential law, and they also indicate basic differences between them.

PL

W niniejszym artykule autorzy analizują sposoby wykorzystania wcześniejszych orzeczeń w procesie stosowania prawa przez polskie sądy. Rozważają kolejno trzy aspekty tego zagadnienia. Po pierwsze, sposób, w jaki orzeczenia są powoływane (np. cytat, parafraza itd.). Po drugie, sytuacje, w których sądy odwołują się do innych orzeczeń (np. jako punkt wyjścia, jako dowód wątpliwości interpretacyjnych, jako narzędzie usuwające nieostrość czy wieloznaczność przepisu, jako wskazówka metodologiczna, jako podstawa prawna orzeczenia itd.). Po trzecie, powody, dla których odwołania te się pojawiają. We wnioskach autorzy zestawiają wyniki analizy z praktyką powoływania orzeczeń sądowych charakterystyczną dla krajów prawa precedensowego i wskazują na podstawowe różnice.

15

The impact of the temporary protection status on determining jurisdiction for the protection of Ukrainian children under the 1996 Hague Convention during the Russian-Ukrainian war

75%

Cherniak I., Chernyak Y.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2024

|

vol. 14

|

issue 4

509-524

EN

On 4 March 2022, the Council of the EU activated the 2001 Temporary Protection Directive, establishing a temporary protection regime for those fleeing Ukraine. The composition of Ukrainian immigrants is characterized by the domination of women and children. The article’s objective is to analyze the grounds of jurisdiction provided by the 1996 Hague Convention1, which are applicable to Ukrainian children enjoying temporary protection status in the EU. Authors distinguish situations when either the 1996 Hague Convention or the Brussels IIbis Regulation2 is applied, the significance of the child’s territorial presence in the hosting state, the loss of the previous and the acquisition of a new habitual residence of a child from the point of view the jurisdictional rules of the 1996 Hague Convention. The article relies on explanatory reports and commentaries, as well as relevant doctrinal works on the interpretation of the provisions of the 1996 Hague Convention, the Brussels IIbis Regulation, documents regulating the issue of temporary protection and the status of refugees in the EU. Additionally, the case law of the Supreme Court of Ukraine and the CJEU is analysed to indicate practical peculiarities of taking protective measures directed to the protection of the person or property of the child.

16

The Method of New Positivism as Elaborated by Ludwik Ehrlich

75%

Hachkevych A.

Polish Yearbook of International Law

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2018

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vol. 38

99-113

EN

This article is an attempt to identify the essence of new positivism, described by Ludwik Ehrlich as a method of interpretation of international law. The evolution of his views on international law is examined with respect to the place of this method from the beginning of 1920s until his retirement in 1961. The article expounds on both the theoretical and methodological aspects of new positivism, according to which judicial decisions should be taken into account in addition to international treaties and customs for the determination of international law. The question of the obligatory force of international law is discussed as being related to the principle of good faith, which is at the core of Ehrlich’s views on international law. The article offers suggestions on how the method of new positivism might be used and what tasks it can fulfil today. It also makes an attempt to critically analyse Ehrlich’s method and to characterize it both in general and in the context of the theory of international law.

17

Udział Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym

75%

Jaworska-Wołyniak M.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

|

2022

|

issue 3(67)

189-199

PL

Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie problematyki udziału Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym. Na jej potrzeby dokonano analizy orzecznictwa dostępnego w Centralnej Bazie Orzeczeń Sądów Administracyjnych. Przywołane rozstrzygnięcia pokazują, że podejmowane przez Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym działania są ukierunkowane na potrzebę ochrony praw najmłodszych, ale aktywność ta jest zarazem limitowana charakterem funkcjonowania w polskim porządku prawnym sądów administracyjnych i ich właściwością rzeczową.

EN

The publication aims at presenting the problem of participation of the Children’s Ombudsman in administrative court proceedings, based on the analysis of case law available in the Administrative Courts Case Law Database. Referenced judicial decisions demonstrate that while actions taken by the Children’s Ombudsman in the administrative court proceedings focus on the necessity of protecting the rights of the youngest ones, the Ombudsman’s activity is limited by the nature of the judicial activity of administrative courts within the polish legal framework and by their subject-matter jurisdiction.

18

Świadczenie pielęgnacyjne w kontekście najnowszego orzecznictwa sądów polskich

75%

Kijewski K.

|

2013

|

vol. II

|

issue 2

78-81

EN

The following article is an analysis of differences in interpretation of article 17 of the act family benefit of 28 November 2003. Recently have evolved two different position on this matter – one refusing farmers the rights to these benefits, and the second – giving them that power. In this paper the author briefly discusses both of this rights to these benefits, and the second – giving them that power.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wykładnię art. 17 ustawy z dnia 28 listopada 2003 r. o świadczeniach rodzinnych dokonaną przez sądy administracyjne w Poznaniu, Lublinie oraz Gdańsku. Na uwagę zasługuje fakt, iż w dwóch podobnych sprawach sądy orzekły odmiennie. W wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego w Lublinie z dnia 5 grudnia 2012 r. wykładnia art. 17 zmierzała w kierunku jego literalnego brzmienia. Natomiast Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny w Poznaniu w wyroku z dnia 12 grudnia 2012 r. dokonał wykładni celowościowej oraz systemowej, dochodząc do odmiennych wniosków.

