Search results - CEJSH

1

Independence of Central Bank as a Basis for Institutional Politics of Monetary Policy

100%

Kraś I.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2012

|

vol. 41

444-460

EN

The course of economic processes of economy is regulated by its products and production factors in which supply and demand are equalized. The most important role is given to money as a measurement of value (ensuring valuation), means of payment (allowing the settling the payments) as well as a means of hoarding (allowing savings). Primarily the market economy is a monetary economy. Money is used for buying and selling, for granting loans, accumulating savings. Every functional entity of the market such as enterprises, households are taking part in these processes. An important role of these processes is taken by the purchasing power of money, which has an eff ect on those participating in economy and social life. If the value of the money is constant it brings safety in life not only from the economic but also the social point of view. We can not agree more than to say that stable currency is of great social value. The central bank takes a major role to a guard keeping the currency at a stable level. Proper functioning of the central bank is strictly connected with its independence. It allows the monetary policy to be conducted properly in a country.

2

FFR Level in the Period 2000-2007 and the Emergence of the Asset Price Bubble on the US Real Estate Market

100%

Karaś M.

Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo

|

2013

|

issue 33

55-77

EN

This article aims at investigating the impact of the level of the Fed funds rate in the United States in the period 2000-2007 on the emergence of the asset price bubble on the US real estate market, burst of which triggered the financial crisis in the US and globally. Rather than constructing a single theoretical or empirical model of this potential influence, a more eclectic approach is taken. The argument is structured around three fundamental questions (1) whether the Fed funds rate had been low compared to benchmarks in the given period; (2) whether low short-term rate itself had been able inflate a real estate bubble; (3) whether alternative explanations of the bubble causes were sufficient. For each of the issues a number of qualitative explanations and quantitative models is provided and analysed. Based on the gathered data, models, and arguments, the paper concludes that the influence of the Fed funds rate on the bubble’s emergence is not to be underestimated. This conclusion should be kept in mind in the context of future directions for monetary policy in the US and globally, as the extremely low interest rates applied by central banks to date might be inflating the next bubble.

3

FFR Level in the Period 2000-2007 and the Emergence of the Asset Price Bubble on the US Real Estate Market

100%

Karaś M.

Ekonomia. Rynek, Gospodarka, Społeczeństwo

|

2013

|

issue 33

55-77

EN

This article aims at investigating the impact of the level of the Fed funds rate in the United States in the period 2000-2007 on the emergence of the asset price bubble on the US real estate market, burst of which triggered the financial crisis in the US and globally. Rather than constructing a single theoretical or empirical model of this potential influence, a more eclectic approach is taken. The argument is structured around three fundamental questions (1) whether the Fed funds rate had been low compared to benchmarks in the given period; (2) whether low short-term rate itself had been able inflate a real estate bubble; (3) whether alternative explanations of the bubble causes were sufficient. For each of the issues a number of qualitative explanations and quantitative models is provided and analysed. Based on the gathered data, models, and arguments, the paper concludes that the influence of the Fed funds rate on the bubble’s emergence is not to be underestimated. This conclusion should be kept in mind in the context of future directions for monetary policy in the US and globally, as the extremely low interest rates applied by central banks to date might be inflating the next bubble.

4

Regionalne krzywe Phillipsa w Polsce a efektywność polityki pieniężnej

100%

Gajewski P.

Ekonomista

|

2016

|

issue 4

501-519

PL

Celem artykułu jest pokazanie związku między stopą bezrobocia na poziomie regionalnym a agregatową stopą inflacji na poziomie ogólnokrajowym. W części teoretycznej omówiono różne koncepcje krótkookresowej krzywej Phillipsa i ich znaczenie dla polityki pieniężnej. W części empirycznej podjęto próbę estymacji nieliniowych, krótkookresowych krzywych Phillipsa w polskich województwach. Wyniki estymacji opartej na danych panelowych oraz estymacje indywidualne dla poszczególnych województw skłaniają do przyjęcia hipotezy o istnieniu wklęsłej zależności pomiędzy inflacją a luką bezrobocia w większości województw. Zgodnie z koncepcją Lipseya oznacza to, że agregatowa krzywa Phillipsa w Polsce może przesuwać się do góry w okresach konwergencji regionalnej, natomiast dywergencja regionalna może prowadzić do jej przesunięć w dół. Uzyskane wyniki rodzą istotne implikacje dla efektywności krajowej polityki pieniężnej.

