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Acta onomastica
|
2018
|
vol. 59
|
issue 1
282-286
Acta onomastica
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2018
|
vol. 59
|
issue 1
177-183
EN
This study is focused on non-standardized urban toponymy of one specific place in the city of Prague. Wenceslas Square represents a space in the center of the city with an important history and meaning for the nation. On a map, Wenceslas Square is a clearly delineated open space that looks rather like a boulevard than like an ordinary square. The aim of this paper is to describe all non-standardized names that refer to this place. Some of them come from the Middle Ages (e. g. Na kolotoči - On Carousel), the newest one have their origin in the second half of the 20th century (e. g. Štrougalovy sady - Štrougal Park, U Mekáče - At McDonald’s).
EN
The text is focused on the toponymy of the industrial area of the Ostrava and Karviná regions (the Czech Republic); the research being centred on (the local) exonyms. Exonyms were used for naming coal-miners’ colonies and districts, or newly built housing estates. The oldest layer of exonyms-based toponymy originated at the beginning of the post-1850 industrial development (Amerika, Mexiko, Nový York), whereas the youngest one is represented by the post-WWII place names (Balaton, Donbas, Korea, Stalingrad). Later, exonyms have stopped forming the base for new place names, cf. sporadic names, such as Bronks, Dalas and Fukušima. The reason is the development of global communication, a rapid information flow, and tourism; names of places abroad have been losing their unique status. This fact is also evidenced by a nearly zero knowledge of the place names origin. Their spatial distribution reflects coal mines and heavy industry areas in the regions - the exonymic place names are spread concentrically in the Ostrava area, whereas they are spread evenly in the Karviná one.
4
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Predoslje a Prelosno (po 45 letech)

75%
Acta onomastica
|
2012
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vol. 53
|
issue 1
316-322
EN
France Bezlaj first published his account of the Slovene toponyms Predoslje and Prelosno in the journal Zpravodaj Místopisné komise ČSAV in 1967. Based on historical records (Prerassell and other similar forms) as well as geographic characteristics of the locations in question, he claimed that the term *predoselj from folk geographic terminology, denoting a natural bridge over a ravine or perhaps even a ravine as such, contains the lexeme *prěrǫslo, identified as an obsolete appellative form *rǫslo sharing its root with the Russian ruslo ‘riverbed, river or stream’. In this paper, however, we propose to explain the names Predoslje and Prelosno as originating from the geographic appellative *prěraslь, derived from the verb prerasti ‘to overgrow’. Parallels to the obsolete appelative *prerasel can be found in Polish (Przerośl), Western-Ukrainian (Перерiсль), and Serbian (Велика, Maлa Прераст) toponymy.
EN
The article analyzes scientific approaches to the grouping of toponyms according to the geographical principles based on the materials of the Zhambyl region and comprehensively examines hydrographic terms. The importance of the study is due to insufficient work on the hydronymy of the Zhambyl region and the need to develop this direction in Kazakh science. The aim of the study is to group the hydronyms of the Zhambyl region based on geographical principles. The study used cartographic, statistical and GIS methods. Whilst analyzing hydrographic objects, 177 names of rivers were identified which were formed with the participation of indicator terms related to rivers. They were classified and grouped into the most common terms in the names of rivers such as the term sai 57%, the term su 25% and the term ozek 16%.
