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  1. 155 Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

  2. 62 Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)

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  1. 8 Gockowski J.

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  1. 9 2011

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1
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The Concept of Person and the Question of the Scientific Progress and Regress of Social Sciences

100%
Bobryk J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2007
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1(171)
3-19
EN
The article is devoted to an evaluation of the development of humanistic psychology. The emergence and development of the category of human person against a background o the problem of the progress and regress of social sciences is also discussed. The author's conclusion is that contemporary humanistic psychology, which is under the influence of 'New Age Movement', is based on an anachronistic conception of human person.
2

BULDING UP DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS FOR SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL IN UKRAINE BY USE OF STATISTICAL MODELS (Pobudova stsenariyiv rozvytku naukovykh kadriv v Ukrayini na osnovi vykorystannya statystychnykh modeley)

100%
Vashulenko O. S., Gryga V. Y., Egorov I. Y.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
|
2010
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issue 1
28-39
EN
The article is devoted to studying and medium-term forecasting of the scientific personnel in Ukraine by use of multifactor regression model, with focus on change in R&D employment mainly through redistribution of qualified staff between economic activities and with consideration to possible transformation of the socio-economic model in Ukraine in the forthcoming three years. Most significant factors (indicators) are identified, which, if brought to control, enable for accelerating or hampering renovation of the scientific personnel: the share of GDP allocated for R&D, the ratio of compensation in R&D and the industry average, the ratio of compensation in R&D and the average in public administration, the ratio of compensation in R&D and the average in banking and financial intermediation sector, the ratio of compensation in R&D and the average across the national economy. Three development scenarios for the scientific personnel in Ukraine till 2012 are built on the basis of the constructed multifactor regression model (scenario 1 - moderate growth; scenario 2 - optimistic; scenario 3 - pessimistic), with measures of budgetary support to science, proposed specifically for each model. Results of the modeling allow for the conclusion that growth in R&D employment in Ukraine can only be expected through recruitment of new personnel, but this growth will only be feasible when proper working conditions in R&D are created and the ratio of compensation in R&D and 'competitive' sectors (finances and public administration in the first place) is changed.
3
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Theory of Epistemic Valuation:The Logic of Valuation

100%
Hajduk Z.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2005
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vol. 41
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issue 1(163)
15-24
EN
The problems connected with the issue of valuation in selected sections of philosophical logic were presented and the substantial elements of those sections of logic, which are taking a related view of valuation, were included as well. These problems should be preceded with remarks, which constitute the draft of the theory of valuation and values in science. In this preparatory framework the evaluative character of R. Carnap's, K.R. Popper's, and Th. S. Kuhn's methodology is stressed. These methodological theories report the process of valuation, which is present in science, and the methods of determination of the epistemic usefulness. The primary and the secondary values of science and the pluralistic conception of values should also be discussed. In this context, current discussions on the well-known thesis of axiological neutrality of science (M. Weber) should also be taken into consideration. A few essential axiological problems formulated in the perspective of philosophical logic have been considered and presented. Among them are: 1. Involved in that set of problems three sections of non-classical ( philosophical) logic; 2. The logic of absolute and comparative valuation; 3. The logical structure of valuation - four elements are distinguished here; 4. The opposition between the description and the valuation from semiotic point of view; 5. The valuation as one of the epistemic categories; 6. Formal and substantial or material conditions of the rationality of such conceptions.
4
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The Worldview Aspects of Theory of Evolution in the Context of Controversy on Teaching Evolution in American Public Schools

