Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Refine search results

Journals help
Authors help
Years help

Results found: 72

first rewind previous Page / 4 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  fraud
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 4 next fast forward last
EN
This study contains a juridical analysis that presents the grounds for establishing differentiation with respect to the fraud offense regulated in Article 286 § 1 of the Criminal Code. The fraud offense may be divided into two distinctive types — fraud causing damages that results in suffering substantial material damages by an injured party, and so-called no-damage fraud that is limited in its effect to creating a state of exposure to direct danger of financial interest of an injured party. The article includes the analysis of substantive and procedural consequences of differences that arise between those two specified types of the fraud offense.
EN
Despite the fact that documentary letters of credit (LC) are meant to facilitate the process of international trade, their specific characteristics may increase the risk of fraud while being used as the method of payment in the process of international transaction. Many factors like exclusive use of documents, geographical distance, absence of efficient prosecution, the diversity of legal system at the global level and restricted application of fraud rule can be considered as reasons for LC fraud. While billions of dollars are lost annually due to fraud in the course of LC operations, such vulnerability can result in reducing the global popularity of documentary letters of credit as the main method of payment used in international trade. Meanwhile, it is worth mentioning that fraud risk management is an unexplored territory in the practice of documentary letters of credit operation. Existing research tries to fill the gap in the study on comprehensive methods for mitigating fraud risk in operations with documentary letters of credit by using risk management theory in order to answer the question of how to manage fraud risk in LC transactions? In a quest to answer the research question, the paper is divided into two parts: the first part is dedicated to preventive measures while the latter explores responsive measures of an enterprise to manage fraud risk in LC transactions.
EN
The paper is devoted to the comparative law analysis of those criminal provisions which describe the offence of fraud in its so-called classical form. In the Polish Criminal Code, the discussed type of fraud is described by Art. 286 § 1 and 3 which is placed in Chapter XXXV entitled Offences Against Property. The analysis refers to the legal systems of some European countries such as: England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Ireland, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Germany, Romania, Kosovo, Serbia, Slovenia and Bulgaria. The paper closes with concluding remarks in which the authors point to the similarities and differences among the analysed regulations.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest prawnoporównawcza analiza przepisów karnych dotyczących przestępstwa oszustwa w tzw. klasycznej postaci. W polskim kodeksie karnym omawiany rodzaj oszustwa opisany jest w art. 286 § 1 i 3, który znajduje się w rozdziale XXXV zatytułowanym Przestępstwa przeciwko mieniu. Analizą objęto prawodawstwa takich państw europejskich, jak: Anglia, Walia, Irlandia Północna, Szkocja, Irlandia, Rosja, Białoruś, Ukraina, Litwa, Łotwa, Estonia, Słowacja, Czechy, Szwajcaria, Niemcy, Rumunia, Kosowo, Serbia, Słowenia i Bułgaria. Opracowanie wieńczy podsumowanie, w którym wskazano podobieństwa i różnice pomiędzy przeanalizowanymi uregulowaniami.
EN
Unlike commonly believed, the probability of distribution of digits, especially those at the beginning of a number, can vary a lot in real-life data. This phenomenon, at present referred to as Benford’s law, has become more and more used in detection of misappropriation and irregularities in financial operations. Data that have been manipulated can be detected thanks to the unawareness of those committing frauds that falsified numbers can differ from the Benford’s Law and hence can be easily discovered by experts. In his article, the author discusses the nature, importance and opportunities that the application of the Benford’s Law provides NIK auditors with.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kompleksowe podejście do organizacji procesu identyfikacji i weryfikacji zjawisk związanych z przestępczością ubezpieczeniową w Polsce. Główną rolę w tym procesie, w zakresie ubezpieczeń komunikacyjnych, odgrywa Ubezpieczeniowy Fundusz Gwarancyjny dzięki nowelizacji ustawy o ubezpieczeniach obowiązkowych, Ubezpieczeniowym Funduszu Gwarancyjnym i Polskim Biurze Ubezpieczeń Komunikacyjnych z dnia 19 sierpnia 2011 r. (Dz. U. z 2011 r. Nr 205, poz. 1210). Dla osiągnięcia wysokiej skuteczności działań konieczne jest zaangażowanie zarówno zakładów ubezpieczeń, Policji, jak i prokuratury. Na UFG spoczywa obowiązek takiego zorganizowania obiegu informacji, aby zakłady ubezpieczeń zmniejszyły swoje straty z tytułu nienależnie wypłaconych odszkodowań, a organy powołane do ścigania przestępstw zwiększyły skuteczność wykrywania i przeciwdziałania zjawisku. Omówiono podstawy prawne uprawnień i ograniczeń w organizacji procesu, proponując rozstrzygnięcie wybranych wątpliwości interpretacyjnych, oraz uporządkowano słownik pojęć. W dalszej kolejności zaprezentowano kilka ważnych elementów procesu, takich jak metody identyfikacji czy zorganizowanie bazy wiedzy, których wykorzystanie zapewni wysoką skuteczność działań, a jednocześnie umożliwi poszanowanie słusznych praw z zakresu ochrony danych osobowych i tajemnicy ubezpieczeniowej.
