Search results - CEJSH

1

Paměť a propaganda. Dějiny habsburské monarchie jako učebnice vědy o vládě v díle francouzských osvícenských historiků

100%

Ondo Grečenková M.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2009

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vol. 24

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issue 1

199-230

EN

This essay offers one of the plausible interpretations of the history of the Habsburg monarchy and establishment of its society as it was presented to the public by French enlightened historians. It views their works through the eyes of contem-porary readers and elaborates on the information and knowledge of the world and politics which they might have achieved by reading the works. The essay contemplates on the reasons which made French authors deal with the history of the Habsburg monarchy and explains principles which they applied in the process. The central section of the paper concentrates on enlightened interpretational models that described historical events and closes with contemporary argumentation on the “order” of historical progress of the nation. The new political situation and alliance between the Habsburg monarchy and France, which was sealed by a marriage of Maria Theresia’s daughter and the future French king in 1756, called for broad publicity and ideological support from the French public. There was a good reason for official and non-official propaganda to promote an idea of happy future for both nations. Historical discourse served as one of the genres, which facilitated this mission. Although enlightened historiography promoted strict rules for historical writing, the final effect of a historical text on the reader seemed to be more important than adhering to the principles. The historio-graphic work was thus governed by facts that produced the most suitable information about improving the society and its advance towards harmony and order. The proclaimed principle of enlightened criticism and objectivity faded away in favour of promoting history as a school of morality and politics. Historical interpretation was governed by a fundamental enlightened explanatory model based on a conception of the society and the nation performing on the principle of unity of the aggregate and its components. Individual sections of this model (i.e. the people’s manners, the rulers and relations between these categories) were judged by the principle of a bi-polar system of contradictions: e.g. good/bad, they/we, enlightened ruler/tyrant, order/chaos, etc. This system allowed authors of historical works to lead a dialogue with current affairs and apply schemes of enlightened rulers, ideal mannerism and good rule on concrete historical examples. Neither mannerism nor ruling methods were conceived as historical categories, but their assessment corresponded with 18th century concepts. In this way, Empress Maria 230 Theresia could have become the “enlightened” ruler just like the legendary Forefather Čech from the dawn of history. Rather than underlining specificities, such historical interpretations of the Habsburg monarchy involved universal historical and political issues, which might have been identical with the history of a different country. Historians became more involved in the specificities when they started vindicating absolute power within the Habsburg monarchy, in which Bohemian lands and the Hungarian Crown played a major role. Even here, the bi-polar interpretational model (positive/negative, absolute power/estate monarchy) was applied. The French interpretational models, which were applied to the history of the Habsburg monarchy, epitomised a portrait of an enlightened society. They steered interpretation of historical progress towards the principles of enlightened political philosophy – i.e. “scholarship about ruling” as it was often referred to in contemporary terminology.

2

Rekonstrukční a predikční mapy v archeologii

63%

Kuna M.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2007

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vol. 34

252-260

EN

In archaeology, spatial information is far more important than in other historical disciplines. Archaeological sources do not contain a message in the form of a text, but their message is included in their material form and spatial context. Spatial distribution of artefacts is, therefore, one of the key factors for the understanding of them. Maps and plans of various scales and types appear in all phases of the archaeological research. In the field, plans are an important part of the primary documentation which, in the end, substitutes the archaeological record itself since this is inevitably destroyed by the very excavation. The secondary documentation of finds uses maps, too, mainly for the study of distribution of archaeological types - only in the form of a map it is possible to visualize their spatial patterns and to understand their meaning. There are, however, at least two types of maps the contents of which necessarily go beyond the empirical data; both of them find a wide use in contemporary archaeology. The reconstruction maps are generally understood as maps completing the missing parts of the objects of the map and/or presenting the objects of the map in their expected past form. Predictive maps in archaeology appeared as a consequence of new research chances brought by the technology of geographical information systems in 1990s. Predictive maps are based upon the study of the relation between the past settlement behaviour and some of the landscape features. Altitude, distance from the water source, slope gradient and orientation, visibility and visual dominance of a place, as well as geology and soil cover should be mentioned as elements upon which predictive maps of the archaeological potential may be constructed. The search for the predictive value of various landscape features can largely contribute to a theoretical understanding of the economic, social but also symbolic systems of the past societies. Next to this, predictive maps can find a wide use in the archaeological resource management, e.g. in planning the building and mining areas as well as in planning archaeological rescue excavation within them.

