Search results - CEJSH

1

Can ancestry be consistently determined from the skeleton?

100%

Sierp I., Henneberg M.

Anthropological Review

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2015

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vol. 78

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issue 1

21-31

EN

Although the concept of race has been thoroughly criticised in biological anthropology, forensic anthropology still uses a number of methods to determine the ‘race’ of a skeleton. The methods must be evaluated to see how effective they are given large individual variation. This study used 20 cases of skeletons of varied provenance to test whether the nine published methods of ‘race’ determination, using a range of various approaches, were able to consistently identify the ethnic origin. No one individual was identified as belonging to just one ‘major racial class’, e.g. European, meaning that complete consistency across all nine methods was not observed. In 14 cases (70%), various methods identified the same individual as belonging to all three racial classes. This suggests that the existing methods for the determination of ‘race’ are compromised. The very concept of ‘race’ is inapplicable to variation that occurs between populations only in small ways and the methods are limited by the geographic population from which their discriminant functions or observations of morphological traits were derived. Methods of multivariate linear discriminant analysis, e.g. CRANID, are supposed to allocate an individual skull to a specific population rather than a ‘major race’. In our analysis CRANID did not produce convincing allocations of individual skeletons to specific populations. The findings of this study show that great caution must be taken when attempting to ascertain the ‘race’ of a skeleton, as the outcome is not only dependent on which skeletal sites are available for assessment, but also the degree to which the unknown skeleton’s population of origin has been investigated.

2

Rasa czarna a tożsamość kubańska

100%

Kaganiec-Kamieńska A.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2017

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issue 49

395-422

EN

Many historians point to an important role of race in the shaping of the Cuban identity and culture. Taking as a starting point the view that national identity is dynamic and negotiable, i.e. influenced by the elite’s ‘national project’ and negotiated from below, the article focuses on the role of Afro-Cubans in the formation of Cuban identity until 1959, especially on the period 1898-1940. This article looks at the concept of lo cubano as understood by the Cuban elites as well as the way in which Afro-Cubans actively negotiated their place in the Cubansociety.

3

The alchemy of human variation: Race, ethnicity and Manoiloff's blood reaction

100%

Naidoo N., Štrkalj G., Daly T.

Anthropological Review

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2007

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vol. 70

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issue 1

37-43

EN

This paper examines the research on race determination conducted by Russian biochemist E.O. Manoiloff in the 1920s. Manoiloff claimed to have discovered a method which detected racial identity of an individual by a simple chemical reaction performed on a subject's blood sample. The method was published in one of the leading anthropological journals and it was not questioned for some time. It is obvious today that Manoiloff's claims were nothing short of ridiculous. The present study, based on the experimental history of sciences, tries to elucidate Manoiloff's procedures and reasons for his ‘success’. His experiments were repeated using both original and modern equipment. It has been demonstrated that Manoiloff's procedures, although rigorous at first glance, were highly arbitrary and methodologically flawed. It would appear that the socio-political and scientific contexts of the early twentieth century which favoured belief in the existence of clearly distinguishable racial types played a crucial role in the initial positive response to Manoiloff's research.

PL

Artykuł omawia metodę badań przynależności rasowej ludzi, jakie prowadził w latach 20. ubiegłego wieku rosyjski biochemik E.O. Manoiloff. Badacz ten twierdził, że odkrył sposób określania "rasy" osobnika przy użyciu prostych reakcji chemicznych wykonanych w próbce jego krwi. Z dzisiejszej perspektywy pomysł Manoiloffa wydaje się po prostu śmieszny, jednak na początku XX w. sprawę tę traktowano całkiem poważnie. Metoda, o której mowa, została opublikowana wAmerican Journal of Physical Anhropology, jednym z najważniejszych amerykańskich czasopism antropologicznych i przez długi czas pozostawała niezakwestionowana.W przedstawianym artykule autorzy omawiają historię "odkrycia" Manoiloffa i późniejszej jego falsyfikacji z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnej aparatury i metod. Badania Manoiloffa są charakterystycznym przykładem słabości rozwijanej w początkach XX w nauki o rasach, kiedy to, ze względu na stan wiedzy przyrodniczej i warunki socjo-polityczne, nawet tak absurdalne wyniki spotkały się początkowo z pozytywną reakcją środowiska naukowego.

