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  1. 7 Polish Psychological Bulletin

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  1. 2 Janowiak J.

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1
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Mediálne správanie a sebakontrola

100%
Kováčová Holevová B.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue 1
57-69
EN
The paper presents an overview of the theoretical and empirical information regarding the overuse of television and some other new media (especially the internet and video games) in contexts of individual's self-control. After defining the main and related concepts, it emphasize the legitimacy of investigation problem of media behavior through actual research mapping the amount of time people spend by this media. Self-control can be seen as a constant disposition in the context of problematic media behavior, and this view reflects both the personal approach, and as the actual ability of a person that can vary under influence of various factors. Inspiring in this context seems to be a new model of unregulated use of media. The conclusion summarizes the potential preventive aspects through which the individual can prevent problem media behavior.
2
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Postoje ľudí stredného veku k procesom starnutia vo vzťahu k miere ich sebakontroly a starostlivosti o seba

100%
Ráczová B., Klasová L.
E-psychologie (E-psychology)
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2012
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vol. 6
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issue 1
12-23
EN
The study is linked to our previous research that focused on the analysis of attitudes of middleaged people towards aging in relation to their level of self-control and life satisfaction. The aim of the presented study was to find out the relationship between positive and negative attitudes of middle-aged people towards aging on one side and their level of self-control and self-care on the other. The sample consisted of 121 respondents (82 women and 39 men) between 40 and 50 years of age. Three methodologies were used in the research: RAQ (Gething, 1994, Scale tracing attitudes to processes of aging), Scale of self-control (SCS) (Tangney, Baumeister, Boone, 2004) and questionnaire monitoring the level of self-care (Lovaš, 2010). Analysis consisted of descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and one-way dispersion analysis. The results supported that respondents with negative attitude to aging show lower level of self-control and also lower level of self-care and, vice versa, that respondents with positive attitude show higher level of self-control and self-care – as confirmed by the analysis. The results revealed medium level of relation between self-control and self-care. Generic differences proved true only in the case of self-care.
SK
Prezentovaná štúdia1 sa týka výskumu postojov strednej generácie k procesom starnutia vo vzťahu k miere sebakontroly a celkovej životnej spokojnosti. Naším cieľom bolo zistiť vzťah medzi pozitívnym a negatívnym postojom k starnutiu ľudí v strednom veku a mierou starostlivosti o seba a sebakontrolou. Vzorku tvorilo 121 (39 mužov a 82 žien) respondentov/tiek vo vekovom rozpätí 40 - 50 rokov. Vo výskume boli použité 3 metodiky: RAQ (Gething, 1994, Škála zaznamenávajúca postoje k procesom starnutia), Škála sebakontroly SCS (Tangney, Baumeister, Boone, 2004) a dotazník monitorujúci mieru starostlivosti o seba (Lovaš, 2010). Pri analýze bola použitá deskriptívna štatistika, korelačná analýza a jednovchodová analýza rozptylu. Výsledky ukázali, že respondenti s negatívnym postojom vykazujú nižšiu mieru sebakontroly a v súvislosti s tým aj nižšiu mieru starostlivosti o seba, a naopak respondenti s pozitívnym postojom vykazujú vyššiu mieru sebakontroly a vyššiu mieru starostlivosti - čo analýza potvrdila. Výsledky poukazujú na strednú mieru vzťahu medzi sebakontrolou a starostlivosťou o seba. Rodové rozdiely sa preukázali len v starostlivosti o seba.
3
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Overenie nepriameho snímania sebakontroly pri zvládaní cez indikátor potlačenia