100%
Bylica P.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2005
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vol. 41
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issue 2(164)
167-179
EN
In the context of discussions on teaching evolution in USA the author is going to present the incompatibility of ideological implications of evolutionism with worldview neutrality of American public educational system, which is postulated in American constitutional ideal of state-church separation. He demonstrates that the theory of evolution has implications according to worldview because it answers on questions that are basic in every culture - questions of origins of life and human kind. He also demonstrates that reality and the constitutional ideal are inconsistent because the ideal is based on false, neopositivist concept of science. The author claims that philosophical assumptions of methodological and metaphysical naturalism are very important in contemporary science and evolution especially. He refers to contemporary philosophy of science to justify claim that philosophical influences on the content of scientific theories is quite natural. Yet, some American creationists still finds the relationship of science and philosophy as inappropriate. Some scientists, who claim that the theory of evolution is neural according to worldview, also believe in purely empirical picture of science. The simplified vision of science is a basis for courts decisions on teaching evolution and excluding creationist concepts from public schools. He agrees with Laudan that excluding creationists concepts from school curricula can be based on the inadequacy of empirical content of the theories. The author finds the courts argument on religious commitment of only creationists ideas and neutrality of evolution as unjustified.
5
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History-Sociology of Scientific World Perspective and Scientific Social Practice

100%
Gockowski J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 1(175)
59-73
EN
Subjects addressed in the paper: 1. Idea-project of developing of history-sociology of science as most important discipline of science of science researching into continuity and change of the status and functions of scientific knowledge in shaping of human life. 2. Scientific world perspective as a matrix micro-world, which identity lasts in dialectics of continuity and change in ontological, epistemological, praxiological and axiological ideas concerning understanding and performing of scientific knowledge. 3. Scientific social practice as a forum of intentional cooperation of researchers, who create cognitive values. 4. Permanent elements of scientific activity, different in various places, but phenomenally responsible for identity of science. 5. Feature of internal history of science as a factor of making scientific knowledge a realm of culture fragmentation and feature of external history of science as a factor of making scientific knowledge a realm integrated with system of multiplicity of social practices. 6. Eternal war between two different styles of research (constructive, systemic thinking vs. investigating, problematic thinking) forming dialectics, insurmountable by changes leading to improvement. 7. Important facts, proving changes in scientific social practice, but at the same time ascertaining its lasting in old-established identity.
6
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Image of Science in Stanislaw Lem's Writings

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Kaminska J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 2(176)
179-195
EN
The paper presents S. Lem's views on science and scientists. The authoress reconstructs them from analyses of fiction and essays concerning these subjects, e.g. 'Astronauci', 'Glos Pana', 'Summa technologiae', 'Okamgnienie' and 'Bomba megabitowa'. Three main stages of views' evolution are singled out. The episode of Lem's life is recalled when he mets with science of science: he took part in Science of Science Seminar, created by Mieczyslaw Choynowski at the Jagellonian University.
7
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Geneza koncepcji nauki Michaela Polanyi’ego – obrona autonomii nauki

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Zmyślony I.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 2(188)
145-165
EN
The aim of the article is to explicate Polanyi's idea of science in aspect of its origins, i.e. criticism of Marxist policy of planning in science followed by defence of scientific freedom in initiating and conducting research independently of any extraneous pressure. The first part of the article contains reconstruction of Polanyi's interpretation of Marxist idea of science that denies a key distinction between pure and applied science, reconstructed in the second part. Further two parts describe Polanyi's criticism of planning in science and expound his idea of scientific freedom. Part five consists in synthetic reconstruction of his notion of science in its four dimensions - objective (verbal and non-verbal), personal, habitual and social.
8
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Defining Death. A Contribution to Metathanalogy

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Roczen R.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2005
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vol. 41
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issue 2(164)
153-166
EN
This article analyses principles of defining death as well as usefulness of those definitions for medical practice. The practice needs a criterial definition, not metaphysical or existential one. Therefore, such medical definition of death, especially brain death, should deliver specific end-of-life criteria and the way of their credible verification in practice.
9
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The Soft Rationality in Science

100%
Bobryk J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 3-4
373-384
EN
The paper is an attempt to give an explanation of the existence of irrational elements (irrational theories, irrational theoretical assumptions, and irrational interpretations of experiment) in modern science. Author's claim is that there are internal (connected with scientific reason) and external (social and cultural) reasons of scientific irrationality. The paper presents several examples of scientific irrationality.
10
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Formulations of Strong Anthropic Principles