3

SUBURBAN GAMES AND ENTERTAINMENT. LEISURE TIME, HOLIDAYS AND CEREMONIES IN THE COMMUNITY OF GOCLAW IN 1918-1939

63%

Wozniak A.

Etnografia Polska

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2004

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vol. 48

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issue 1-2

221-252

EN

Goclaw belongs to the district of Warsaw called Grochow, on the right side of the Vistula river. In the years 1918-1939 Grochow was a large and quickly developing district, whereas Goclaw was its least urbanized part, resembling the neighbouring villages more than the urban areas. The society inhabiting Goclaw was diversified in many respects: ethnic, religious, professional. Those who were better off had German ancestry, were Lutherans of the Augsburg Confession and lived mainly on farming. The Roman Catholic Poles owned very small farms. They were in different trades, did odd jobs. In the 1930s., due to economic crisis, great part of them were unemployed and suffered great poverty. Some were employed in public works or were on dole. For most families their own houses and small plots of land provided some kind of security in case of unemployment. People inhabiting the suburb of Goclaw in the years 1918-39 lived in a community resembling, to a considerable degree, a local community of the traditional type. They had preserved social ties characteristic for such kind of community - kinship and neighbourly ties which gave sense of security to individuals and families in case of crisis. That system of social bonds and sense of solidarity were supported and reinforced by common celebrating of rituals of annual cycle and life cycle as well as particular forms of entertainment. On the other hand it was the economic crisis of the 1930s and poverty that contributed to setting back the urbanization and development of the suburban district. Poverty made it difficult for the residents to enjoy all kinds of entertainment offered by the city life. The previous way of life of the suburban community got unsettled. Frequent contacts with neighbouring villages, culturally similar, confirmed and supported their value system.

4

ČRIEPKY Z DIVADELNÉHO OBRAZU SÚČASNEJ SLOVENSKEJ DRAMATIKY (VYROVNÁVANIE SA S MINULOSŤOU)

63%

Podmaková D.

Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 2

141 – 160

EN

Since the 1990s, Slovak drama has been increasingly affected by contemporary Western drama and it has developed its own appearance. Since the beginning of the 21st century, all forms of its structure, content and scenic interpretative means have been referred to as “new drama“ for convenience. At the beginning of this new path of the development of contemporary drama, some dramatists or authors of drama were inclined to work with a traditional building up of the drama text. A number of them purposely broke the compactness of form and content and favoured film language with its rapidly sequenced events and thoughts. The new drama characters are heroes of our time, stripped bare of niceties, oftentimes acting against the backdrop of the older stories of individuals or historical time periods. For instance, the dramatisation of Rozner‘s prose Sedem dní do pohrebu (Seven Days to Funeral) or Klimáček’s plays about Gustáv Husák and the communist era. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution some drama texts build on an indirect contrast between hope for a change for the better and the current state of society. The first one is about coming to grips with the past by using a form of art documentary of a drama text. The second one is the appearance of sitcom, a television genre, on the stage whereby the text is being created during rehearsals and the authors seek themes and shape their attitudes towards the protagonists of their stories. The project www.narodnycintorin.sk is a good example of this. Here, two worlds meet: the personalities of Slovak history, active literary and political figures, and the personalities of our present time. The third strand of texts builds on corruption in its sophisticated form, involving business companies and political interested parties. The author analyses some productions which may be included in the above streams of new Slovak drama.