EN
The article presents a comprehensive approach to the organization of the process of the identification and verification of phenomena related to insurance crime in Poland. The main role in this process, in the field of motor insurance is played by the Insurance Guarantee Fund thanks to the amendment to the Act on compulsory insurance, Insurance Guarantee Fund and Polish Motor Insurance Bureau of 19 August 2011 (Journal of Laws of 2011, No 205, item 1210). It is necessary to involve insurance companies, the police as well as the public prosecutor's office in order to achieve high efficiency of actions. It is the Insurance Guarantee Fund, which is responsible for organising such information circulation that insurance companies will be able to reduce their losses caused by false insurance claims, whereas the bodies set up to prosecute crimes could increase the effectiveness of detection and prevention of these offences. Furthermore, the legal basis for the powers and limitations of the organization process and its several important elements, such as methods of identification and organization of the knowledge base, the application of which will guarantee high performance on the one hand, and enable to respect legitimate rights of personal data protection and insurance secrecy, on the other hand.
EN
This article aims at outlining the role of the Insurance Guarantee Fund in preventing the phenomena related to insurance crime by means of the Integrated Platform for Identification and Verification of Insurance Crime.It also discusses the legal possibilities and limitations of sharing and exchanging data related to the operation of the anti-fraud platform. Being the only entity entitled to process motor insurance data centrally, the Fund plays a leading role in eliminating fraud in this field. At the same time, the article provides an analysis of legal issues related to the Fund's rights in the area of identification and verification of insurance fraud, and explores potential opportunities to improve the efficiency of insurance crime investigation resulting from the implementation of possible changes in law.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono rolę Ubezpieczeniowego Funduszu Gwarancyjnego w obszarze przeciwdziałania zjawiskom związanym z przestępczością ubezpieczeniową. Cel ten Fundusz realizuje poprzez Zintegrowaną Platformę Identyfikacji i Weryfikacji Zjawisk Przestępczości Ubezpieczeniowej. Wskazano także na możliwości i ograniczenia prawne oraz problematykę udostępniania i wymiany danych związanych z funkcjonowaniem Platformy antyprzestępczej. Fundusz jest jedynym podmiotem uprawnionym do centralnego przetwarzania danych o ubezpieczeniach komunikacyjnych, a tym samym odgrywa wiodącą rolę w eliminowaniu nadużyć prawa w tym obszarze. Artykuł zawiera również analizę zagadnień prawnych, związanych z uprawnieniami Funduszu w obszarze identyfikacji i weryfikacji zjawisk przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej oraz wskazuje potencjalne możliwości zwiększenia efektywności wykrywania zjawisk przestępczości ubezpieczeniowej, wynikające z wprowadzenia ewentualnych zmian prawnych.