EN

The aim of the paper is to show the relationship between the unemployment rate at regional level and the aggregate inflation at national level. The theoretical part of the paper discusses various concepts of the short-term Phillips curve and their implications for monetary policy. The empirical part brings an attempt to estimate non-linear shortterm Phillips curves for Polish vojevodships. The results of the estimation based on panel data, as well as estimations of the curves for individual vojevodships, suggest the existence of a concave dependence between inflation and unemployment gap in most vojevodships. According to the Lipsey concept, this means that the aggregate Phillips curve in Poland can move upwards in the periods marked by regional convergence while regional divergence may shift it downwards. The results of this research have significant implications for the effectiveness of national monetary policy.

RU

В статье анализируется связь между нормой безработицы на региональном уровне и агрегатной нормой инфляции на общенациональном уровне. В теоретической части рассматриваются различные концепции краткосрочной кривой Филлипса и их значение для денежной политики. В эмпирической части делается попытка нелинейных эстима- ций краткосрочных кривых Филлипса в польских воеводствах. Результаты эстимации, сделанной на панельных данных, а также индивидуальная эстимация для отдельных воеводств, позволяют принять гипотезу о существовании вогнутой зависимости между инфляцией и безработицей в большинстве воеводств. Согласно концепции Липси это означает, что в Польше агрегатная кривая Филлипса в периоды региональной конвер- генции может передвигаться вверх, а региональная дивергенция, в свою очередь, может приводить к ее падению. Полученные результаты вызывают существенные импликации для эффективности национальной денежной политики.

5

Evropská měnová integrace

80%

Dana W., Petr M., Jiří T.

Littera Scripta

|

2009

|

vol. 1

109-119

EN

Contribution is focusing on development European currency integration and other reciprocal context of concerning to common currency of European union states. Further is dealing with relation of European currency union compared with global currency policy and acquaint with influence of national fiscal policy and reminds also exercise of currency policy CNB-(Czech national bank) as a expressive stability element of macroeconomic environment.

6

Polityka pieniężna Europejskiego Banku Centralnego 1999-2013

80%

Benedyk M.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

|

2013

|

vol. 19

|

issue 4

9 - 29

EN

The expansionary monetary policy of the European Central Bank at the beginning of the 21st century gave rise to a big credit expansion. The expansion was distributed unevenly among the Eurozone member states and it led to an economic boom, especially in the real estate market. The malinvestments from the boom period brought about severe economic crisis. Since the crisis ECB acts (lends banks unprecedented amounts of money, against poor collateral, for extended period of time, at record low interest rates) like his main end is keeping the European banking sector afl oat, not the officially stated inflation targeting.

7

Relative effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies on output growth in Turkey: an ARDL bounds test approach

80%

Özer M., Karagöl V.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

|

2018

|

vol. 13

|

issue 3

391-409

EN

Research background: Effects of monetary and fiscal policy on output growth has been one of the major topics that economists have been investigating. Monetary and fiscal policies are tools for economists and policymakers to correctly direct the economy and facilitate the growth and development of the country. Accordingly, it is critically important for policy-makers in the area of economy to study the efficiency and the effectiveness of such policies. But, so far, there has been no generally accepted evidence suggesting the effectiveness of either the policy in Turkey or around the world. Instead, the dominance of either policy is subject to a change period to period and country to country. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study is to analyze the growth effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies and then determine which of these two policies is more powerful in promoting economic growth in Turkey over the period 1998 and 2016. Methods: To investigate the growth effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies, we use some of the time series econometric techniques, such as ARDL Bounds testing, structural break unit root tests and Granger causality tests. Findings & Value added: Monetary policy variable is creating only short-run effects on growth; but, it's not causing any Granger causality on it. On the other hand, fiscal policy variable has a long-run significant effect and causing to growth. Thus, the fiscal policy seems to be more effective than monetary policy during examination period, implying the rethinking the implementation of both policies in Turkey. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to investigate the relative effectiveness of economic policies on growth in Turkey in terms of both methods used and period chosen.