4

The English riots of summer 2011. Can an ethnocultural perspective be justified?

100%

Kułakowska M.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2015

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issue 1(31/2)

231-249

EN

The aim of the paper is to analyse the English riots of summer 2011 and reflect on the questions of race and ethnicity – will they add significantly to our understanding of these events? The paper presents the timeline of social unrest, its dominant actors and events (starting from the manifestation organized by Mark Duggan’s family and friends), as well as the main theoretical themes and analytical perspectives present in British debate on the riots. The author argues that while the ethnocultural perspective cannot be seen as a leading one, in order to properly understand the events of August 2011 the links to previous riots and the history of racial tensions between police and members of certain communities should be unfolded and explored.

5

Specyfika polskiej refleksji romantycznej nad rasą i pojęciami pokrewnymi

100%

Nowak J.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2019

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issue 51

EN

The specifics of Polish Romantic Reflection on race and cognate notionsThe one and basic characteristic feature of Polish Romantic reflection on race was that it associated race with tribeness. Such a reduction of the notion ‘race’ to ethnicity resulted from the then known definition of nation as a multiethnic and multicultural community which constituted the superior and the superb form of organizing the societal world, as well as from weakness of scholarly reflection in the field of physical anthropology. For Polish Romantics, race was not an objective category that on the basis of exiting physical differences enabled a division of humanity into permanent and clearly delimitated phonotypical populations. Race was identified with tribeness and related to a long gone past when the human kind merely created primitive social ties based on kinship of blood. However, what is really binding people is not biological criteria but spiritual semblance: communion of thought, feelings, and purpose. Color of skin or shape of skull do not determine a given populace’s brain capacities; in fact what counts only is cultural and civilization factors. For Romantics, in their thought a Eurocentric attitude dominated, although it was devoid of clearly racist connotations. Superior and inferior races, if existed at all, appeared only in the context of a level of development of civilization, that is, merely temporarily, because every race was able to achieve the level of the most developed races or even a higher one. Specyfika polskiej refleksji romantycznej nad rasą i pojęciami pokrewnymiSpecyfika polskiej refleksji romantycznej nad rasą miała jedną zasadniczą cechę – utożsamienie jej z plemiennością. Zredukowanie pojęcia rasy do etniczności wynikało z ówczesnej definicji narodu jako wspólnoty wieloetnicznej, wielokulturowej, która stanowiła nadrzędną, najdoskonalszą formę urządzenia świata społecznego, oraz ze słabości naukowej refleksji w zakresie antropologii fizycznej. Rasa nie była dla romantyków polskich kategorią obiektywną, pozwalającą według istniejących różnic fizycznych podzielić ludzkość na trwałe, ograniczone fenotypowo populacje. Utożsamiono ją z plemiennością i łączono z zamierzchłą przeszłością, gdy ludzkość tworzyła jedynie prymitywne związki społeczne oparte na pokrewieństwie krwi. Tymczasem ludzi zespala nie tyle kryterium biologiczne, co podobieństwo duchowe – wspólnota myśli, uczuć i celu. Kolor skóry czy kształt czaszki nie determinowały zdolności umysłowych populacji, a jedynie czynniki natury kulturowo-cywilizacyjnej. Postawa europocentryczna dominowała w ówczesnej myśli, ale bez konotacji stricte rasistowskich. Jeśli istniały rasy niższe i wyższe, to tylko w kontekście stopnia zaawansowania w rozwoju cywilizacyjnym, a zatem czasowo, gdyż każda z nich mogła dojść do poziomu tych najbardziej rozwiniętych, a nawet je przewyższyć.

6

The algebra of fatherhood

100%

Dolinska B.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2013

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vol. 44

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issue 3

354-357

EN

Whereas women are sure of their biological maternity, men can never be fully certain of paternity and instead need to rely on indirect cues to assess whether they are likely to be father of their putative children. According to the psychological literature, men commonly use the information on the resemblance of offspring to self as an indicator of genetic relatedness. It seems, however, that in the absence of such a resemblance, similarity between a mother and a child might be important, because a man has additional reason to doubt his own biological paternity when the child is dissimilar to his partner. This assumption has been verified in two empirical studies.