EN
Theoretical background: Researching insurance crime in terms of its perception by students makes it possible to gain knowledge about their interpretation skills, as well as identify attitudes towards insurance frauds. This article supplements the Polish literature on the phenomenon which is a significant dysfunction in the insurance sector. Purpose of the article: The main aim of this article is to analyse the perception of insurance crime according to research conducted among students. Moreover, additional auxiliary goals were formulated: 1. Determining the level of knowledge of the respondents about insurance crime. 2. Analysing the attitudes of the respondents towards the phenomenon of insurance crime. Research methods: The paper presents the results of a preliminary study in which a survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire. In order to verify the posed research question and to achieve the aims defined in this article, a survey was conducted among students at the University of Szczecin. An original questionnaire was used for the study, which was distributed to 11,000 university students. The research was conducted in the period from January to February 2022. The questionnaire was completed by 416 respondents, which makes it possible to conclude that the survey is representative. The questions in the questionnaire concerned students’ knowledge of the phenomenon of insurance crime and its perception by the surveyed group of respondents. The survey results were analysed as a whole, and then presented and described. Main findings: The research results presented in the article show that the surveyed group of respondents was mostly characterized by an average level of awareness of the phenomenon of insurance crime. In this context, it seems necessary that all insurance entities and institutions make constant efforts to raise the level of insurance awareness of the society about the phenomenon of insurance crime. A significant role in shaping and developing awareness in this area is played by insurance education, which should take place on several levels (didactic, social, institutional).
EN
In the present paper we examine the standard Austro-libertarian account of blackmail according to which blackmail should be legal as it does not coerce the blackmailee to part with his property and so cannot be subsumed under extortion. Against this account we put forth a preliminary argument or a hypothesis, if you will, that even if blackmail cannot be subsumed under extortion, it still does not follow that it should be legal, for it might be subsumed under fraud. Indeed, the hypothesis we would like to offer for consideration is that blackmail is fraud, at least under some circumstances. To wit, we claim that even if the blackmailer does not coerce the blackmailee, in cases in which the blackmailer does not have an intention to execute his otherwise legal threats, he nonetheless deceives the blackmailee, thereby inducing him to part with his property. This is fraud and it renders the blackmailee’s property transfer involuntary and invalid. As fraud should be illegal under Austro-libertarianism, so should blackmail.
EN
European funds, due to their significant volume, enable harmonious development, implementation of important reforms and reduction of economic disparities between Member States. In the new finan cial perspective 2021–2027, Poland will remain the largest beneficiary of the cohesion policy as it will receive over EUR 75 billion (at current prices), which means that every fifth euro will reach Poland1 . Besides cohesion policy funds, Poland will also receive support under, among others, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (EUR 23.9 billion in grants and EUR 34.2 billion in loans), to be spent by the end of 20262 . The Facility is aimed at mitigating direct economic and social damage resul ting from the coronavirus pandemic. Such a large amount of the allo cation creates tremendous opportunities and can leverage the economy and bring social benefits. It is, however, indispensable to program these funds in an appropriate manner, firstly – so that the set development goals can be met, and secondly – so that they will be spent in an effi cient manner, in full compliance with the law, and – most importantly – free from fraud. Every fraud related to implementation of EU pro jects affects negatively implementation of set goals, and may also da mage reputation of the cohesion policy as such, which in consequence can result in reducing European support in the area in the future.
EN
The basic idea behind establishing the register of beneficial owners is to increase the transparency and accessibility of data on beneficial ownership of companies and other legal entities with the aim of ensuring the public availability of data on domestic and foreign natural and legal persons. However, the possibility of the data being accessible to the general public instead of to persons or organizations that can demonstrate a legitimate interest raised the issue of violating the principles of respect for private or family life and the protection of personal data. Consequently, this raises the question of drawing the line between contributing to the common good and fighting against money laundering and terrorist financing, on the one hand, and protecting personal data, with the possibility of their misuse, on the other. A balance as well as a response to the possibility of setting soft limits of legitimate interest that would result in the achievement of all set goals was sought in the practice of the European Court of Justice. One of the legislative solutions regarding the extent of access to data on beneficial owners for the entire public, along with the establishment of different types of registers in order to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing, is described using the example of Croatia.
EN
This article addresses the role of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) in investigating, prosecuting, and bringing to judgment the perpetrators of, and accomplices to, criminal offences affecting the financial interests of the European Union (EU) in the cultural sector. While focusing on the case of the subsidy and procurement fraud, passive corruption, and money laundering in the case of the Regional Museum in Olomouc (Czech Republic), the article aims to elucidate the current mandate and expectations with respect to the EPPO in relation to the prosecution of cultural heritage crimes. Accordingly, it recalls the key objectives of the EU Action Plan against Trafficking in Cultural Goods, and considers the potential contribution of the EPPO to the safeguarding of cultural heritage from the threats connected with organized, transnational criminal activities.