5

THE DEFENSIVE STRATEGY OF 'DISGRACED' WOMEN IN THE ESTATE OF JINDRICHUV HRADEC IN THE 17TH AND THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY

63%

Dibelka J.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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vol. 31

5-20

EN

The study draws on research on interrogation records connected with vice crime in the Jindrichuv Hradec estate in the years 1670-1710. In 142 cases handled, criminal fornication was by far the most prevalent crime and it was the easiest offence to prove. However, the women offenders, who were usually between 20 and 30 years of age, did not have to worry just about punishment from the authorities, as a woman was above all at risk of losing her honour. Therefore women used various defensive strategies that were intended to ensure them the least possible damage to their honour and could even help them to restore it. Most often a woman defended herself with the claim that prior to sexual intercourse her partner had offered her marriage. If that claim proved true, the woman's behaviour was regarded to some degree as legitimate. Another possible defensive strategy was to accuse the man of rape or throw blame on someone else. Both men and women tended to cite their alleged drunkenness as a mitigating circumstance. However, many women and men accused of criminal fornication never served their sentences

6

COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION BY RELIGION ON STATE ESTATES IN 1802

63%

Velkova A.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2005

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vol. 29

109-137

EN

This study examines the religious composition of the population on so-called state estates, which included estates administered by an official body, but also by the Religious, Study and Endowment Fund, or Charles-Ferdinand University. The research is based on a survey event that took place on the estates in 1802. Analyses revealed that a majority Catholic population lived on the estate. This was particularly typical of western Bohemia. Conversely, the Protestant tradition was confirmed in the eastern Bohemian estates, especially Podebrady and Pardubice, and also the estates of Vetrny Jenikov and Stredokluky. While on the estates of Pardubice and Vetrny Jenikov Protestants were concentrated in particular areas, in Podebrady the co-existence of Catholics and Helvetians was quite common. With regard to the Jewish population, unlike the Protestants there were Jews living in most of the state estates, but the proportion of the population they represented was much lower, around less than 1%, and it was more a matter of individual families.

7

CZECH VILLAGES. THE CENSUS AND BUILDING NUMBERING IN 1770 IN BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SILESIA

63%

Tantner A.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2006

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vol. 30

EN

In this article the author presents some of the results from his dissertation, which he successfully defended at the University of Vienna in 2004, and which is soon to be published. The census of the population in 1771/72 was much larger than the previous census taken for military purposes and intended to serve as the basis for a new system of army recruitment. The numbering of buildings was carried out simultaneously. The census process was complicated and time-consuming, especially in Moravia. The census was supplemented by lengthy reports from the military bureaus about the social situations in individual countries, which present very strong criticism of the prevailing conditions in the monarchy. In some cases the numbering of buildings met with resistance from the population, whose comments are cited in the article.

8

Siedziby dziekanów dekanatu brzeźnickiego w diecezji kujawsko-kaliskiej w XIX w.

63%

Szkutnik P.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2011

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vol. 59

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issue 2

167-181

EN

The article surveys the residences of the deans of the Brzeźnica deanery in the 19th c. The seats of the deans were parsonages in the parishes in which they acted as parish priests. The source basis of the article are inventories customarily drawn up at the introduction of a new parish priest. At the time in question the deans resided in Kamieńsk, Pajęczyn, Brzeźnica, Wiewiec and Dobryszyce, primarily in town parishes. Their residences were wooden parsonages with shingled roofs, except for one brick building. The value of the brick parsonage exceeded the sum value of the other four ones. The buildings were not very old but they often needed repairs. On the average, a parsonage was 163 square meters in area; it had a porch, a vestibule, rooms, a hall, a dressing room, closets, a kitchen, a larder and servants rooms. One of the parsonages had a garret, the other had lofts. The parsonages also had cellars. The inventories mention various parts of the interior, such as ceilings, walls, floors, doors, windows and stoves, which were usually of higher quality and in a better condition in the priest’s rooms than in the servants quarters. Priests leaving parsonages often left them in a condition that required renovation.

