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1

THE TYPOLOGY OF JESUIT BRICK-BUILT TWIN-TOWER CHURCHES IN THE TERRITORY OF SOUTHERN LATVIA (Jezuitu divtornu mura baznicu tipologija Dienvidlatvijas teritorija)

100%
Ogle K.
Makslas Vesture un Teorija
|
2005
|
vol. 4
5-20
EN
Many Catholic spiritual orders, the missionaries of Societas Jesu among them, have left significant imprints in the heritage of Latvia's art and enriched the region's culture with original features. The followers of this religious movement were active in the territory of Latvia since the late 16th century under the auspices of the province of Lithuania. Consequently, thanks to the advantage of the political situation and the backing of patrons, three churches of significant size and architectural qualities were built at the end of the 17th and during the 18th century: Skaistkalne (1692), Daugavpils (1737-1747), and Ilukste (1754-1769) as well as a chain of other smaller ones. Unfortunately, in the context of political history, we can see not only the birth of sacred buildings but also their tragic fate - the various wars had major and irreversible effects on this part of Latvia's cultural heritage. The common feature of all three objects is that they were inspired by one religious organization and built in a comparatively short period of time; they are also of the same architectonic type - three-aisled churches whose main facade was marked by two towers. However the churches were constructed differently - the Skaistkalne and Ilukste churches were basilicas, whereas the Daugavpils Church was a hall type of building. A detailed analysis of the plans of the buildings and careful examination of the individual features (main facade, side walls, apse, interior) as well as the decorative elements, leads to the conclusion that though all three objects are of the same architectonic type, they are completely different in their construction and arrangement. In the context of the Societas Jesu movement the question arises about a Jesuit style: does the language of architectonic forms allow us to ascertain some features characteristic of this order? In reality, the Society's architecture demonstrated a great variety of stylistic features.
2

RIGA ST. JAMES' CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES (Rigas Sv. Jekaba baznica viduslaikos)

100%
Grosmane E.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
|
2004
|
vol. 4
9-32
EN
St. James' Church with its ancient red brick volume and high, pointed steeple has become an integral part of the Old Riga panorama. The history of the building is equally impressive and can be traced back to the first decades after the foundation of Riga. St. James' Church is known as the smallest brick basilica in Old Riga. The building's layout features cube-shaped choir with a sacristy at the Northern side, a nave with two aisles and a chapel by the southern wall. The church nave is shorter than aisles because it serves as a support for the tower at the Western side, growing out from the main volume of the building. The construction history of the church has a massive historiography. There is a deep-rooted opinion in the specialised literature that the church has been in is place since the first decades of the 13th century, although the definite year of its foundation is unknown. St. James' Church is mentioned for the first time on 5 April 1226. There is very little documentary evidence about the 13th - 15th century. Mostly it is mentioned as a topographical landmark, confirming its existence but giving little information on its construction history. Studying the building's history, one should take into account also modifications carried out in different periods, especially deliberate Gothic-style additions in the mid-19th century and late-19th century reconstruction. Then part of the medieval portal was recovered in the Northern facade, Romanesque-style paired windows were marked and interior was restored. Returning to the Middle Ages, firstly one should deal with the basic building material brick. It is presumed that brick has been widely used in Riga architecture since the 1220s, taking the Bishop's Cathedral as a paradigm. There is indeed a coincidence in brick size and brickwork technique between the Dome and St. James' Church: this could mean that a certain brick kiln has provided the material. Moreover, these are not the only similarities: one should note also the arcading frieze of aisles, cross-shaped supporting pillars and arcade between aisles.
3

The Christian Archaeology in Poland

88%
Jastrzebowska E.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2006
|
vol. 54
161-181
EN
The present paper recapitulates the history (18-20th C.) and the current state-of-the-art in the research on the Christian archaeology in Poland as well as comprises both a glance at the field survey and synthetic studies and analysis of a single or group of artefacts performed by Polish researchers over the last fifty years. As regards the state of Polish research, the authoress applies generally accepted scientific principles relating to space and time of this discipline, viz. the subject of the Christian archaeology are artefacts dated from the early Christian period (confirmed in a material culture as late as in the 3rd C.) to the early Middle Ages and early Byzantine period (8th C.). It also comprises the area around the Mediterranean Sea: from Sudan to the Upper Egypt; over the southern Europe and the northern Africa to Syria, Palestine and even Crimea. The draft contains an extensive bibliography of the researcher mentioned in the text.
4