7

Kłopoty z „rasą” – przypadek Ludwika Krzywickiego

100%

Włodzimierz M. D.

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2018

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vol. 62

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issue 3 (462)

37-55

PL

The article presents the transformations of Ludwik Krzywicki’s views on race. First, based on the biographical and intellectual context, an important place of anthropological reflection of the author of Ludy [Peoples] is pointed out. Krzywicki, aware of the threats coming from the young discipline, perceived it, however, as the chance for the development of science and society. Further in the article, the problems of researchers with ambiguous value judgments about race appearing in the anthropological works of the Polish Marxist are discussed and compared with the difficulties of Krzywicki himself, who from the very beginning of dealing with ethnographic research tried to systematize the reflection on the subject. The fuzzy scope of meaning, ideological burdens, arbitrariness, relativity, and conventionality of the concept of race ultimately led the author to reject the problematic category but also contributed to the development of quantitative and qualitative sociological analysis in his later studies.

8

The Illusion of a Post-Racialised World

100%

Negedu I. A.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2021

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issue 1

9-21

EN

The presidential election of 2007 that sworn in Barack Obama as president of the United States of America heightened the idea that rightly, or wrongly, suggests the world (at least the U.S.) has become post-racialised. I will explain how the notion of post-raciality is a distraction to the demands of racial diversity in the twenty-first century. I use the conversational thinking as an alternative method to show how the possibility of both nuances in the form of racial conflict/diversity can subsist. The difference I envisage is that between highly melanated Africans and European Americans. Here, I argue that dialogue is still the most preferred option in racial conflict. However, the dialogue I propose is not a promise akin to the post-racialised, but a relationship that can exist in the midst of conflict, while at the same time acknowledging difference.

9

Intersektionalität und Literatur

89%

Dörr V. C.

Studia Germanica Gedanensia

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2022

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vol. 46

11-22

EN

Intersectionality, i. e. the interweaving of race, class, gender, etc., above all in discourses of exclusion of others and especially minorities, is frequently seen as an identity-political moment. It is often claimed that the above (and other) categories cannot be separated in or even before the analysis. Here it is suggested that, at least when considering intersectional phenomena in literature, the categories should be conceptualized as separate and only subsequently analyzed for their synthetic interplay.

DE

Intersektionalität, also die Verschränkung von race, class, gender etc. vor allem in Diskursen der Ausschließung von Anderen und besonders Minderheiten, wird häufig als identitätspolitisches Moment betrachtet. Oft wird dabei behauptet, dass die genannten (und weitere) Kategorien sich in oder schon vor der Analyse nicht trennen lassen. Hier wird vorgeschlagen, zumindest bei Betrachtung intersektionaler Phänomene in der Literatur die Kategorien als getrennte zu konzipieren und erst in der Folge deren synthetisches Zusammenspiel zu analysieren.

10

From Forever Foreigners to Model Minority: Asian American Men in Sports

88%

Lee Y.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2016

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vol. 72

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issue 1

23-32

EN

Despite their long history in the United States, relatively little scholarly attention has been paid to Asian Americans and their lived experience in sports. The purpose of this study was to give voices to Asian American men by focusing on their experiences in sports. In particular, this study examined the experiences of East Asian and Southeast Asian American male college students who were often perceived as “foreign” and “pejoratively feminine” racialized minority yet participated in sports that were associated with dominant masculinity in the U.S. The setting of the study was as a predominately White institution located in Upstate New York where Asian Americans make up about one percent of the total student population. Qualitative research method was employed for the study. Six Asian American male students were recruited through snowball and purposeful sampling methods. In-depth interviews were conducted to reveal the rich stories of these Asian American men. The research showed that the stories of Asian American male college students were much nuanced and complicated. Specifically, this study revealed that Asian American men were constantly otherized as “forever foreigners” who did not have a legitimate citizenship in the United States. Also, Asian Americans faced unique ideas about their manhood that either highlighted emasculated and feminized masculinity or hyper-masculinity. In dealing with these situations, Asian American men employed unique cultural strategies to challenge and resist racial stereotypes through sports.