100%
Mazurek M.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 1(175)
13-25
EN
The article proposes a division of formulations of strong anthropic principles into general and specific. The division reveals diverse relationships between the existence of carbonic life in the Universe and its various properties. These relationships are necessary, conditioned by the understanding of the expression must, as well as causal and teleological. General formulations of the principles of both types focus on the factor of necessity. Specific formulations of the principles in question are called in the literature of participatory and final anthropic principle. The principles are named 'participatory' and 'final' principles since in explaining properties of the Universe causal and teleological roles of the observer are taken into account. In other words, teleological and causal relationships between cosmic coincidences and the fact of life existence in the Universe are postulated.
11

PARTICIPATION OF THE NAS OF UKRAINE IN ELABORATING SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS FOR SUSTAINED DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

100%
Grachev O., Etokov V.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2009
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issue 1
57-72
EN
Main areas of research devoted to environmental protection and sustained development in Ukraine, carried out in a period: end of 20th-beginning 21th C., by institutes of NAS of Ukraine, in accordance with the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and World Summit on Sustained Development in Johannesburg ( 2002) decisions, were analyzed. The results of a survey of 91 institutes conducted in 2005, covering the 5-year period, made possible a scientometric analysis of their contributions towards solving the above interdisciplinary problem. In the questionnaire the following topics were included: -most significant results in 2000-2004, number of research works, amount and sources of funding, research personnel and research efficiency (number of implemented developments, patents etc.); -barriers for utilization of results and ways for their overcoming; -recommendations. The analysis of filled questionnaires allows for several conclusions concerning: interdisciplinary character of the problem (about 40% of NAS institutes were involved); a quite significant financial support for the problem (average share of its funding amounted to about 10% of the total for the NAS of Ukraine), which grew by 2,54 over the 5 years (2000-2004); disciplinary profile of institutes involved; qualifications dynamics of the involved researchers; dynamics of the introduced/utilized ecologically friendly technologies. It was found that virtually all the institutes encountered barriers in technology implementing/application, mainly due to the ruined trial facilities of the NAS, innovation insensibility of ministries and enterprises, absence of special innovation programs and moratorium on creation of innovation funds at ministries, inadequacy of legal acts on environment, lack of financial and economic stimuli for industrial implementation of innovations. Revival of trial facilities at the NAS is believed to be a foremost objective.
12

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS IN UKRAINE IN 1998-2007

100%
Isakova N.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2009
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issue 1
73-89
EN
The article shows results of analysis of 195 dissertations for degrees of candidates and doctors of sciences, defended in 1998-2007, out of which 181 and 14, respectively, dealt with problems of entrepreneurship and small business in Ukraine. The analysis based on the electronic database of the library of the NAS of Ukraine. Quantitative and content analysis iwas carried out by the key words 'small enterprises', 'small entrepreneurship', 'small business' and 'entrepreneurship'. The analysis allowed to distribute dissertations according to disciplines (economics, public administration, law, history, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, philosophy, engineering), narrow field of economics (economic theory; economics and management of S&T progress; organization of economic management, planning and regulation; statistics; mathematic methods in economic studies; finances, monetary circulation and credit; world economy and international relations, etc., the total of 14), year of dissertation defending, administrative affiliation of a candidate (Ministry for Science and Education, National Academy of Sciences, Ministry for Economy, Ministry for Agrarian Policy, etc., the total of 6), geographic location (17 Ukrainian cities). More detailed analysis of dissertations is offered for the following disciplinary fields: economics, organization and management of enterprises; economic theory; entrepreneurship, management and marketing; organization of economic management, planning and regulation. Conclusions made from the analysis reveal several specific features of studies in the above broad disciplinary field, conducted in Ukraine.
13