9

THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE URBAN POPULATION DURING THE PLAGUE YEARS IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES (CESKE BUDEJOVICE 1680)

63%

Holasova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2005

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vol. 29

5-28

EN

This article provides what did the epidemics meant for common people in 16th and 17th centuries and how the public administration was influenced. The situation during the plague outbreak in 1680 in Ceske Budejovice was analysed. The town was important trade center of South Bohemia with many business contacts. Although the town was not deeply affected, plague outbreak influenced negatively mainly its economy. Therefore local craftsmen and tradesmen tried to keep up their livelihood rather than act to prevent the outbreak and spread of the epidemic. At first the town council attampted to keep a secret the presence of epidemic inside the town. Rules and order were respected only as long as they did not interfere with the regular town life or as the situation in the community did not dramatically deteriorate. In the study there is mention of social inequality of people faced with the plague outbreak: nobility were able to flee before the outbreak, the poor had to remain and often lost their lives.

10

'WE PROMISE TO LOVE, HONOUR AND OBEY ONE ANOTHER, TILL DEATH DO US PART'. THE INFLUENCE OF FAMILY AND 'FRIENDS' ON THE CHOICE OF MARRIAGE PARTNER - TREBON IN THE LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURY

63%

Mrazkova J.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2005

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vol. 29

53-107

EN

The study is based on an analysis of marriage licences that were drawn up among the rural population on the estate of Trebon in the late 18th and early the 19th century. One of the main aims of the study was to test the use of this source in historical research and also to acquire an idea of the influence of the family and rural society on a person's choice of marriage partner. The marriage licenses analysed in the study, like wills, convey something of the collective mentality that was characteristic of the society under observation and reveal the everyday life of specific individuals. In previous centuries the entire family had engaged in choosing a person's marriage partner and even other members of the village community indirectly influenced this choice. An important role was played by 'friends', that is, people from the immediate surroundings, who served as a form of social control, and through their 'friendship' legitimised the position of the marrying partners. If a person chose an inappropriate partner they risked losing their 'friends', and future life in the village would be considerably more difficult and circumscribed.

11

PARISH REGISTERS IN THE CZECH LANDS UNDER THE ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS (Cirkevni matriky ceskych zemi v pozornosti badatelu)

63%

Melkesova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2008

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vol. 32

5-56

EN

This article presents an overview of literature produced in the past century and a half in connection with the study of parish registers. This includes studies by historians, historical demographers, anthropologists, and professional genealogists, and even short articles by amateur enthusiasts. Each work is presented within the context of legal history and the changing methodological approaches to working with parish registers. Parish registers provide a record over several centuries of christenings, marriages, and burials, and as such they rightly rank as an exceptionally significant written source, since in scope and content they form an extraordinarily rich source of information for research on human history. For this reason they have been and will continue to be the subject of great attention from individual researchers and groups of scientists.

12

INFANT MORTALITY OF THE POPULATION OF THE TOWNS OF FRYDEK AND MISTEK AT THE TIME OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATION FROM THE OLD REGIME TO THE NEW REPRODUCTIVE REGIME

63%

Lipovski R.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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vol. 31

21-48

EN

Frequent deaths of children deeply influenced the general death rate in the past. The curve of infant mortality nearly created the curve of general mortality, because very many new-borns died during the first year of life. This was affected by the standard of breastfeeding in a given society, so the rate of infant mortality was markedly different locally. The infant mortality in towns of Frydek and Mistek kept above 500 per mille until the mid-19th century and it droped below this limit as late as the second half of the 19th century, though slightly. In Frydek, the perinatal mortality was lower, but the foetal mortality was higher than in Mistek. Causes of deaths were taken into account too, nevertheless only within the classification of diseases used at that time, it means especially the rate of various accidents, including abortions, the extent of influence that infectious diseases and avitaminosis exerted on the death rate.