MONUMENTS OF NEO-GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN LATVIA IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT (Neogotikas arhitekturas pieminekli Latvija Rietumeiropas buvmakslas konteksta)

88%
Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
|
2000
|
vol. 1
37-50
EN
The spread of Neo-Gothic architecture in Latvia was facilitated by processes that were occurring in the arts in Western Europe, and it remained significant from the mid-18th until the 20th century. Interest in Medieval architecture and art was first demonstrated in Great Britain, so the Gothic revival in that country has been chosen as the context for an analysis of the most distinguished Neo-Gothic monuments in Latvia. The description of some specific objects in Latgale includes a brief look at this area of the construction art in Poland. The earliest surviving applications of Neo-Gothic elements in Latvian architecture date back to the first quarter of the 19th century (the Mazstraupe castle, the Kalsnava and Pure churches, etc.). Small Neo-Gothic constructions were found in parks of baronial estates (the viewing tower of the Medze estate, the chapel of the Svitene estate, etc.). In the second half of the 19th century, Neo-Gothicism was already popular throughout Latvia, and stylistically unified buildings and ensembles of buildings appeared (a reconstruction of the Medieval Edole castle, and the earliest example of Tudor Neo-Gothicism - the castle of the Vecauce estate). Until the mid-19th century, Neo-Gothic architecture in Latvia was found largely in the castles of baronial estates (the castle of the Odziena estate, the Aluksne estate), but beginning with the third quarter of the 19th century, there was a boom in the construction of Neo-Gothic churches (Old St. Gertrude's Church in Riga, St. Trinity Church in the Sarkandaugava neighborhood of Riga, St. Paul's Church in Riga, etc.). New St. Gertrude's Church in Riga and the Garsene church in Augszeme (Courland) were designed similarly to the asymmetrical composition of the Daugavpils Lutheran church - a building that is an early and innovative example from the broader perspective - e.g., when we compare it to churches in Northeastern Poland. One of the most distinguished Neo-Gothic churches not only in Latvia but in the entire Baltic region is the Liksna church - a modern building that was designed with various Gothic elements in it.
5
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BAROKOVÁ VÝZDOBA FARSKÝCH A FILIÁLNYCH KOSTOLOV KATEDRÁLNEHO ARCHIDIAKONÁTU NITRIANSKEJ DIECÉZY V PRVEJ TRETINE 18. STOROČIA

88%
Ďurčo M.
Konštantínove listy
|
2017
|
vol. 10
|
issue 2
151 - 164
EN
The Cathedral Archdeaconry was in integral part of the Nitra Diocese from its renewal in the beginning of the 12th century. From the medieval period onward it consisted of a relatively small administrative area surrounding the episcopal town of Nitra. The focus of our study is primarily on artistic ornamentation, architectural peculiarities, and the specifics of parish and filial churches within the Archdeaconry, examining its inner furnishing as well as the changes that took place in the course of the first three decades of the 18th century. The Latin canonic visitation of the Cathedral Archdeaconry of Nitra Diocese from 1732 provides an interesting view on the situation of this ecclesiastical organization unit in the bishopric, namely the parishes of Branč, Jarok, Močenok, Nitra, Pohranice, and Sokolníky. The cathedral Church of St. Emeram was constituted as an autonomous organizational and economic unit at the time of the visitation.
6
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OKRES NA JIHU. SONDA DO PRÁCE OKRESNÍCH CÍRKEVNÍCH TAJEMNÍKŮ VE SVĚTLE ARCHIVNÍCH DOKUMENTŮ JIHOČESKÉHO REGIONU