HISTORY OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE IN DIARIES AND LETTER OF V.I.VERNADSKY

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Onopriyenko V.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2008
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issue 4
19-31
EN
V.Vernadsky assigned a great importance to his 'genetic links' with Ukraine, being concerned with Ukrainian history, culture, his family genealogy. He believed organization of the Ukrainian Academy to be his most successful affair. A vast stock of his epistolary heritage, including his diaries, represents a valuable source on the history of the Ukrainian science, including the Ukrainian Academy. Now this stock can be better accessed thanks to the project 'Library of Works of Academician V.I.Vernadsky', fulfilled in the Russian Academy of Sciences in 90s. However, large stocks of materials remain unpublished. The article contains passages from Vernadsky's letters showing Vernadsky's judgments of scientists who were earliest members of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAN), and of others who communicated with him during his stay in Kiev. As seen from Vernadsky's writings, the main criterion of his judgment was one's implemented research potential, although organizational qualities were not disregarded as well. The examples of Vernadsky's opinions on K.Timiryazev - distinguished Russian biologist, M.Grushevsky - outstanding Ukrainian historian, and on other Ukrainian scientists engaged in establishing the UAN confirm that his judgments tended to be rigid but objective. Also, Vernadsky's opposition is shown to political speculation and partiality, emotionality and national ambitiousness of certain Ukrainian scientists representing the earliest generation of the Ukrainian academy science.
14
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The Problem of Consistency between Assumptions of Sociology of Knowledge and Assumptions of Philosophical Anthropology (on Example of Max Scheler's Ideas)

100%
Czerniak S.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2004
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vol. 40
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issue 3(161)
391-407
EN
The author of these considerations puts a question, non-trivial from the point of view of science of science, about relationship of theoretic-methodological consistency between research sub-disciplines regarded by their own creators as discourses of paradigms corresponding to one another in a general philosophical perspective. As a historical example used for this analysis serves the concept of the sociology of knowledge and of the philosophical anthropology, developed - as elements of an overall philosophical perspective - by Max Scheler (1874-1928), beside E. Husserl the most widely known representative of the phenomenological movement in the 20th century. M. Scheler had often articulated his intention in his writings that philosophical anthropology should form a basis of categories of the sociology of knowledge, a reservoir of philosophical assumptions for socio-cognitive ideas. The hypothesis of the present paper is as follows: (a) some fragments of Schelerian sociology of knowledge (the so-called concepts of 'class idols') would be very hard to thought ot as 'grounded' in that meaning into the model of philosophical anthropology that he had proposed; (b) an anthropology different from Schelerian may be indicated (by Helmuth Plessner) more logically consistent with the idea of 'class idol'.
15
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The Definition of Mental Illness

100%
Kapusta A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 3-4
269-284
EN
In this paper, some difficulties connected with the notion of 'mental illness' are presented. Firstly, the author concentrates on the conditions necessary for creating a good definition of mental illness and demonstrates the presence of two groups of criteria, which are in opposition to one another and cannot be reconciled. Next, relating to 'conceptual map' of mental disorders (following B. Fulford), common characteristics of psychiatric conditions are sketched out. On the basis of these analyses, the sources of such a diversity of perspectives on mental illness are located (from biomedical model to anti-psychiatry movement). The author points out that these definitional problems stem from accepting the implicit model of physical illness and the hope for naturalization of psychopathological disorders. The limitation of this biomedical perspective is presented by promoting the thesis that mental illness is a kind of metaphor. However, the consequences of such assumptions are different than those of Thomas Szasz' sceptic position. It means that the trouble with the concept of mental disorder is part of the dynamics of scientific research and discoveries and especially medical practice, where extra-theoretical factors are important part supporting official theories and therapeutic methods.
16
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(POST)CONSTRUCTIVISM ON TECHNOSCIENCE (Post)konstruktywizm na temat technonauki