Onomastica
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 1
177-191
EN
The subject of the paper is Silesian geographical names motivated by colour terms. The analysis comprised Polish and German appellative-derived names of inhabited and uninhabited buildings as well as oronyms and hydronyms. The term colour appearing in the title is broadly understood as every element naming a colour, deriving from a colour term or evoking associations with a colour term. The analytical part contains a description of particular colour terms constituting the basis for proper names, with their meanings, connotations and prototypes. It is followed by a presentation of geographical names in which colour terms are elements of juxtapositions, simple compounds and closed compounds, as well as bases for derived names. Polonised and transitional names were also considered in order to emphasize certain phenomena. Apart from the basic colour referring to Silesia (such as black, green, white, red) the bases for proper names can be non-basic colours, such as golden, silver, copper, ginger as well as more rarely used: purple, azure, grey, greyish. It can be concluded from the analysis that colour names motivated by colours terms not only present a real colour palette but also preserve the image of surface formation, hydrography and the natural characteristics of the landscape, with the minerals, metals and soils in the area, and they can be carriers of valuation and emotion as well.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są nazwy geograficzne Śląska z elementem kolorystycznym. Analizie zostały poddane polskie i niemieckie nazwy odapelatywne obiektów zamieszkanych i  niezamieszkanych, a także oronimy i hydronimy. Użyty w tytule termin element kolorystyczny rozumiany jest szeroko jako każdy element nazywający kolor, pochodzący od nazwy koloru czy uruchamiający asocjacje z nazwą koloru. W części analitycznej opisane są poszczególne nazwy kolorów będące podstawami nazw własnych wraz z ich znaczeniami, konotacjami i prototypami. Następnie przedstawione są nazwy geograficzne, w których określenia kolorów są elementami zestawień, zrostów i złożeń, a także podstawami nazw derywowanych. W celu uwypuklenia pewnych zjawisk wzięto też pod uwagę nazwy spolszczone i przejściowe. Poza podstawowymi kolorami określającymi Śląsk (takimi jak: czarny, zielony, biały, czerwony) bazami nazw własnych mogą być barwy niepodstawowe, jak złoty, srebrny, miedziany, rudy a także rzadsze: purpurowy, krasny, krwawy, lazurowy, szary, siwy czy szady.  Analiza pozwala wyciągnąć wnioski, że elementy kolorystyczne są ważnymi określeniami właściwościowymi: nie tylko ukazują rzeczywistą paletę barw, lecz także zachowują obraz ukształtowania powierzchni, hydrografię i naturalne cechy krajobrazu wraz z występującymi na tym terenie minerałami, kruszcami i glebami, a także mogą być nośnikami wartościowania i emocji.
Język Polski
|
2017
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vol. 97
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issue 2
72-84
PL
Artykuł omawia funkcjonowanie współczesnych nazw województw w sferze oficjalnej. Stanowią one kategorię określeń jednostek administracyjnych, które stały się w ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat rodzajem nazw własnych. Chociaż służą przede wszystkim delimitacji przestrzeni, pełnią funkcję zarówno toponimów, jak i chrematonimów, ponieważ jako marka stały się ważnym elementem marketingu terytorialnego. Większość nazw województw wprowadzonych w 1999 r. pochodzi od historycznych nazw regionów. Autorka pokazuje, jak zaciera się granica pomiędzy nazwami administracyjnymi a geograficznymi, również na płaszczyźnie językowej. Użycie nazw województw i ich wariantów stanowi dobry przykład „wymyślonej tradycji” (w rozumieniu E. Hobsbawma) i każe zastanowić się, czy nie kształtują one nowych wspólnot regionalnych.
EN
The article attempts to discuss function of the contemporary names of voivodeships in Poland. The names constitute a category of linguistic expressions related to administrative subdivision which became proper nouns. Although they uniquely identify delimited areas, the names of voivodeship perform function as both toponyms and chrematonyms. As brand marks they have established strong symbolic base for territorial marketing. Most names used since 1999 have derived from historical choronyms. The author demonstrates how distinction between geographical and administrative names has recently ceased to exist. Using of these names and their variants by regional authorities provides a good example of “invented tradition” (in term coined by E. Hobsbawm). The fact that the “traditional” names (e.g. Podkarpacie, Pomorze Zachodnie, Ziemia Łódzka) are often used instead of the official names of voivodeships would imply transformation of regional communities.