100%
Vavricová M.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue 2
55-64
EN
The paper deals with the possibility of operationalization and review process of self-control in dealing with stressful situations. This verifies an alternative of indirect identification of self-control in coping through by us selected indicator of suppression of selected forms of coping. Based on the definition of self-control, we sampled the suppression by the difference between the wanted (under consideration) and then realized behavior (coping) in the background of simplified questionnaire of coping and model stressful situation. The sample consisted of 153 college students. Self-control has been shown mainly in strategies 7. Express negative emotions, 8. Stop fighting and 13. Show that this all is ridiculous. These strategies are socially undesirable, which further supports the suitability of the chosen indicator of suppression. It is also documented by a positive correlation of these strategies with Scale of Self-control self-report questionnaire.
4
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The relationship between self-control and altruism in the light of discounting literature

100%
Osiński J., Karbowski A., Rusek J.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2017
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issue 4
433-439
EN
On the basis of literature on delay discounting, potential mechanisms of relations between self-control and altruism are considered. The discussed possibilities are: cause-and-effect relationship (self-control enabling sacrificing immediate benefits caused by selfish behaviour in favor of future benefits associated with altruism, e.g. reciprocation), common mechanism (ability to learn behavioural patterns covering longer time periods), role of intelligence as a factor related both to self-control and altruism, and role of psychological distance (the idea of extended self and construal level theory). Relations between described perspectives are pointed out, and directions for further research are suggested.
5
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Psychometric properties and correlates of the Polish version of the Self-Control Scale (SCS)

100%
Pilarska A., Baumeister R. F.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2018
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vol. 49
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issue 1
95-106
EN
Theory and research have both characterized self-control as a vital human strength. Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone’s (2004) Self-Control Scale (SCS) is a 36-item self-report questionnaire that assess individual differences in multiple aspects of self-control. The scale is now considered the preeminent measure of self-control in social and psychological research. This article presents studies that evaluated: (a) the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the SCS, and (b) whether higher SCS scores correlated with positive outcomes in Poland. A total of 441 Polish university students took part in the studies. Psychometrically, the Polish SCS proved to be reasonably sound, with good internal consistency (α = .89). Correlations with criteria measures showed that both full and brief selfcontrol scores were positively related to self-esteem, perspective taking, and guilt-proneness, while negatively related to personal distress, proneness to shame, externalization, and unconcern. High self-control was also associated with being conscientious, emotionally stable, and open. It is concluded that the Polish SCS offers a viable option for assessing trait self-control and for studying its relationship with a broad spectrum of psychological and social variables.
6
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Polish Validation of the Delaying Gratification Inventory

100%
Dymek A., Jurek P.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2018
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vol. 49
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issue 1
107-117
EN
Delaying of gratification is the ability to defer immediate reward for long-term goals (Mischel, Ebbesen, 1970). The inability to do so may lead to health problems connected with, for instance, stimulants, risky sexual behaviors or binge eating (Hoerger, Quirk, Weed, 2011). In Poland there is no inventory measuring the aforementioned phenomenon. That is the reason why Polish validation of the Delaying Gratification Inventory (DGI) is really desirable. The article presents collected results related to the factor structure and reliability of the Polish version of the DGI. Additionally, its outcomes were correlated with results of the Polish version of the Self-control Scale (Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004; Polish validation: Pilarska & Baumeister, 2018) and the Risky Behaviors Test (Studenski, 2004) to precise its validity. The whole questionnaire with the key for further use is enclosed.
7
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Faktory ovplyvňujúce očakávané emócie v súvislosti s agresívnym správaním

88%
Vasková K.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2012
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vol. 3
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issue 1
37-47
EN
Conflict situations and situations of guile are not rare in our everyday life. In context of broadly conceived study, inspired by Richetin´s and Richardson´s (2011) extension of Theory of Planned Behavior, the character of anticipated emotions in relation to situation of aggressive and non aggressive reaction is analyzed. Influence of behavioral desire and perceived behavioral control is examined. Results show anticipating different emotions in relation to situation and acknowledge significant role of behavioral desire. Unimportant role of perceived behavioral control is ascertained. Closer explanations in relation to self-control and self-regulation is discussed.
8
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The mental health of college students and the level of academic achievement: knowledge about psychological well-being, self-control, and college learning