8

Struktura kredytów a wahania cykliczne w Polsce

80%

Jędruchniewicz A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

|

2013

|

issue 908

57-73

EN

The study sought to answer the question of whether the structure of loans borrowed by companies and households was consistent with the theses of the Austrian school which states that over the business cycle relative changes in the production of goods occur and depend on the degree of remoteness from the consumer goods and on their durability. In the years 2005–2011, Polish households contributed a much higher share of total loans to the real sector than did companies. However, business loans and household property loans, taken together, constituted the vast majority of all loans. The analysis conducted for those years showed that the loan structure in the 2005–2008 growth stage when compared to the 2009–2011 growth stage shows better agreement with the Austrian theory than the 2009–2011 growth stage (especially its initial part). This is evident in the change of the loan structure by entities and sectors.

9

MONETARY POLICY AND INVESTMENTS IN THE POLISH ECONOMY

80%

Jędruchniewicz A.

Oeconomia Copernicana

|

2015

|

vol. 6

|

issue 3

7-22

EN

Investments are an important source of development of enterprises and the economy. They depend on many factors. According to most of the major economic schools, an important factor influencing the level and dynamics of investment inputs is monetary policy. The main objective of the study is to investigate the influence of monetary policy of Polish National Bank on the dynamics and structure of investments in Poland. Due to the realistic theory of capital, investment changes were assessed primarily from the point of view of the Austrian school. Research methods that were used in this study include deduction and statistical analysis. In the years 2006-2013, the Polish economy has performed moderately linear relationship between the reference interest rate and the dynamics of investments. Changes in monetary policy led to a disproportionate growth of production of various goods both in periods of better and bad economic situation. Volatility of capital inputs was substantially higher than the production of consumer goods. Also, investments in industries at the early stages of the production structure changed more dynamically than those in sectors that are closest to the consumer. The obtained results confirm the theory of the Austrian School.

10

Nauki ekonomiczne po kryzysie

80%

Götz M.

Przegląd Zachodni

|

2013

|

issue 4(349)

127-142

EN

(Post)crisis economy becomes less orthodox and hermetic. It starts opening itself to external intellectual trends and views its own judgments with less confidence, additionally subjecting them to a growing number of reservations. This paper offers a selection of crisis related reflections.

11

Inflation Targets - What Factors Can Help to Explain Their Levels

80%

Niedźwiedzińska J.

Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics

|

2020

|

issue 1

12

Polityka pieniężna a kryzysy finansowe

80%

Koronowski A.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

|

2009

|

vol. 235

|

issue 10

33-48

EN

The paper discusses the role of monetary policy in preventing financial crises and offsetting their implications. The paper provides a critical evaluation of views on the relationship between monetary policy and financial crises. The author looks at this issue in the context of practical experiences, especially those coming from the U.S. market, where the analyzed ties seem to be the most prominent. The author concludes that a monetary policy exclusively focused on the prices of goods and services and oriented toward keeping inflation in check in the short term, may create an environment conducive to the outbreak of a financial crisis. The probability of such a situation is especially high if the financial market is heavily liberalized and poorly supervised, Koronowski says. However, the main conclusion is that a financial crisis may be prompted by an excessive, prolonged increase in the liquidity of the banking sector after a decline in financial stability or as a result of failed central bank attempts to stimulate credit expansion and economic growth. Yet another conclusion is that monetary policy must be stable not only in terms of inflation, but also in terms of the price of money, Koronowski says. This is indispensable for a healthy financial sector and robust economic growth, the author adds.