88%
Weis M.
Studia theologica
|
2011
|
vol. 13
|
issue 3
87-102
EN
The study elaborates on the relationship between the government and churches during the times of communist civil rights suppression. Since numerous articles have been written about repressive elements of the state and about the lives of party leaders and churches, this study aims to touch on this topic from a regional perspective. Researching by means of a probe into South Bohemian archive documents, the study describes both job descriptions of township church secretaries and the success in doing so, possibly even their will to fulfill their goals. The study provides illustrations both from the evaluation of these state employees (made by their supervisors or by the Czech communist government) and from their, often vain, complaints for greater material or party support.
7
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PALESTINSKÝ KAIROS – MOMENT PRAVDY

88%
Děkanovská K.
Studia theologica
|
2010
|
vol. 12
|
issue 4
95-101
EN
The article deals with a document “Moment of truth: A word of faith, hope, and love from the heart of Palestinian suffering“, of the Palestinian Kairos initiative. It has a two-fold structure. In the first part it briefly presents the socio-political and theological context of Palestinian Christianity and focuses on recent activities of some foreign churches and church organisations which are working in Palestinian territory. It also highlights the importance of ecumenical activities in Palestine. The author further introduces the document itself, its structure and some significant features and compares it with earlier similar documents of South African churches and of Muslim representatives. The article also presents some reactions of churches and church organisations as well as some negative receptions. The second part includes the author‘s Czech translation of the document with some comments.
8

PARTICULARITIES OF WOODEN CARVED ICONOSTASES IN SELECTED POST-BYZANTINE CHURCHES OF ALBANIA

88%
Shumka L.
Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo
|
2022
|
vol. 10
|
issue 4
79 - 88
EN
This paper presents the data and study results of the post-Byzantine wood carved iconostases of different churches in Albania, which notwithstanding the circumstances of the communistic period have preserved to a considerable extent their typical characteristics. The paper aims to examine the stylistic and morphological aspects of the iconostasis in selected churches in relation to the architecture and tries to identify the relationships, sequences and reasons for such phenomena. The presence of iconostases in the Eastern Orthodox Church is based on the carried rituals and services that are expressed through ecclesiastical sculptures and other works. In these contexts, the iconostasis is the most dominating screen, related to the rood screen of English mediaeval churches, but contrary to them it is a closed and solid structure. In the iconostasis, architecture and wood carving workers collaborate on a large scale in order to create a solid and well-integrated frame. The analysis includes St Mary’s Monastery, also known as the Monastery of Dormition of Theotokos Mary, a medieval Byzantine church on Zvërnec island in the Narta Lagoon, southwest of the city of Vlora, southwestern Albania (SMZ); the Church of Apostles in Hoshtevë, Gjirokastra, with its spectacular interior completely covered with frescoes that became a cultural monument of Albania in 1948 (SA); and the Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, simply known as Koimissi or St Mary, in the village of Labovë e Kryqit, Gjirokastër County, southern Albania (SM).
9
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HRADNIANSKY ARCHIDIAKONÁT V NITRIANSKEJ DIECÉZE DO ROKU 1526

75%
Ďurčo M.
Konštantínove listy
|
2014
|
vol. 7
|
issue 7
23 – 60
EN
Arch-deanery of Hradná used to be an integral administrative part of the Diocese of Nitra in the middle Ages and during the modern period. The aim of the following study is to outline the origin of the Hradná arch-deanery in its historical context. The paper focuses on the formation of the Catholic parishes and churches in the region from the 12th to the beginning of the 16th century. Using various sources and archive documents to support and compare them with scholarly literature, the study presents historical development of Arch-deanery of Hradná and its parishes until 1526, the year which represented a turning point for the Kingdom of Hungary.
10

THE HERITAGE OF DAUGAVPILS SACRED ARCHITECTURE AND ART IN THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL CULTURAL HISTORY (Daugavpils 18.-20. gs. sakralas arhitekturas un makslas mantojums pilsetas un novada kulturvestures savdabibas konteksta)