PL
Kolory należą do podstawowych środków orientacji człowieka w świecie. Niosą informacje o wartościach wyznawanych przez dane społeczeństwo, są wyrazem tożsamości jednostkowej i zbiorowej, wywołują różne skojarzenia i emocje, odzwierciedlają sposób postrzegania otaczającej rzeczywistości. Przedmiotem artykułu są nazwy geograficzne Śląska zawierające element kolorystyczny: czarny, biały i zielony – najbardziej charakterystyczne barwy Śląska. Badaniu zostały poddane zarówno nazwy genetycznie polskie, jak i niemieckie, gdyż historia Śląska i naturalna symbioza językowo-kulturowa pozwalają traktować je na równi. Badania nazw kolorów w obu językach nie wykazują też większych różnic w konotacjach i prototypach tych nazw. W pierwszej części artykułu wyjaśniono terminy związane z tematem, jak barwa / kolor, konotacje. Następnie przedstawiono kolejno trzy elementy kolorystyczne, poczynając od etymologii tych wyrazów, poprzez ich konotacje wynikłe z ludowego postrzegania świata, wierzeń i tradycji, kończąc na analizie nazw geograficznych zawierających te elementy. Złożenia, zrosty i zestawienia łączące przymiotniki z rzeczownikami potwierdzają prototypowe wzorce bieli, zieleni i czerni, ale wprowadzają też nowe, nieznane konotacje. Nazwy z elementem kolorystycznym tworzą specyficzny obraz Śląska jako krainy z jednej strony ciemnej, mrocznej i dzikiej, ale z drugiej strony jasnej, czystej i pełnej życia.
EN
Colours belong to the basic means of human orientation in the world. They convey information about values followed by a given society, are an expression of individual and collective identity, evoke various associations and emotions, and reflect the perception of the surrounding reality. The subject of the paper are geographical names of Silesia containing a colour element: black, white and green – the most characteristic colours of Silesia. Both genetically Polish and German names were examined, as the history of Silesia and the natural linguistic and cultural symbiosis make it possible to treat them equally. Research on the names of colours in both languages does not show any major differences in the connotations and prototypes of these names. The first part of the paper explains terms related to the topic, such as hue vs. colour, and connotations. Then, three colour elements are presented , starting from the etymology of the words, through their connotations resulting from the folk perception of the world, beliefs and traditions, ending with the analysis of geographical names containing these elements. Compounds proper, solid compounds and juxtapositions linking adjectives with nouns confirm the prototype patterns of white, green and black, but they also introduce new, unknown connotations. The names with a colour element create a specific image of Silesia as a land that is dark, dusky and wild, on the one hand, but bright, clean and full of life, on the other hand.
EN
This article discusses the Polish names of 193 member states of the United Nations. Among these names 49 (25%) are endonyms, which means that in Polish the names identical to ones used in the official languages of those countries are used. All other country names are Polish exonyms. It is possible to distinguish among them names that are translations of the entire name, or part thereof, as well as names being the graphic or phonetic adaptation of the original names. A large group of Polish country names are names borrowed from other languages which are not the official languages of the countries concerned – mostly from Latin and German, but also from English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Greek. An important group of Polish country names are names derived from the names of ethnic groups. The oldest names of this group are the ones which continue pre-Slavic forms – Włochy (for Italy), Niemcy (for Germany), Czechy (for Czechia), Węgry (for Hungary). In the case of long (official) names of countries, the ones used in the Polish language correspond (with three exceptions) with their original long names.
Język Polski
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2019
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vol. 99
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issue 1
13-25
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie najważniejszych elementów i założeń nowo zaprojektowanej teorii uzusu toponimicznego objaśniającej mechanizmy rozpowszechniania się określonych wariantów nazw geograficznych. Prezentowana teoria wprowadza pojęcia uzusu toponimicznego,uzusu indywidualnego i uzusu zbiorowego. Zawiera ponadto inwentarz indywidualnych i zbiorowych czynników kształtujących uzus toponimiczny. Oddziaływanie wybranych czynników zilustrowano przykładami kilku wybranych nazw geograficznych z obszaru Huculszczyzny obecnych w tekstach języka polskiego:Pop Iwan,Żabie/Werchowyna,Rafajłowa,Stoh/Stóg,Hnitessa.