88%
Xiang Y., Shuai C., Zhang Y., Li Y.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2024
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vol. 68
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issue 1
80-95
EN
Objectives. This paper aimed to increase knowledge about the psychological well-being and self-control of students during their college years and the impact of these indicators on academic performance. Sample and settings. The researchers developed and integrated a semester psychological elective course “Successful Learning”. During this course, the students received theoretical information about planning, goal setting, self-discipline, and interaction with others and practised the acquired knowledge in practical classes. Before and after the end of the course, they passed testing according to the questionnaires of psychological well-being (PWB, Gao and McLellan) and self-control (SC, Unger et al.). The Student’s t-test was used for comparison. Results. The findings showed that self-control and psychological well-being were amenable to improvement. The documented results of previous studies on the impact of self-control and psychological well-being on academic performance were confirmed by ANOVA. Study limitations. A relatively small sample size and a wide age range of participants could affect the accuracy of the results. The absence of a control group makes it impossible to exclude the influence of external factors on the psychological well-being and self-control of participants.
9
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Planner-Doer - Self-control and Regular Study

88%
Bentkowska K.
e-mentor
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2019
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issue 5 (82)
36-42
EN
The systematic acquisition of knowledge is an important skill. Nevertheless, students seem to have problems with proper planning of their education and preparing their tasks on time. Referring to behavioral economics, this can be explained with the planner and doer model. This draws attention to the problems with self-control and describes the dilemma caused by internal tension between favorable long-term plans and short-term actions distracting attention from implementation of the former. The aim of the article was to analyze student activity in e-learning classes. The analysis concerned a group of students regularly performing assigned tasks and the spread of their activities within the given period. It also allowed investigations into whether the time of submitting the task affected its quality and whether systematic work during the semester affected the exam result. The analysis of student activity in the e-learning classes shows that: • There was a large group of students regularly submitting tasks, but there was also a group who never prepared any of them. • The spread of activity over particular days showed that most posts were published on the last two days of the given period. • There was a relationship between the time of submitting the task and its evaluation – the posts from the final two days received a lower average number of points than those from previous days. • There was a positive relationship between the ongoing performance of the tasks and the exam results. The analysis presented here is a preliminary study but shows some trends among the students.
10
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Príprava na starnutie v kontexte sebakontroly a starostlivosti o seba: výsledky výskumu

88%
Ráczová B., Marhevská G.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 1
37-50
EN
The goal of the study is to present the results of the research aimed at the processes of ageing in context of selected psychosocial factors, in particular self-control, self-care and attitude to ageing as possible factors having an influence on processes of the preparation and adaption for ageing. The study follows the earlier published summarizing theoretical study (Ráczová, 2012). The sample was composed of 119 respondents (46 man and 73 women) of age between 65 and 75 years (average age of 70 years, &delta = 3.91). The following three methodologies were used in the study: RAQ (Gething, 1994, Scale marking down attitudes to ageing processes), Self Control Scale - SCS (Tangney, Baumeister, Boone, 2004) and self- care Questionnaire (Lovaš, 2010). In the analysis there were used descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and ANOVA analysis. The results point out the existence of positive relation between attitudes to ageing, self-control and self-care among seniors. The results indicate that the respondents with positive attitude show higher degree of self-control as well as of self-care compared to seniors with negative attitude to ageing. Gender differences were proved only in attitudes to ageing, where men show more positive attitude. Significant differences in self-care were proved as well, what was due to different family status of seniors (both men and women), whereas divorced seniors have higher degree of care of myself compared to the married ones.
11

Psycho-hygiene of Family Education as a Major Condition of the Family Violence Preventing