100%
Binczyk E.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2010
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vol. 46
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issue 2
231-251
EN
The main aims of the article are as following: (1) indicating that (properly determined) constructivist perspective is able to model cognition (and especially the conditions of the effectiveness of laboratory practices) in a satisfactory way, (2) reconstructing the latest tendencies within the science and technology studies that impel us to use towards them rather the term (post)constructivism than the notion of social constructivism, (3) showing how the (post)constructivist standpoint conceptualises technoscience.
17
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O pasji naukowej i pożytkach z niej płynących

100%
Chmielewska-Banaszak D.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 2(188)
217-228
EN
My paper is devoted to scientific passion and its connections with scientific effectiveness. Following some preliminary considerations concerning a context of my paper. I come to description of mechanisms determining a level of engagement into scientific activities. Next part of the paper is concerned with environmental determinants of engagements into scientific work. In contemporary attitude toward creativity (including scientific one) a notion of passion is used seldom, if at all. It's connected with motives and emotions in creative process, and its research isn't dominant in present-day psychology. So, one of the aim of my paper is to try to incorporate the notion of passion into the perspective of up-to-date approach to scientific creativity.
18
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Does Quantity Changes to Triviality? The Pros and Cons of Parametric Evaluation of Science Components

100%
Skalska-Zlat M.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2005
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vol. 41
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issue 1(163)
95-101
EN
The authoress ponders on a topical and a controversial dilemma – whether and to what extent quantitative criteria of evaluation can be applied to science components. These components are considered to be both subjective and objective, e.g. scientists, scientific associations, institutions, publications, etc. All of them are submitted to opinions and estimation. The objective methods have been searched for a long time, and the controversy over their rightness continues. They are divided into two basic groups: peer review and numerical. The first is also called qualitative, the other quantitative. This differentiation may suggest that the quantitative methods do not comply with the quality criteria. Another important issue is the relation between scientific production quality and its quantity. The subject is very broad. For comprehensive discussion it would be necessary to present all methods and techniques applied, to draw comparisons, mention examples of their use, and results obtained.
19
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Experiment in Medicine

100%
Doroszewski J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2007
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vol. 43
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issue 2(172)
181-196
EN
The paper presents the results of a methodological analysis of the experimental biomedical investigations, typical especially for physiological problems. The research activity is described as a multistage process of solving complex problems composed of numerous, mutually related sub-problems. General structure of this process is illustrated with fragments of original publications. The theoretical analysis as well as the study of original texts, describing biomedical research activities, make possible to arrive at conclusions concerning the form of the statements that are common results of physiological experiments; these statements deal with multi-argument relations linking the values of the features of objects under study. The propositions that are the direct results of the experiments are incorporated into the bulk of the general knowledge; various semantic levels of the biomedical knowledge are described.
20

STANDARDIZATION: MAIN ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT (Standartyzatsiya: osnovni aspekty rozvytku)

100%
Khramova-Baranova O. L.
Nauka ta naukoznavstvo (Science and Science of Science)
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2009
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issue 4
61-66
EN
The idea of standardization and its broad interpretation is shown by use of rich historical evidence, including accounts of Ancient Egypt and Rome, Renaissance epoch, Russia before and after Peter the Great, Western Europe (Germany, England, France) before and after the industrial revolution. The contemporary standardization is dated from the rise of mass-scale industry, that is, from the capitalism, and institutions dealing with standardization appeared at the end of XIX - beginning of XX century, when standardization was perceived as an economic requirement, not in the least due to intensive militarization, and national organizations responsible for standardization appeared in time of World War I. Detailed account of standardization in the USSR is given, which was launched with introduction of metric system of measures and weights and establishing the first central body on standardization in 1925. In 1968, the USSR was the first in the world practice to develop and approve the so called 'State Standardization System'. The world experiences in standardization were subject to concern in the USSR, an evidence of which is the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR 'On Organization of Work on Standardization in the USSR'. Works on standardization were suspended with the breakdown of the USSR.
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