This paper is an attempt to describe the functioning of the term ‘state’ (Polish: ‘państwo’) in the European context in Polish media discourse. The analysis is based on the linguistic data excerpted from Polish weekly news magazines „Polityka” and „Wprost”. The results of the analysis reveal that Poland is described either as a European state or as a country aiming to be European.
The article discusses some problems of public law, contained in the text of hand written document called A Rite of Confession from the collection of library of the nunnery of the Holy Trinity and the Savior in Wojnowo (Poland). Because the Old Believers did not recognize the jurisdiction of state authorities, considering the authorities as the embodiment of the Antichrist, all aspects of social life of the Old Believer’s community were governed by the provisions of ancient Byzantine canon law from Nomocanon and by traditional norms of ethics. The penalty for each offense was determined by confessor and could be defined by dint of the text of A Rite of Confession.
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