88%
Boltivets S.
Internal Security
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2011
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vol. 3(2)
209-226
EN
Through ages human beings have developed psycho-hygienic concepts self-preserve their own mental life, which are connected with a cultural-historical development of mankind, history of philosophical thought, pedagogical culture, formation of the moral bases of social life. The psycho-hygiene of the child family education is a basic condition for the prevention of psychological violation and, consequently, for the formation of a stable sense of safety and personal security. Psychological and pedagogical means, consciously applied by parents, have a function of the mental health protection and prevention of the medical interference and legal sanctions. Psycho-hygienic criteria of children and adolescents’ mental health quality, their classification in accordance with the mental health groups allow to determine appropriate levels of the mental states in their age variability. The methods of the age inter-consistency of the personality functioning to help predict the psycho-hygiene prognostication of the certain traumatic stages of the family life. If the culture of mental self-assessment and self-control it is considered as a norm of self-observation of the relationship between the child’s personality and estimated continuum of the micro-social environment, what makes it possible to apply is the pedagogical method that has significant psycho-hygiene opportunities and a large psycho-traumatic potential. The article presents a complete classification of the estimated judgments, and methods to determine the child’s needs in the self-assessment, which is formed by the micro-social environment.
12
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Self-Regulated Learning and Mathematical Problem Solving

88%
Marchis I.
The New Educational Review
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2012
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vol. 27
195-208
EN
The aim of this research is to study high-school pupils’ (9th–11th grades, 14/15 to 17/18 years old) self-regulated learning skills. The tool of the research is a questionnaire developed for this purpose; the research sample is a group of randomly selected high-school pupils from schools over the north-west part of Romania. The results show that only one third of the respondents think that mathematics is useful in everyday life and their future career; a very low percentage of the pupils set goals for learning mathematics; about a quarter of the respondents analyze correctly the task and have a correct task difficulty perception; the pupils’ self-efficacy and self-control is low, but they have a high self-judgement level. Most of the pupils are aware that there is a strong relation between the time they spend with mathematics and their results. There is a strong correlation between the pupils’ mathematical results and their interest to study mathematics, their task analysis and self-control skills, and their task difficulty perception.
13
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Prokrastinácia vysokoškolských študentov v kontexte akademickej motivácie a sebakontroly

88%
Magdová M., Fuchsová K., Berinšterová M.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 4
389-402
EN
Objectives. Procrastination is a phenomenon, that causes negative consequences in terms of achieving study and work goals, especially for teachers and students of teacher courses. The aim of the research was to examine the contribution of self-control and academic motivation on procrastination, and to examine the differences in procrastination with respect to socio-demographic factors. Sample and setting. 333 university students from teachers’ courses of the Presov University (68.5% of women; Mage=20.51, SD=1.61) participated in the research. The respondents completed questionnaires that measured procrastination, socio-demographic variables (gender, age, year of study, living during the semester), self-control, and academic motivation (intristic motivation to know, intristic motivation toward accomplishment, intristic motivation to experience stimulation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, amotivation). Statistical analysis. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, t-tests, and linear regression. Results. The results show no age and gender differences in the procrastination. The linear model explained 45,8% of the variation in the procrastination. Four variables were significant: self-control, introjected regulation, gender, and living in a sublet. The results confirm an association between self-regulatory mechanisms, motivation, and autonomy of university students. The results also have shown the importance of these variables within the reduction of procrastination among future teachers. Study limitation. Unbalanced sample distribution in terms of study years; cross-sectional and self-reported data.
14
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Siła woli we współczesnej psychologii: ujęcie personologiczne i procesualne

88%
Kadzikowska-Wrzosek R.
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
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2012
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vol. XVII
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issue 2
307-326
EN
This article presents existing in contemporary psychology two perspectives on strength of volition: trait and process-oriented approaches. The trait perspective is concentrated on researches exploring origins and consequences of strength of volition. Within the process-oriented perspective, researchers attempt to define the mechanisms underlying the strength of volition and the essential ingredients of willpower. This perspective enables to explain also intra – individual differences in willpower. The process oriented perspective underlines the necessity to take into consideration broader personality context in analyzing the willpower role and difficulties in action control process. Of particular importance is the level of autonomy of the standards and type of control action. Democratic, autonomous control mode of action, based mainly on intuitive volitional mechanisms is conducive to volitional efficiency.
15
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Self-Control Scale AS-36: Construction and validation study