11

Perspektywy peryferyjnej historii i teorii kultury

88%

Sajewska D.

Didaskalia. Gazeta Teatralna

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2020

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issue 156

1-36

EN

Departing from the analysis of the relationship between the birth of the subject of race and the development of capitalism (Mbembe), Sajewska examines the status of blackness in semi-peripheral countries, such as Poland, whose participation in the history of colonial expansion is negligible, as is its influence on the shape and prosperity of capitalism. In her text she proposes to look at peripheral cultural practices as ways of producing and problematizing knowledge. She focuses her attention on Artur Żmijewski's film Glimpse, which was first presented at documenta 14 in Athens in 2017, as a result of the artist's month-long trip with his camera to areas affected by repressive refugee policy. In her historical-cultural analysis of the film, Sajewska shows the position of the artist as a subject representing "peripheral modernity" (Pratt), who on the margins of the European center - in refugee camps - once again performs the racist scenes that underpin the idea of the center’s modernity. Reflecting on the provincial status of the discourses, on the ways in which they are “travelling” in culture, on the localness of the archive and on the regional character of the concepts, she opens up perspectives on peripheral history and culture theory.

12

Limity českého pojetí multikulturní výchovy

88%

Preissová Krejčí A., Máčalová J.

Sociální pedagogika (Social Education)

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2014

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vol. 2

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issue 2

62-72

EN

This article is a critical review of the Czech approach to multicultural education. Using as an example the American multicultural educational system, we illustrate the narrow understanding of the content of multicultural education in the Czech Republic and Czech schools. We also point out the problematic moments which not only obstruct the successful fulfillment of educational goals, but may also strengthen or even create a stereotypical, xenophobic or racist environment in classrooms. The significant agents in this process are considered to the teachers on the one hand, and on the other the conceptualization of a specific vocabulary used in many textbooks, which is typical for racist and nationalist movements.

13

Fantastyczny tygiel. Synkretyzm gatunkowy i kulturowy w cyklu urban fantasy Bena Aaronovitcha „Rzeki Londynu”

88%

Borowska-Szerszun S.

Creatio Fantastica

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2018

|

issue 1(58)

121-136

EN

The article A Fantastic Crucible: Genological and Cultural Syncretism in Ben Aaronovitch Urban Fantasy Series “Rivers of London” explores generic and cultural syncretism in the eponymous cycle. Having defined urban fantasy, the author proceeds to place emphasis on the overwhelming heterogeneity adopted within the genre, which suggests its openness to various influences, transformations and modifications. In this particular case the elements of urban fantasy and the criminal novel have been successfully incorporated to create a harmonious whole. Examining the vision of a city of London as a melting pot, Borowska-Szerszun argues that the fantastic level of the text has been construed as just one more component of multicultural London, in which different cultures, nationalities and religions meet. Aaronovitch’s cycle is shown, therefore, as breaking the predominance of whiteness in the fantasy genre, and introducing, instead, social and cultural diversity, which reveals the potential of urban fantasy to deal with difficult issues of our times and provide a valid commentary about contemporary reality.

14

From neoliberal restriction to control of the Roma-towards post-neoliberal ethnic welfare

88%

Trlifajová L., Pospíšil F.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2023

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vol. 59

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issue 6

665-692

EN

The article examines how neoliberal reforms can pave the way for welfare racialisation, turning a delegitimised minimum-income scheme into a tool for racial-hierarchy enforcement. We follow the development of Czech minimum-income scheme legislation from 2014 to 2021, after a series of neoliberal (workfarist) reforms reinforced the restrictive and controlling aspects of the system. The analysed period is characterised by the greater involvement of politicians representing the poorest regions of the Czech Republic and by calls for further restrictions. Analysing parliamentary debates from this period, we show that the delegitimised social system is no longer understood as a tool of social protection or even labour market inclusion; rather, it has become a tool of ethnic hierarchisation, which particularly resonates in the context of perceived socioeconomic insecurity. We propose the term ‘post-neoliberal ethnic welfare’ to describe this emerging system, which derives its legitimacy from neoliberal categories of deservingness and reduces social-protection systems into a performative tool of control over the Roma population.