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss the most important elements and theses of the newly developed theory of toponymic usus which explains the mechanisms of dissemination of various variants of geographical names. The presented theory introduces the concepts of toponymic usus, individual usus and collective usus. The theory includes an inventory of individual and social factors forming the toponymic usus. The influence of the selected factors has been illustrated with examples of several geographical names form the Hutsul region which are present in texts in Polish: Pop Iwan, Żabie/Werchowyna, Rafajłowa, Stoh/Stóg, Hnitessa.
Acta onomastica
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2020
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vol. 61
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issue 2
343-360
EN
The Geographical Names Commission was established at the beginning of the 1930s. It was an advisory board of the Military Geographical Institute which was responsible for the creation of maps in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars. The documents showing the activities of this commission are archived at the secretariat of the current Geographical Names Commission working at the State Administration of Land Surveying and Cadastre in Prague. The commission working in the 1930s was responsible for the correct linguistic form of geographical names (minor place names) used in the maps of Czechoslovakia. This article analyses the standardization of several problematic names (Velička/Velečka, Vsacká/Vsetínská Bečva, Ždánský/ Ždánický les, Hloučela/Hlučela, Olše/Olza, Olšava/Olsava, Vlára/Vlář) on the basis of historical documents. It describes the principles used in this process and compares the forms standardised in the 1930s with the names in the maps and in the usage in the regions today.
EN
The elaboration tackles the most important linguistic problems concerning the issue of standardizing geographical names beyond Polish borders. The article calls to mind the basic definitions of terms used during standardization (standardization of geographical names, national and international standardization, exonym, endonym, allonym etc.) and enumerates basic publications containing standardized worldwide geographical names. It also points to differences between the standardized and onomastic terminology, by focusing on terms such as: native name, foreign name and borrowing. The author enumerates elaborations containing geographical names coming from around the world. A new research program concerning historical exonyms has been mentioned, and normative rules applying to the adaptation of foreign names and their transcription and transliteration have been highlighted.
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Onymickou stopou Petra Bezruče

63%
EN
The text is focused on the cult of Petr Bezruč (1867-1958), a Czech poet, and its reflection in Czech post-1945 proper names. This is both effected, and proposed cases of (re-)namings of selected localities in the Moravian-Silesian region connected with Bezruč’s life and poetry; the research is focused on the period of 1940s and 1950s. The survey, based on available archival sources and that-time opinion journalism, was aimed at investigating the motivation of local authorities to use Bezruč’s names and the arguments presented in their requests. From the region perspective, the cult was created mostly via proposals of new names of institutions (chrematonyms) and new names of settlements, the latter were not effected; from the state/national perspective, the crucial role was played by urbanonyms (street and square names) in the cult creation.
EN
The article deals with Czech toponyms with the neuter ending -o, occurring almost exclusively in Southwest Bohemia. These neuter forms are regarded as (mostly unofficial) variants of masculine names. These forms are attested both in non-settlement names (mostly field names) and settlement names. Especially the settlement names data are rather rich; they include unofficial variants of toponyms and their historical records (some of the historical records are very old, beginning as early as in the 12th century). The area of occurrence of toponyms of this type has been compared to the dialectal area of the indeclinable form of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo found in Southwest Bohemia; the correspondence of these two areas is striking and can hardly be coincidental. According to the author’s hypothesis, the change of the toponyms ending in -ov and -ín to -ovo and -ino started in the historical period in which the original possessive function of the names and their connection with possessive adjectives was still transparent. Based on the toponymic evidence, it seems that the Southwest Bohemian dialectal phenomenon of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo must be extremely old, reaching as far back as the 12th century.