88%
Nęcka E.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2015
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vol. 46
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issue 3
488-497
EN
This paper presents a validation study of a new questionnaire of self-control as an individual trait. The questionnaire has two parallel versions, one based on self-reports (AS-36) and another one based on informant reports (AS-36-3). Each version consists of three subscales, called Inhibition (12 items), Switching (12 items), and Goal Monitoring (12 items). Eight samples of participants (N = 935 altogether) took part in the validation study. Both versions obtained satisfactory indices of internal consistency, assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and split-half coefficients. Selfcontrol assessed with this scale proved to be entirely independent of general intelligence. However, AS-36 and AS-36-3 scores tended to correlate with other self-report measures of trait self control, such as Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone’s (2004) self-control scale. We conclude that AS-36 is a valid and reliable tool, suitable for assessment of self-control in both research and diagnostic settings.
16
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Behave yourself! NAS-50 as a reliable tool for assessment of adolescent self-control

88%
Fryt J., Smoleń T., Czernecka K.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2019
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vol. 50
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issue 1
36-42
EN
Self-control is a complex and multifaceted construct that can be regarded as an individual trait that follows its own developmental trajectory. In the presented study we used NAS-50 for the assessment of self-control in adolescents and young adults. Since the questionnaire has not been used before in underage participants we tested its reliability in adolescent and adult samples. We also investigated possible age and gender differences in self-control abilities as well as relations between NAS-50 and behavioral measures of cognitive control and impulsivity. Although the sample was quite small, the reliability of the questionnaire was similar to the results achieved by its authors. According to the predictions in the literature we did not find relations between NAS-50 and behavioral measures of cognitive control and impulsivity. We also did not observe significant age differences in the assessment of self-control abilities. The theoretical relevance of our results is discussed.
17
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Prejavy zníženia sebakontroly v Skúške kontinuitnej asociácie

75%
Marhevská G., Lovaš L.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 2
69-84
EN
The aim of work is to find out how self-control influences word associations. The research presented herein provides new insight into manifestations of self-control. Experimental study is based on the Strength model (Baumeister et al., 1998), which assumes that self-control relies on limited resources of ego which become depleted with increased exercising of self-control (Ego depletion). The aim of this experiment was to verify in an empirical manner that the impairment of self-control can be manifested in word association tests. Continuous word association test (Kondáš, 1979) was used in this experiment. Distinct indicators of continuous word associations were divided into the following 4 categories; verbal dynamics, abnormalities in association, errors in the reproduction of association reactions and the overall number of mistakes. Parallel task and "e letter" crossing out exercises were used in order to impair ego resource. One-Way ANOVA was used in the analysis. The results of the study indicate that impaired self-control, induced by the "e letter" crossing out task, increased verbal dynamics. According to the obtained results, Continuous word association test provoke automatic processes. Further important indicators of impaired self-control were increased perseverations of potentially conflicting word 'control', erroneous reproductions of potentially conflicting word 'explosions' and the overall indicator of mistakes in conflict word 'explosions and control'. The experiment results show an increase in the number of mistakes of word association production when self-control is impaired.
18

ПСИХОКОРИГУЮЧИЙ ПРИНЦИП МУЗИЧНОГО НАВЧАННЯ ДІТЕЙ ДОШКІЛЬНОГО ТА МОЛОДШОГО ШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ МУЗИКОТЕРАПІЇ