75%
Kaminska R.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
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2007
|
vol. 6
78-94
EN
Sacred buildings have always had a particular role in shaping the specific features of urban environment. Churches and their fortunes are not just testimonies of recent or ancient history of the town or city. They create significant accents in urban space, often being the dominant architectural elements of historical centres or particular districts. Important art collections also have been accumulated in churches and prayer houses over centuries and decades, and their interiors have been decorated by professional artists. So churches represent not only a certain typology of functional solutions derived from confessional requirements, changes of aesthetic appearance conditioned by historical styles or evolution of the architect's individual style but manifest a wider perspective of interrelations. The heritage of sacred architecture and art can reflect the typical features of the regional culture and this perfectly relates to the city of Daugavpils, its churches and prayer houses. The history of Daugavpils abounds in dramatic events and its historical architectural heritage as well as some important buildings today are things of the past, still the specificity has survived. Churches have been destroyed, restored and rebuilt several times along with the city in general, sacred architecture still being the organising core of the city centre. In fact, one can speak about two cities - one being the pre-18th-century town, today found only in researchers' reconstructions, the other created in the 19th century. Only written evidence is found on the oldest, initial period of building in Daugavpils. The 18th-century heritage is elucidated by a wider scope of historical sources. Buildings are gone; only outlines of foundations remain also from the most prominent sacred building of this period, Daugavpils Jesuit Church and monastery. It was damaged during World War II and destroyed afterwards.
11

ART NOUVEAU IN THE SACRED AND PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE OF RIGA (Rigas jugendstila perioda sakralo un sabiedrisko eku dekors)

75%
Grosa S.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
|
2008
|
vol. 7
147-154
EN
Sacred architecture has been especially important in the development of each epoch's most important innovations and as a reflection of the main stylistic tendencies. Although over the last years interest in the heritage of sacred architecture in Latvia has resulted in several extensive publications, the subject still features the blind spot of the Art Nouveau influences upon the sacred architecture and décor in Latvia at the turn of the 20th century. Active construction of churches went on in this period, revealing stylistic pluralism in wide-range reconstruction and renovation of churches as well. The aim of this publication is to specify particular aspects of stylistic estimation related to Riga architecture in the late 19th and early 20th century. The influence of Art Nouveau upon Riga architecture was not homogenous; it did not appear an all-embracing style that is especially evident in public buildings, including industrial objects, educational and commercial institutions and their decorative handling. In a similar vein, church construction reflected a wide scope of historical styles - Art Nouveau has not left a considerable impact on churches of various confessions (12 in total) built in Riga and its surroundings around the turn of the 20th century. Still new spatial tasks had to be solved; in other cases Art Nouveau has inspired particular decorative elements.
12

MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN LATE-19TH-CENTURY BUILDINGS OF KULDIGA (Viduslaiku arhitekturas formu izpausmes Kuldigas 19. gs. otras puses apbuve)

75%
Zilgalvis J.
Materiali Latvijas makslas vesturei
|
2007
|
vol. 6
125-136
EN
Kuldiga (Goldingen) is one of Latvian towns whose historical-style buildings feature a particular, original accent valued by its inhabitants. Romantic images of buildings are possibly sought after more than in other small towns. Wooden and stone dwelling and public buildings are always constructed with taste, expressive details and elaborated small parts. One of the most interesting Neo-Gothic buildings is the Court House at 25 Kalna Street (c. 1880). It is a symmetrical two-storey building with a wide central projection, covered by a steep two-pitched roof. Stylistic forms are consistently realised in the splendid façade. Here we see both decorative small towers in the corners and middle part of the projection. Towers rise from the façade at the point where the first-floor ceiling rests, rising quite a lot above the cornice. Cornices entwining the upper part of openings are typically Neo-Gothic and all alike - with somewhat back-bended ends. The Court House could be compared with some buildings designed by Theodor Seiler who was active in Southern Kurzeme, surroundings of Talsi and Kuldiga. Kuldiga stands out by wide-spread use of towers in comparison with other Latvian towns. A massive three-storey tower with battlement and arcature decorates the corner of the building at 2 Pils Street (last quarter of the 19th century). Several important Neo-Gothic details are lost over time, still seen on photos from the 1950s. Kuldiga inhabitants know this Neo-Gothic house by the name of the town mayor Armin Theophil Adolphi. A corner tower similar to that of 2 Pils Street is seen also at 17 Kalna Street (2nd half of the 19th century) but no Neo-Romanesque or Neo-Gothic décor elements are found; they might have been lost during reconstructions. But the very idea of building a tower at the corner of a house dates back to medieval architecture. A bulky hexagonal tower is attached to the building at 35/37 Liepajas Street that is a part of the present hospital complex but from 1912 to 1932 housed a post office and the tower was used for the needs of telegraph.
13