Acta onomastica
|
2018
|
vol. 59
|
issue 1
173-173
EN
Urban toponyms are instruments through which the past is commemorated and introduced into the public sphere. They represent a chronicle of the history of a given territory and its inhabitants. It is widely recognized that a revolutionary changes in political order are accompanied by a reconfiguring of urban space, of which the renaming of streets and other public spaces is an integral part. But sometimes it is not the regime and its agenda that initiate changes in urban toponymy. This paper is focused on some kind of spontaneous renaming made by residents. All examples are choosen from Prague urban toponymy. These spontaneous urban toponyms remind local realities (e. g. náměstí Barikád - The Barricade Square) or political persons (e. g. Dubčekova třída - Dubček Street).
EN
Geographical names are an important component of the lexicon of every language and every communicating community. Every language and each such community has its own set of proper names, including geographical names. That set is also the evidence of the historical development of the nation and its contacts with other nations and languages. The following groups of geographical names can be distinguished in contemporary languages: (a) those inherited from the ancestral language (b) those that emerged in a given language (c) those borrowed from other languages. The basic function performed by geographical names is to point to toponymical objects. With the passage of time, some names acquire a symbolic significance, e.g. Thermopile, Canossa, Yalta. Other uniting symbols of importance to a specific nation also exist, such as names of centres of government or capital cities and names of large rivers and mountains associated throughout the centuries with tribal settlements (e.g. the Vistula for Poles, the Rhine for Germans). Such symbolic names may be used in various types of advertisements and propaganda since their associations are evident to everyone. Geographical names, in all their functions, are not only the wealth possessed by a language but also the heritage of mankind.
Poradnik Językowy
|
2026
|
vol. 830
|
issue 1
22-38
EN
The article offers a comprehensive overview of the current state and developmental trends of Polish toponomastics in the early 21st century, situating the subdiscipline at the intersection of established historical-etymological research traditions and emerging methodological paradigms. Drawing on data from Bibliografia onomastyki polskiej (‘Bibliography of Polish onomastics’) and an analysis of monographs, the study examines research dynamics within the field, noting a gradual decline in studies devoted to settlement, minor place names, and hydronyms, accompanied by a growing scholarly interest in urbanonyms. The article also addresses the evolution of toponymic lexicography, tracing the transition from long-term dictionary projects – such as Nazwy miejscowe Polski (‘Polish Place Names’) and Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Śląska (‘Etymological Dictionary of Geographical Names of Silesia’) – to contemporary digital initiatives, including Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski (‘Electronic Dictionary of Polish Hydronyms’) and the database project Toponimia Polski (‘Toponymy of Poland’). Furthermore, the analysis considers both the continuation of classical research orientations (regional, structuralist, and diachronic) and the emergence of new approaches, such as cognitive, cultural, sociolinguistic, ethnolinguistic, semiotic, and memorybased perspectives. The study also identifies current research directions related to specific classes of toponyms, including oikonyms, hydronyms, microtoponyms, urbanonyms, and exonyms, thus emphasizing the increasingly interdisciplinary character of contemporary toponomastic research.
PL
Artykuł stanowi przekrojową analizę stanu i kierunków rozwoju polskiej toponomastyki na początku XXI wieku, ukazując tę subdyscyplinę na styku tradycji badań historyczno-etymologicznych i nowych paradygmatów metodologicznych. Na podstawie danych z Bibliografii onomastyki polskiej oraz przeglądu publikacji monograficznych omówiono dynamikę badań, wskazując na stopniowy spadek liczby opracowań z zakresu nazw miejscowych, terenowych i wodnych przy równoczesnym wzroście zainteresowania urbanonimią. Przedstawiono rozwój leksykografii toponomastycznej – od wieloletnich projektów słownikowych, takich jak Nazwy miejscowe Polski czy Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Śląska, po współczesne inicjatywy cyfrowe, w tym Elektroniczny słownik hydronimów Polski i projekt bazy danych Toponimia Polski. Przeanalizowano kontynuacje klasycznych nurtów badawczych (regionalnych, strukturalistycznych, diachronicznych) oraz nowe tendencje obejmujące podejścia kognitywne, kulturowe, socjolingwistyczne, etnolingwistyczne, semiotyczne i pamięcioznawcze. Wskazano również kierunki badań nad poszczególnymi klasami toponimów (ojkonimami, hydronimami, mikrotoponimami, urbanonimami, egzonimami), uwzględniając interdyscyplinarny charakter współczesnych analiz.