19

Obyčejové právo v českém právním řádu

63%

Horák O.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2022

|

vol. 161

|

issue 5

443-453

EN

According to the prevailing view of recent Czech legal-theoretical literature (especially V. Knapp, J. Boguszak and A. Gerloch), legal custom is no longer a source of law in continental law. Based on foreign (especially German) publications (F. Gschnitzer, F. Bydlinski, B. Rüthers et al.), the paper seeks to show that customary law is still recognized as one of the sources of continental legal systems, somewhere explicitly by act (for example by civil codes of Spain or Switzerland), elsewhere by interpretation (in Germany or Austria). Attention is also paid to the (traditionally controversial) issue of case law as one of the types of customary law. Furthermore, concrete examples are presented, which can be understood as the effect of legal custom in Czech law (in the case of exclusion or narrowing of the application of legal regulation, extension of its application or reduction of its hardness). They are elected not only from the field of private law, but also from public law (including financial, administrative or criminal law).

CS

Podle převažujícího přístupu české právněteoretické literatury (zvláště V. Knappa, J. Boguszaka a A. Gerlocha) není právní obyčej pramenem kontinentálního práva. Na základě zahraničních (zejména německojazyčných) publikací (mj. F. Gschnitzera, F. Bydlinského, B. Rütherse) se článek snaží ukázat, že obyčejové právo stále bývá uznáváno za jeden z pramenů kontinentálních právních řádů, někde výslovně právními předpisy (např. občanskými zákoníky Španělska či Švýcarska), jinde výkladem (v Německu či Rakousku). Pozornost je věnována také (tradičně sporné) problematice ustálené judikatury jako jednoho z druhů obyčejového práva. Dále jsou představeny konkrétní příklady, které je podle názoru autora možné chápat jako působení právního obyčeje v českém právu (v případě vyloučení či zúžení aplikace právní úpravy, rozšíření její aplikace či zmírnění tvrdosti). Tyto příklady jsou voleny nejen z oblasti práva soukromého, ale také veřejného(včetně práva finančního, správního či trestního).

20

Zarządzanie zatrudnianiem osób niepełnosprawnych – na przykładzie szpitali w Warszawie

63%

Machaj M., Lorkowski J., Kotela I.

Medical Review

|

2014

|

issue 3

262-274

PL

W pracy przedstawiono aspekty ekonomiczne prowadzonej świadomie polityki zatrudniania osób niepełnosprawnych. Autorzy porównują zatrudnienie z grudnia 2013 roku w trzech warszawskich szpitalach, gdzie organem założycielskim jest dla CSK MSW w Warszawie Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych, dla Instytutu Matki i Dziecka Ministerstwo Zdrowia oraz dla Szpitala Praskiego p.w. Przemienienia Pańskiego, który od 1 lipca 2013 został przekształcony z Samodzielnego Publicznego Zakładu Opieki Zdrowotnej w Spółkę z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością, a organem założycielskim jest miasto stołeczne Warszawa. Dokonano analizy zatrudnienia pod względem grup zawodowych, zajmowanych stanowisk pracy oraz stopnia i kodu niepełnosprawności. Wykazano wyniki ekonomiczne szpitali przy świadomej polityce zatrudniania osób niepełnosprawnych. Zatrudnianie osób niepełnosprawnych przynosi korzyści nie tylko dla funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstwa, ale także buduje pozytywny wizerunek pracodawcy w oczach pracowników i kontrahentów. Wśród osób niepełnosprawnych jest bardzo dużo wysoko wykwalifikowanych pracowników, którzy są ambitni, sumienni i pracowici. Nieliczni pracodawcy zdają sobie sprawę jak ważną kwestią jest zatrudnianie niepełnosprawnych, a także o ulgach i przywilejach korzystających z tego tytułu.

EN

This paper presents the economic aspects of implementing a conscious policy to employ people with disabilities and special needs. The authors compare employment at three Warsaw hospitals in December 2013. Those hospitals and their respective founding bodies were the Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior in Warsaw (the Ministry of the Interior), the Institute of the Mother and Child (the Ministry of Health) and the Praga Hospital of the Church of the Transfiguration of Our Lord, which was transformed from an Independent Public Health Care Organisation into a Limited Liability Company on 1 July 2013, and the founding body is the City of Warsaw. Employment is analysed in terms of occupational groups, jobs occupied and the degree and code of disability. So too, the economic performance of hospitals with a conscious policy to employ people with disabilities. Employing people with disabilities not only offers benefits to the operation of an organization, but builds a positive image of the employer in the eyes of employees and contractors. People with disabilities often are highly skilled employees. They are ambitious, conscientious and hardworking. Few employers appreciate the importance of employing of people with disabilities, or the incentives and benefits they are entitled to for doing so.

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The Right to Participate in the Consultations on the Participatory Budget in the Light of Legislation and the Case Law of Administrative Courts in Poland

Sprawy z zakresu ubezpieczeń społecznych w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego w świetle przepisów dotyczących koordynacji systemów zabezpieczenia społecznego w Unii Europejskiej

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Postavení Nejvyššího soudu v právním státě a jeho role při sjednocování judikatury

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Harmonization of the protection against misleading commercial practices: ongoing divergences in Central European countries

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Udział Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym

Świadczenie pielęgnacyjne w kontekście najnowszego orzecznictwa sądów polskich

Obyčejové právo v českém právním řádu

Zarządzanie zatrudnianiem osób niepełnosprawnych – na przykładzie szpitali w Warszawie