13

SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL AND TERRITORIAL STRATIFICATION OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY AND POST-SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CESKE BUDEJOVICE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

63%

Novotny M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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vol. 31

117-146

EN

The secondary and post-secondary schools that provided essential education to just a small percentage of the male population in the first half of the 19th century played an irreplaceable role in the formation of the future elites in early modern society in the Czech lands. The Bishop's Seminary (founded in 1804), the Philosophy Lyceum (1803) and the Piaristicke Gymnasium (1762) became a strong attraction for young people from Ceske Budejovice, where the schools were located, and from all of Southern Bohemia and the surrounding areas, who were longing for a higher education. Between 1800 and 1848, 4909 boys studied at the gymnasium, most of whom were from families of tradesmen and architects, and there was also a large proportion of boys from families of teachers. Between 1803 and 1846, 2556 students of the Philosophy Lyceum enrolled in the first year of study, mainly from tradesmen and agricultural families. The lyceum's catchment area was very similar to that of the gymnasium. The social and territorial composition of the theology students (1618 in total) was very similar to that of the Philosophy Lyceum, which was also from where it received the most students.

14

Roman Lutman jako metodolog historii — cz. II

51%

Kowalewski P.

Sensus Historiae. Studia interdyscyplinarne

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2012

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issue 4(9)

143-166

EN

This article focuses on the person of Roman Lutman, known primarily as the director of the Institute of Silesia. The Author attempts to present the person in a different light—as the methodologist of history. The starting point are the two Lutman’s articles from 1925, in which he reveals his own controversial thoughts. A necessary complement is the summary of the situation of theoretical reflection on the science of history in Poland and in Germany in the first third of the twentieth century. Presentation of the German methodology approach is more complex and focuses on the researchers, whose views have had the greatest impact on Lutman. In addition to the overriding objective of this text, which is to reveal an interesting aspect of Roman Lutman’s work, Author poses the question of the originality of its conception and considers its later life.

15

MARRIAGE RATES OVER TIME IN THE PARISH OF ROZMBERK NAD VLTAVOU IN THE 19TH CENTURY

51%

Poulova M.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2006

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vol. 30

195-218

EN

This study is based on extracts from the marriages records lodged in the State Regional Archive in Trebon, and it deals with the changes in marriage rates during the 19th century. The aim of the study was to discover to what extent changes connected with the transition from the old to the new demographic regime were reflected in the industrially less advanced Sumava mountain region. The continuing stagnation of this region along with the lack of employment and financial opportunities resulted in an increase in the number of postponed marriages, which was particularly notable among men. Women married on average at the age of 28 and men at the age of 31; the average age of first-time spouses peaked in the period of 1850-1874. Only during the final period of the century, evidently as a result of the abolition of the institution of consent to marriage in 1868, did the marrying age of first-time spouses again slightly decrease. Conversely, the age structure of widows and widowers remarrying remained relatively unchanged. As in the 18th century, the average age of widows remarrying was 35-39, while the average age of widowers remarrying was between 40 and 50.

16

Československá účast na Všeruské výstavě selského hospodářství a domácího průmyslu v Moskvě v roce 1923

51%

Marek M.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2009

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vol. 95

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issue 2

153-177

EN

This essay analyses the Czechoslovak attendance in the All-Russian Exhibition of Peasant Farming and Domestic Industry in Moscow, 1923. It concentrates on initiatives of Czechoslovak companies and motives, which led the Soviets to attract exhibitors from foreign firms. Sufficient amount of prompt information often determined participation in the exhibition. Thus the study analyses the origin, content and amount of information, which the firms received and potential activity, which they executed in order to acquire the relevant information.

17

DIVADELNÉ HISTÓRIE AKO HISTÓRIE PREDSTAVENÍ: VARIÁCIE, MOŽNOSTI A VÝHĽADY

51%

Lindovská N.

Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)

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2015

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vol. 63

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issue 1

3 - 14

EN

One of the essential methods specific for theatre research is the method of reconstruction of a theatre production. It is a significant tool of studying the history of stage art. Practice shows that a series of reconstructions of key theatre productions presents a good point of departure for recounting the history of theatre to both expert and lay public. The paper suggests possibilities of how the stage history of a theatre can be related while focusing its attention mainly on two existing models: the Russian history of the Moscow Art Theatre (1898–1998), published on the occasion of the centennial of this world famous theatre company, and the current project of the Theatre Institute in Warsaw mapping out the two hundred and fifty years’ history of professional theatre in Poland (1765–2015). The experience of Russian and Polish theatre researchers expands the range of methods available for research into theatre art and offers interesting possibilities and prospects for developing and communicating the gained knowledge to society.

18

DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PARISH OF LOCHENICE, 1784-1900

51%

Kalouskova V.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2006

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vol. 30

67-143

EN

This study describes the history of the parish of Lochenice from the perspective of historical demography. The parish was located in a valley on the Elbe River, and their inhabitants mainly worked in agriculture. The data are based on records from registers of births, weddings and deaths and the method of anonymous excerption was used. It is possible to observe an increase in the age of first-time spouses in the first half of the 19th century (the maximum age of men was about 29 and women about 27), followed by slight successive decreases again. The beginning of the 19th century represents the end of the mortality crisis; the last one struck the parish in 1806. But it was not the end of epidemics, and cholera, typhoid, the pox, dysentery, and rubella, etc., were common until the end of 19th century. Another cause of numerous deaths was tuberculosis. The end of the 19th century is regarded as the beginning of the demographic revolution - the rise of birth control and falling mortality rates. But in Lochenice parish there were no such trends.

19

Středoevropský vliv na školské reformy Kateřiny Veliké

51%

Stellner F.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2011

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vol. 97

|

issue 3-4

409-424

EN

This study evaluates effectiveness of Catherine the Great's education policy with regard to the number of literate inhabitants and students. As a contrast to the advanced countries, the author declares that the Russian Empire was markedly behind them in the number of educated inhabitants in the 18th century. He also explains why the school reform in Russia failed and compares it with the Austrian circumstances and success. He mentions the backwardness of the Russian social structure, failure to implement compulsory education for all classes of population, inability to provide sufficient financial means and non-existence of capable officers and central administrative body. He also mentions the prevailing lack of interest of the Russian elite in education that developed into an aversion to the reform. The author declares that Catherine the Great refused to come out of the French projects and turned her attention particularly to the Austrian education, which achieved certain success; in addition, the Austrians used some Prussian ideas, which the tsarina found inspiring as early as the sixties. He emphasizes that Catherine the Great was aware of the enormous backwardness of Russian education; however, she could not concentrate on implementation of the education system in the 1760s and 1770s due to the war conflicts. He regards the education reform under Catherine's reign not very successful; nevertheless, he mentions that the number of educated officers and experts slightly grew, which led to the consolidation of the state insisting on serfdom and aristocracy. However, the education was completely separated from the clergy and family competence and became a matter of the state. Catherine the Great's reform supported creation of non-aristocratic intelligentsia and undoubtedly intensified diffusion of enlightened ideals.

20

Československá diplomacia a vstup Nemecka do Spoločnosti národov. Príprava na mimoriadne Zhromaždenie Spoločnosti národov v marci 1926

51%

Feriancova A.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2009

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vol. 17

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issue 1

67-112

EN

From the beginning, the year 1926 was oversaturated by the 'spirit of Locarno'. However, some serious proofs awaited the Locarno understanding. There were many hopes laid on the Locarno treaties. These treaties could have come into power only in connection with the German membership in the League of Nations. The process of Germany's admission met with several solemn complications. These complications jeopardized even the Locarno understanding and revealed the long lasting problems of the Geneva organization. Germany's admission represented an important change in international relations. The Czechoslovak minister of foreign affaires counted with the German membership in the League of Nations. He expected increased security in the region from this step. Locarno and Germany's admission closed one period of the post-war history. These two events had a great impact on the Czechoslovak position in the political arena, and also on Czechoslovak-German relations.

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