Acta onomastica
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2018
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vol. 59
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issue 1
142-154
EN
This brief paper aims to study some of the aspects of onomastics and toponymy in medieval Maghreb using sources written in Arabic and Berber (10th-19th centuries). Three specific linguistic elements stand out: hybrid toponymic formations (Arabic and Berber), “cross-bred” anthroponyms and the contact between Islamic and Christian religious topography. Among other points, we must insist on the importance of studying a larger number of written sources in order to be able to build a sufficient body of evidence and hence more accurately portray the linguistic landscape of medieval Maghreb. This could be focussed on the detailed examination of the names of places and people for instance, without forgetting the fundamental contributions of other research instruments such as history and geography.
CS
Cílem tohoto stručného příspěvku je analýza onomastických a toponomastických aspektů ve středověkém Maghrebu za využití arabských a berberských písemných pramenů z 10.-19. století. Velmi výrazné jsou tři jazykové prvky: hybridní arabsko-berberské toponymické formace, „zkřížená“ antroponyma a kontakt mezi islámskou a křesťanskou náboženskou topografií. Dále je zapotřebí trvat na důležitosti studia většího množství písemných pramenů, které je nezbytné pro vytvoření dostatečné základny důkazů, která umožní přesnější popis jazykové krajiny středověkého Maghrebu. Bylo by možné zaměřit se kupříkladu na detailní analýzu jmen míst a lidí, nezapomínaje přitom na zásadní přínos dalších oborů, jako je historie nebo geografie.
19
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Ke změnám českých oikonym v letech 1996-2017

51%
Acta onomastica
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2018
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vol. 59
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issue 1
215-226
EN
The article analyses the official changes of the names of municipalities and their parts in the years 1996-2017. 59 changes were recorded; an absolute majority of these changes involve minor formal alterations of the existing names, consisting of minor phonological changes (mostly changes in the vowel quantity), adding a distinctive attribute (or its deletion), etc. Most of the changes, which are made without any opinion of onomasticians or other linguists, are unproblematic from the onomastic point of view. However, some of them (mostly those based on a folk etymology of the name) are disputable, or even entirely unsuitable. Special attention is paid to an exceptional case of changing the place name Táborská to Vlastislav. This is the only case of a change of an oikonym to a form that has no relationship to the original name. Before 2016, the toponym Táborská belonged to a part of the municipality of Hazlov in the westernmost part of Bohemia. This locality (originally Seichenreuth) obtained its Czech name after the World War II, when a majority of the original German names were changed after the displacement of German inhabitants from Sudetenland. In the late 1940s, the local representatives tried to enforce the name Vlastislav for the given village; the motivation of this name was political: it was to express relations to the homeland - "vlast". This name was not approved by the toponymical committee, and the village finally got a new name Táborská in 1961. However, the name Vlastislav was not forgotten in the locality: in 2016, the local authority decided to rename Táborská to Vlastislav and this change came into effect immediately.
EN
Due to the complicated history between Czechs and Germans, research on names (especially German names) has often been influenced by nationalism and - from the linguistic point of view - purism. Czech authors wanted to improve the Slavic origin of the German place names, thus we can find some false interpretations in their papers. However, more attention has arisen because of the Germanization of Slavic names, which was fixed as a part of the revision after the 1918. The revision after the 1945, when most of the names of the German origin were removed as a symbol of the Germans and German dominance, was more radical. At present, the perception of German place names is changing. As the result we can encounter the rehabilitation or revitalization of these names (especially in the case of non-standardized toponyms or chrematonyms).
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