EN
In this article we introduce and analyse the main legal actions regarding the value added tax final regime legislation and we try to detect the most important measures to fight against tax frauds. The article tries to identify the individual actions that have already entered into force within the European Union countries (the Slovak Republic including) and actions which are in legislative procedure at this moment.
Human Affairs
|
2013
|
vol. 23
|
issue 4
689-705
EN
Cybercrime in Nigeria is largely perpetrated by young people and students in tertiary institutions, and are socially tagged yahoo yahoo or yahoo boys. Yahoo boys rely on their computer dexterity to victimise unsuspecting persons in cyberspace. A new phenomenon in cybercrime is mixing spiritual elements with internet surfing to boost cybercrime success rates. This paper examines the factors underlying this spiritual dimension (cyber spiritualism) to cybercrime, and discusses some of the strategies employed in perpetuating cyber crime. Using Space Transition Theory of cybercrime, data were generated on yahoo boys and those involved in yahoo plus. The clampdown on Internet fraudsters by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), in-group conflict among yahoo boys over social recognition, reduced victimisation and delayed success, and mass media enlightenment were reported factors influencing the fusion of spiritual elements in cyber crime. The methods used include ase or mayehun (incontrovertible order), charmed or magical rings (oruka-ere) and incisions made around the wrist, which are used to surf the net, while ijapa (tortoise) is used to navigate profitable sites. Unsuspecting victims fall under the spell of the ase via phone conversation where spiritual orders are made to the victims without their objecting.
EN
This study aims to examine the problem of selected offences against property listed in the Penal Code. Criminal law is one of the branches of the legal system in force in Poland. It fulfils a special role because it protects not only the state and social and economic relations but mainly human rights and freedoms against offences that could undermine them. The article describes the conducted research, which was based on two main research methods, i.e. the diagnostic survey method and the statistical analysis method. The method of analysing the subject literature was adopted as a subsidiary one. The statistical method was based on the analysis of the 2019 crime statistics of the National Police Headquarters. In particular, the article discusses the offences that were deemed the most troublesome by the residents of the capital city of Warsaw: theft, burglary, fraud, damage to property and unlawful appropriation
EN
In this article we introduce and analyse the main legal actions regarding the value added tax final regime legislation and we try to detect the most important measures to fight against tax frauds. The article tries to identify the individual actions that have already entered into force within the European Union countries (the Slovak Republic including) and actions which are in legislative procedure at this moment.
EN
The study depicts the specifics of matrimonial frauds against women. It presents the demographic and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims, as well as the methods of committing this offence. It also points out ways to avoid victimising behaviour. The subject matter of analyses were the police communications on matrimonial frauds from the past 5 years contained on the website of the Warsaw Police Headquarters in the “News” section under the “Fraud” tab.
PL
Opracowanie ukazuje specyfikę oszustw matrymonialnych wobec kobiet. Przedstawia cechy demograficzno-społeczne sprawców i ofiar oraz metody popełniania tego przestępstwa. Wskazuje też sposoby unikania zachowań wiktymogennych. Przedmiot analiz stanowiły policyjne komunikaty dotyczące oszustw matrymonialnych z ostatnich 5 lat zawarte na stronie internetowej Komendy Głównej Policji w Warszawie w części „Aktualności” w zakładce „Oszustwa”.
EN
The purpose of this article. The purpose of this study is to identify the occurrence of misselling in the process of offering and selling corporate bonds of GetBack SA. Methodology. The study included a literature review, analysis of secondary data derived from official documents such as decisions issued by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, reports of the Supreme Audit Office, and studies by the Financial Ombudsman. The result of the research. The area where the phenomenon of misselling occurred is undoubtedly the case regarding the process of offering and selling bonds of GetBack SA. The circumstances of the case indicate that there were irregularities in the sales process, which consisted in misleading the customers about the offered products, which were not adapted to their needs and carried a high investment risk, disregarding their investor knowledge. Furthermore, in the opinion of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection and the Financial Ombudsman.