VEĽKOMORAVSKÉ KONTEXTY V RANOSTREDOVEKEJ SAKRÁLNEJ ARCHITEKTÚRE NA SLOVENSKU

75%
Botek A.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2016
|
vol. 64
|
issue 3
385 – 400
EN
Great Moravian religious architecture is now a reality proved by a multitude of archaeological finds. Thanks to the latest research in the territory of Slovakia, we can rely not only on archaeological finds, but also on some standing buildings with the greatest probability belonging to this period. It is clear from the information available at present that Great Moravian religious architecture was heterogeneous and derived from various Christianizing centres. The latest exact analyses show that after the break-up of Great Moravia as a state, its fragmented remnants survived in the form of family domains and new religious buildings were erected in the course of the 10th century, something considered impossible until recently. The author devotes attention to possible expressions of the tradition of the Great Moravian churches as models for the construction of new churches in the initial stage of the young Kingdom of Hungary. He points to the results of the latest research and analyses the possible typological and design features, which may fix the Great Moravian architectural tradition in this period.
14
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O POČIATKOCH KRESŤANSTVA NA ÚZEMÍ SLOVENSKA, VÝZNAME CYRILO-METODSKEJ MISIE A JEJ ODOZVÁCH V 10. – 11. STOROČÍ

63%
Ruttkay A. T.
Konštantínove listy
|
2016
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2
2 – 10
EN
In the overview on Christianization in the Central Danubian territory, mostly in Slovakia, the author focuses on the origins of Christianity among Slavs, the issue of Great Moravia, missionary work of Constantine and Methodius and the topic of continuity of Christianity in the 9th – 11th centuries. He pays attention to several arguable points in the interpretation of sources and he attempts to describe wider cultural and historical context of early Christianization phases of Slavs from Upper Danube region. He emphasizes the informative value of certain archeological findings related to Christianization from multiple directions – western (Kingdom of the East Franks), south-western (northern Italy, Adriatic region) and southern (Byzantine Empire).
15
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GEOFYZIKÁLNA PROSPEKCIA NA SLOVENSKU V ROKOCH 2010 AŽ 2014

63%
Cheben M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2015
|
issue 57
111 - 139
EN
Non-destructive archaeological methods play a significant role in acquiring the information about archaeological sites. The most often used are geophysical methods, especially the magnetic and geoelectric ones. As part of the project CEVNAD, several geophysical measurements were carried out in the years 2010 to 2014, in the river basins of the Hron, Ipeľ and Žitava, as well as in the Košická kotlina and in the territory of Spiš. The excavation was done in such archaeological sites as settlements, fortified settlements, fortresses, temporary Roman camps, burial grounds, churches, fortified areas, etc. The main aim of the measurements was to acquire information, as precise as possible, on the nature of the explored settlement or the deserted architecture (its extent, form, orientation, size of the deserted walls). During five years, magnetic method was used to measure 46 archaeological sites, including such features as ground plans of long houses, channels, stoves, half sunken-floored houses, storage pits, clay pits, fortification systems – ditches, etc. Using GPR survey, 34 archaeological sites were measured during this period. Measurement was focused especially on deserted churches, interiors in churches and monasteries, as well as spaces in fortified areas. In several sites geophysical survey was followed by archaeological survey. The results obtained from the geophysical measuring and archaeological excavation could then be compared and confronted. In most cases, the results were the same.
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