75%
Малашевська І.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
|
2015
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issue 2(46)
250-258
EN
The article addresses the problem of optimization of the system of musical education of preschool and primary school children by means of additional kinds of educational activities in health-caredirection. The aim of the article is to examine the nature and peculiarities of psycho-corrective influence of music therapy of preschool and primary school age in the process of their musical and educational activity. The study used the methods of the theoretical analysis of psycho-educational, philosophical and art criticism literature. The innovative technique based on using the ideas or separate elements of musical-rational psychotherapy of V.I. Petrushyna, author’s system of psycho-corrections by V. M. Draganchuk, methodology of development and complex correction of different sides of preschool and primary school children’s psyche of M. I. Chistyakova, music-therapeutics direction of musical education by system of Waldorf pedagogics. The article examines the mechanisms of psycho-corrective influence on children’s personality by means of music games, sound toning and singing songs, musical-dancing activities, rhythmic exercises, contact and contactless massage, autogenous training, breathing exercises, activation of visual images and ideas, music-improvised creativity, etc. The practical significance of the article is to develop the innovative methods of teaching music using music therapy in the system of preschool and primary school education. Considering the possibility of corrective action of music art on physical, emotional and intellectual sphere of the organism, it is understood that music is the language of nonverbal communication. As a result the main influence is made on the mood, emotions and feelings of a person. However, understanding the person as an inseparable unity of all three spheres, it is worth noting some influence on the physical and intellectual sphere, but in a different perspective. The person who interacts with music after this process becomes a qualitatively different person. The conclusions of the study indicate the efficacy and the effectiveness of the psycho-corrective influence of the music therapy on mental, emotional and volitional area of children’s personality, that leads to optimization of musical and educational process and the development of musicality in particular. A next trend of the study is seen in the implementation of music therapy in the system of training of future music teachers.
19
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NAS-50 and NAS-40: New scales for the assessment of self-control

75%
Nęcka E., Wujcik R., Orzechowski J., Gruszka A., Janik B., Nowak M., Wójcik N.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2016
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vol. 47
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issue 3
346-355
EN
In this paper, we present a new questionnaire for the assessment of self-control as an individual trait. We describe the process of construction of this assessment tool. We also report the results of relevant validation studies. The questionnaire has two independent versions, one based on self-reports (NAS-50) and another one based on other-reports (NAS-40). The first version consists of five subscales (10 items each), called Initiative and Persistence (IP), Proactive Control (PC), Switching and Flexibility (SF), Inhibition and Adjournment (IA), and Goal Maintenance (GM). Seven samples of participants (N = 934 altogether) took part in the validation study. The second version has not been split into subscales. Both versions obtained satisfactory indices of internal consistency, assessed with Cronbach’s alpha (for NAS- 50 total score a = .861, for the subscales a between .726 and .867; for NAS-40 a = .844). The NAS-50 and NAS-40 scores were highly correlated with other measures of self-control, including Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone’s (2004) self-control scale. They also proved to be entirely independent of general intelligence. In conclusion, both versions can be regarded reliable and valid enough, and therefore suitable for the assessment of trait self-control for research purposes.
20
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Self-control and Self-consciousness: Regulation or Acceleration of Self-discrepancy Distress?

75%
Mestvirishvili M., Mestvirishvili N.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2021
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vol. 52
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issue 1
31-39
EN
The present study explores the connection between the actual/ideal (A/I) and actual/ought (A/O) self-discrepancies and negative emotional states such as stress, anxiety and depression. Moreover, it seeks to understand the effects of potentially intervening variables, self-control //and self-consciousness, on the affect-discrepancy relationship. 638 participants (60% female, aged 18-55) participated in the study. They filled out questionnaires measuring actual/ideal self-discrepancy, actual/ought self-discrepancy, self-control, private/public self-consciousness and psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress; DAS). The results revealed that both, A/O and A/I self-discrepancies, are positively associated with DAS but do not have a predictive value for them. However, depression, anxiety and stress are significantly predicted by low self-control and high personal self-consciousness. Also, the study confirms that self-control and self-consciousness moderate affect-discrepancy relationship: self-control is a significant moderator of the relationships between (1) A/I and A/O self-discrepancy and depression and (2) A/I and A/O self-discrepancy and stress. Also, public self-consciousness moderates the relationship between A/O self-discrepancy and stress. In this respect those who have high self-control and high self-consciousness are less likely to experience negative emotional reactions related to the discrepant self-constructs.
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