15

Colonialism in Kant’s Political Philosophy

88%

Williams H.

Diametros

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2014

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issue 39

154-181

EN

This article examines the controversy that has arisen concerning the interpretation of Immanuel Kant's account of European colonialism. One the one hand there are those interpreters such as Robert Bernasconi who see Kant's account as all of a piece with his earlier views on race which demonstrate a certain narrow mindedness in relation to black and coloured people and, on the other hand, there are those such as Pauline Kleingeld and Allen Wood who argue that the earlier writings on race are not wholly typical of Kant's approach and suggest that Kant's later discussions of colonialism in Perpetual Peace and the Metaphysics of Morals provide a better indication of Kant's progressive views on the treatment of non-European societies. The article draws attention to the very strong evidence of Kant's dislike for the pattern of European expansion to other parts of the globe and indicates that within Kant's writings there are the seeds of a wholly unconventional critical understanding of western colonialism that have yet to be developed fully. The article suggests that this critical understanding surpasses the unsystematic objections made to colonialism in post - modernist thought and also the critique proffered by the determinist Marxist account.

16

“By [some] other means”: Talking (about) Racism and Race through Visual Arts in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen. An American Lyric

88%

Kamionowski J.

Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture

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2020

|

issue 10

392-407

EN

Claudia Rankine’s Citizen. An American Lyric is a perplexing work of literature both because of its original presentation of the issue of racism in the US today and the original formal ways through which its message is communicated. It is formally innovative and technically experimental in an unusual “average reader”-friendly manner, situating itself a world apart from postmodern “poetics of interruption and illegibility” (Davidson 602). Paradoxically, being almost a poem with a purpose, it expands existing categories. Its sociological orientation and emphasis on poetic language’s capacity to inform, instruct, emotionally move and morally engage the reader goes together with activating more experimental formal strategies, as it merges a variety of media: there are examples of spectacular instances of racism, represented by the photographs, and in a series of scripts for Situation videos made by the author in collaboration with her husband John Lucas. This article demonstrates how formal engagement with the visual arts may serve the purpose of stigmatizing racism and making poetry matter within the field of current public debate on important cultural, social and political problems discussed in historical contexts of racism-cum-race. The conceptualization of the issues discussed here is based on the notion of “seeing through race” (introduced into the field of study of the visual arts and literature by W. J. T. Mitchell in 2012), which has changed the perception of the relationship between race and racism.

17

Cowboy Cops and Black Lives Matter: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri and the Great White West[ern]

88%

Olson D.

Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture

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2020

|

issue 10

93-117

EN

The racial framework of Martin McDonagh’s 2017 film Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri rests at the intersection of three persistent cultural myths-the Frontier Myth, the hero cowboy myth and the myth of white supremacy. There has been much criticism of the portrayal of black characters in the film, and particularly the lack of significant black characters in a film that sports a solid undercurrent of racial politics. While the black characters in the film occupy a small amount of screen time, this paper argues that the film’s treatment of black characters, including their absence, puts on display the cultural dysfunction of racial politics in the US, especially in rural America, and particularly in Missouri. The film’s subversion of the cowboy hero instead reveals the disturbing reality of the Frontier Myth and its dependence on racism and white supremacy for validation. In its unmasking of myth, Three Billboards challenges the illusion of a glorious Western past that never existed and at the same time supports racial justice and the Black Lives Matter movement.

18

Othello and the perception of race within the cultural context of Czech and Slovak theatres

88%

Koblišková Z.

Theatralia: Revue současného myšlení o divadelní kultuře (Theatralia: The revue of contemporary thought on theatre culture)

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2018

|

vol. 21

|

issue 2

127-140

EN

This study in its current form has been inspired by the keynote lecture of Dr Christian M. Billing at the Brno Theatralia Conference in 2016 analysing two productions of Othello, one of them being the production of 2014 at the National Theatre Brno. He questioned the way scenography could raise issues of race and identity using common material signifiers such as props, costumes or theatre make-up. The presented study proposes a polemic with his conclusions based on an overview of the productions of Othello within the Czechoslovak context and suggests Czech and Slovak critics should pay more attention to the issues of race and identity with regards to productions of Othello.