13

Polityka fiskalna wobec kryzysu finansowego. Próba oceny

80%

Lubiński M.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

|

2010

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vol. 242

|

issue 9

1-23

EN

The article aims to evaluate, in theoretical terms, the fiscal policyresponse to the international financial crisis that began in 2007. The evaluation is based on a debate on the stabilization policy conducted after World War II, and on views formulated in research reports during the latest crisis. The main conclusion is that the reaction of the authorities to the crisis contradicts previously formulated theoretical recommendations. The most visible sign was the extensive use of fiscal policy measures. Theoretical recommendations were disproved in practice, largely due to political considerations. The key drawback of fiscal intervention was the lack of an assessment of the long-term implications of the move, with uncertain short-term effects. According to Lubiński, the crisis became an excuse for an inconsiderate public policy that served politicians and private interest groups. In a dubious arrangement, financial institutions were supported at the expense of taxpayers, despite the lack of public approval. The role of the government should be to ensure the proper functioning of the financial system, instead of rescuing it in the event of difficulties, Lubiński says. Another problem is posed by unclear regulations for discretionary action.

14

Reguła Taylora i jej rozszerzenia

80%

Baranowski P.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

|

2008

|

vol. 225

|

issue 7-8

1-23

EN

The paper discusses the key aspects of research on a modern monetary policy rule proposed by American economist John B. Taylor in 1993. The Taylor rule stipulates how much the central bank should change the nominal interest rate in response to divergences of actual GDP from potential GDP and divergences of actual rates of inflation from a target rate of inflation. The rule recommends a relatively high interest rate (a "tight" monetary policy) when inflation is above its target or when the economy is above its full employment level, and a relatively low interest rate ("easy" monetary policy) in the opposite situations. Baranowski discusses many aspects of the Taylor rule, including the type of interest rates subject to analysis; the need to use real-time data; additional variables that may influence interest rates; the method of measuring variables; and the stability of the analyzed parameters. The paper also shows how the Taylor rule is used in practice. The rule can be used to analyze monetary policy, make international comparisons, and forecast interest rates. It can be an important component of both theoretical and empirical economic models, the author says.

15

Kredyt handlowy a polityka pieniężna NBP

80%

Młodkowski P.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

|

2008

|

vol. 222

|

issue 3

1-18

EN

The paper examines the influence of the central bank’s monetary policy on trade credit financing in Poland. The aim is to establish the nature and scope of the private sector’s response to modifications in monetary policy. An additional issue is whether there is a substitution effect between bank credit and trade credit. Both these issues are subject to formal statistical analysis. In the process, the author takes a comprehensive look at the monetary policy stance of the Polish central bank. He proposes a simple and intuitive indicator in this area based on money supply and demand data. Using a regression analysis, Młodkowski finds a strong and statistically significant relationship between monetary policy and trade credit. His findings also confirm the existence of a substitution effect between bank credit and trade credit. The author builds two regression models, one for “trade credit extended” and the other for “trade credit used.” In the case of “trade credit used,” both the scope of the relationship and its significance are stronger than in the case of “trade credit extended,” Młodkowski says. This is due to an asymmetry of statistical data subject to analysis. Poland’s Central Statistical Office only gathers data from businesses with more than 45 employees. In another conclusion involving trade credit theories, Młodkowski proves wrong a financial aid theory that suggests that enterprise size is a factor that leads to an asymmetry in the propensity to extend and use trade credit. This theory does not hold true for Poland, Młodkowski says.