EN
Inspections carried out in Poland on the premises of renewable energy prosumers have revealed a number of irregularities. This article reviews the findings from the perspective of public law. Under Polish law, a prosumer who wilfully raises the power of the electrical device installed on his premises may be committing an administrative tort, a minor offence, and/or embarking on a certain stage of fraud. If he modifies the inverter settings, as a rule he will not be liable to prosecution under Polish public law. However, if he removes the lock on the electric meter box without the consent of the operator, he will be committing a minor offence. If he tampers with and makes unlawful changes to the metering system, he may be liable for committing a certain stage of fraud.
PL
Kontrole u prosumentów energii odnawialnej wykryły liczne nieprawidłowości. Przedmiotem artykułu jest ich ocena publicznoprawna. Zwiększanie mocy zainstalowanej przez prosumenta może stanowić delikt administracyjny, wykroczenie i zarazem stadium realizacji przestępstwa oszustwa. Modyfikacje ustawień falowników co do zasady nie pociągają za sobą sankcji publicznoprawnych. Samo rozplombowanie licznika bez zgody operatora jest wykroczeniem. Dokonywanie bezprawnych zmian w układach pomiarowych stanowi stadium realizacji przestępstwa oszustwa.
|
2018
|
vol. 18
|
issue 2
483-497
EN
Fraud is a serious problem in the world, which often implies huge financial losses. The risk of fraud which is committed in companies is often considered insignificant and no preventive measures are taken which would minimize the possibility of its occurrence. Often, companies also do not have any tools which would allow quick detection of fraud and its perpetrators. Recent years, however, have seen a growing interest among entrepreneurs in implementing an independent and objective internal audit, which is the basis for good management. The aim of this article is to present the nature and role of internal audit in detecting various types of fraud in enterprises and to indicate its growing role in the risk management process. The article discusses the basic issues related to fraud in enterprises. Particular attention is paid to highlighting the importance of the risk management process in the internal audit activity.
PL
Nadużycia stanowią na świecie poważny problem, który implikuje często ogromne straty finansowe. Ryzyko oszustwa, które popełniane są w przedsiębiorstwach często jest uznawane za mało istotne i nie są stosowane żadne środki zapobiegawcze, które zminimalizowałyby możliwość jego wystąpienia. Często również firmy nie posiadają żadnych narzędzi, które pozwoliłoby na szybkie wykrycie nadużyć oraz jego sprawców. W ostatnich latach jednak, rośnie wśród przedsiębiorców zainteresowanie wdrożeniem niezależnego i obiektywnego audytu wewnętrznego, który jest podstawą dobrego zarządzania. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie istoty i roli audytu wewnętrznego w wykrywaniu różnego rodzaju nadużyć w przedsiębiorstwach oraz wskazanie jego rosnącej roli w procesie zarządzania ryzykiem. W artykule omówiono podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące nadużyć w przedsiębiorstwach. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wyeksponowanie znaczenia procesu zarządzania ryzykiem w działalności audytu wewnętrznego.
EN
The article presents issues, ones previously unknown to a wider public, of social crime occurring within the activities of the Social Insurance Institution. In addition to suppositions on the theoretical concepts of social crime, it summarizes national surveys for crime cases exposed at the Social Insurance Institution, for the period 2010–2014. The study includes a geography of crime phenomena and its intensity in time, the types of crimes exposed, the forms of benefit fraud, the financial losses incurred as a result of criminal off enses, methods of crime exposure, information on the perpetrators of crimes and a summary of end conclusions. This constitutes the first comprehensive study of social crime in Poland.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia nieznaną dotąd szerszemu odbiorcy problematykę przestępczości socjalnej, z którą boryka się m.in. Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych. Oprócz założeń teoretycznych koncepcji przestępczości socjalnej prezentuje skróconą wersję badań ogólnokrajowych nad przypadkami przestępstw, ujawnianych w Zakładzie Ubezpieczeń Społecznych w latach 2010-2014. Badania obejmowały geografi ę zjawiska przestępczości i jego natężenie w czasie, rodzaje ujawnionych przestępstw, rodzaje wyłudzonych świadczeń, straty majątkowe powstałe w wyniku popełnionych przestępstw, sposoby ujawniania przestępstw, informacje o sprawcach przestępstw oraz skrót najważniejszych wniosków końcowych. Jest to pierwsze w Polsce kompleksowe badanie dotyczące przestępczości socjalnej jako takiej.
first rewind previous Page / 4 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.