19

Moje ciało, moje zasady. „Carte noire nommée désir” Rébekki Chaillon w kontekście historii i kultury kolonialnej Francji

88%

Semenowicz D.

Didaskalia. Gazeta Teatralna

|

2024

|

issue 180

52-75

EN

The article proposes an analysis of the performance Carte noire nommée désir by the Afro-French artist Rébecca Chaillon and situates it both in the sociohistorical context of France and in the intersectional theories of such scholars as Elsa Dorlin, Sander L. Gilman and Patricia Hill Collins. It demonstrates how Rébecca Chaillon highlights the overlap of oppressive systems, such as racism, sexism and heterosexism, and uses her own body to dismantle sexist and racist clichés. In her performance the body becomes not only a topic, but also a tool in the fight of black French women for their subjectivity and right to self-determination. The article also draws attention to other black French theatre directors and choreographers whose artistic works have been noticed on the French stage in the last 15 years. This permits the author to consider an emergence of a new type of spectacle of blackness in which race is not an ideological category (biological and unchanging) as it was in the case of the colonial spectacle, but a political and identity category (referring to a common history and experience of discrimination).

20

„Rasa czyli plemię”. Problemy z nomenklaturą u początku polskiej antropologii

88%

Nowak J.

Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej

|

2021

|

vol. 56

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano początki kształtowania się polskiej terminologii związanej z nauką o człowieku, jego pochodzeniu i zróżnicowaniu, w okresie, kiedy antropologia dopiero zaczynała wyodrębniać się z historii naturalnej, a jej przedstawiciele próbowali doprecyzować zakres badanego przedmiotu. Procesowi uporządkowania świata organicznego w ramach powstałych systemów klasyfikacyjnych, w tym podziałów rodzaju ludzkiego ze względu na cechy fizyczne i kulturowe, towarzyszyło ujednolicenie nazewnictwa naukowego, tworzenie „języka systematycznego”. Jego powstawanie dokonywało się powoli, często chaotycznie za sprawą samych badaczy, którym nie przeszkadzała nomenklaturowa niekonsekwencja. Jeszcze większa dezinformacja panowała w pracach popularyzujących wiedzę i publicystyce. Za kategorię nadrzędną, która posłużyła do ukazania złożoności formowania się terminów związanych z podziałami ludzkości, przyjęto pojęcie rasy. Termin ten, używany w literaturze zachodniej do opisów odrębnych typów fizycznych człowieka od drugiej połowy XVIII wieku w piśmiennictwie polskim był słabo upowszechniony i konsekwentnie zastępowany innymi określeniami. Bogactwo znaczeń, różnorodność i dowolność ich stosowania zrodziły potrzebę uporządkowania tego pojęciowego zamieszania i wyjaśnienia najbardziej typowych kategorii, które służyły polskim autorom formacji oświeceniowej i romantycznej do opisów zróżnicowania świata ludzkiego.

EN

This article presents the early stage of shaping Polish terminology connected with the human science, the origins of man and differentiation of humankind in the period when anthropology only began to separate from natural history, and its representatives attempted to make the scope of their research clear and distinct. This process of organising the organic world within the classification systems created for this purpose, including divisions of the mankind on the basis of physical and cultural features of people, was accompanied by an effort to unify scholarly nomenclature and establish a “systematic language”. This was a slow and often chaotic phase because scholars did not object to inconsistent nomenclature at all. In works popularising knowledge and in journalism even more disinformation appeared. The notion of race was accepted as a superior category that was to show a complexity of terms reflecting the divisions of the human kind. This term, from the second half of the eighteenth century used in Western literature to denote individual physical types of man, in the Polish writings was little known and as a rule other notions were in common use instead. Plenty of meanings, diverse and arbitrary application of notions made it necessary to organise this chaos and explain the most typical categories that the Polish authors of the Enlightenment and Romantic periods started to apply in order to describe the diversity of the human world.

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