16

Trudności koordynacji polityki pieniężnej i polityki fiskalnej we współczesnej gospodarce

80%

Marszałek P.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

|

2006

|

vol. 210

|

issue 9

57-75

EN

The paper examines issues related to the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies. The author discusses the implications of delayed monetary and fiscal decisions and the difficulties involved in setting economic policy goals. He also describes the “one-armed policymaker” syndrome and the “zero bound problem.” The discussion indicates that proper coordination makes it possible to limit delays in economic policy. It also offsets the shortage of instruments at the disposal of policy makers and helps prevent deflation pressure, while increasing the efficiency of economic policy under “the zero bound problem.” All this increases the probability that monetary and fiscal policy makers will successfully attain their goals. The author concludes that the relationships between monetary and fiscal policies are much deeper and more complex than they seem to be, going beyond their traditional perception in terms of inflation and budget deficit financing. Moreover, considering the limitations of fiscal policy that reduce its flexibility, coordination efforts should primarily support the position of the central bank as a prime decision maker with considerable room for maneuver. Fiscal authorities should essentially limit themselves to supporting central bank activities and pursuing well-designed policies.

17

TRANSMISSION MECHANISM OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM’S MONETARY POLICY IN THE CONDITIONS OF ZERO BOUND ON NOMINAL INTEREST RATES

80%

Brózda D.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

|

2016

|

vol. 11

|

issue 4

751-767

EN

The experience of Japan from the 90s of the twentieth century and the recent global financial crisis has shown that the zero lower bound problem has ceased to be a theoretical curiosity and became the subject of intense scientific discussion. This issue is closely linked with John Maynard Keynes’s liquidity trap. The phenomenon of the zero lower bound is very controversial. Not all economists agree that it may restrict the effectiveness of the central bank’s actions. The aim of the article is to present the views of economists on this transmission mechanism of monetary policy under the zero lower bound. The paper also attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the Federal Reserve System’s monetary policy at zero nominal interest rates.

18

Monetary Policy and House Price Volatility

80%

Wesołowski G.

Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics

|

2021

|

issue 4

19

Money Supply as the Target of the Central Bank

80%

Jędruchniewicz A.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

|

2014

|

vol. 14

|

issue 1

116-136

EN

The main purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the monetary policy strategy that is based on the adoption of money supply as an intermediate target. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of the theory of the Austrian school. The first part of the article presents an influence of the supply of money on changes of categories in economy according to mainstream theories of economics. The second part discusses the essence of the strategy of monetary policy using money supply as an intermediate target from the point of view of the main trend in economics. It is demonstrated that in order to use it, two elementary conditions must be met: the function of demand for money must be at least relatively stable and the central bank must practically shape changes in the money supply at the planned level. The third part is of key importance for the purpose of this article. It involves the criticism of Friedman’s principle, i.e. a constant increase in money supply as a monetary strategy. According to the Austrian theory, an increase in the quantity of money which is not financed by voluntary savings separates the time structure of production and consumption. Thus, after the period of prosperity there a collapse in production must take place. It is also pointed out that the crisis can be postponed only when the quantity of money increases at an ever faster rate.

20

The Selected Aspects of Application of Monetary Policy in the Economic and Monetary Union Pre-And-Post 2008

80%

Vojtaššák M.

Creative and Knowledge Society

|

2015

|

vol. 5

|

issue 1

36-46

EN

Purpose of the article is to present in two parts the selected aspects of application of monetary policy in the euro area pre and post 2008 as well as insitutional adaptations brought by the EU legislator. Methodology/methods In order to better explain these points, the article relies partially on a comparison with the framework and application of the monetary policy by the Federal Reserve as well as on a historic method when outlining the influence of definition of financial stability from the ECB/Eurosystem towards other prominent central banks. Scientific aim The article presents selected aspects of the monetary policy in the part of the EU where single currency was introduced in order to outline state of the art governance structure as well as a certain institutional creativity in application of powers conferred upon the central banks by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and Protocol on the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank. The goal is to prove (i) the hypothesis of robustness of the framework and (ii) present the limits that can only be pushed further by the legislative power. The conclusions confirm on the one hand that the framework of monetary policy based on strong institutional safeguards such as legislative power and independence is very resilient and can prove efficient and creative enough to stabilise an innovative monetary system, however, on the other hand, validate the hypothesis that certain adaptations can only be performed on the basis of a legislative adaptations.

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