Search results - CEJSH

1

MATERIAL CULTURE IN TESTAMENTS FROM ELBLAG FROM THE 15TH - EARLY 16TH CENTURY (Kultura materialna w testamentach elblaskich z XV - poczatku XVI w.)

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Kubicki R.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2010

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vol. 58

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issue 2

197-210

EN

Studying the material culture of burghers in the late Middle Ages on the basis of testaments allows for certain generalizations due to the relatively homogenous format of the documents. The article is based on the analysis of 145 last wills of the inhabitants of Elblag from the years 1409-1515. Best represented among the testators are merchants, members of the ruling elite (town councillors, mayors and their relatives), ship-owners and skippers. There are fewer surviving testaments of the much larger groups of city dwellers, such as tradesmen and stallholders; artisans, however, are quite well represented. In many cases the testator's social position could not be identified; many of those, judging from the possessions described in their last wills, were merchants, tradesmen or artisans. The records preserved usually concern the richest burghers, who owned the greatest share of valuable objects; therefore, it is the material culture of the urban elite that can be most fully reconstructed. Among the objects that manifested the prestige and the social status of the owner we should mention golden and silver ornaments and pearls. Last wills clearly indicate a correlation between the global value of the property and the proportions between its parts allocated to consumption, accumulation and deposits. As to movables, a special status was assigned to the dispositions concerning the right to inherit the armour, weapons and fighting gear. Other status indicators were clothes, often mentioned in testaments (coats, caftans, doublets). Most testaments included dispositions concerning domestic appliances, which were covered by the general formula of 'other movables' or listed in detail. Items listed as domestic appliances were usually covers, carpets, beds and bedlinen, pieces of furniture, especially benches and tables. Affluent burghers used silverware (goblets, bowls, spoons). Another element of the material culture which sheds light on the life of burghers in that period was the arrangement of their workshops. As a separate entry last wills included charitable bequests concerning the purchase of shoes and clothes for the poor. Testaments are mainly helpful in establishing the evaluation and disposition of material possessions, while precise data on the objects themselves can be gained from archaeological excavations.

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Československý betatron

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Janovsky I.

DVT - Dějiny věd a techniky (History of Sciences and Technology)

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2007

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vol. 40

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issue 2

103-118

EN

The first betatron accelerating electrons through magnetic induction was built by Donald Kerst at the University of Illinois in 1940. Czechoslovakia, as one of a few (about six) countries of the world, managed production of betatron, as early as the 1950s. The research and development activities started in the Accelerator Department of the Research Institute for Vacuum Electrotechnique, which was transformed into the Institute of Vacuum Electronics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1959 and renamed to the Institute of Plasma Physics in 1963. The first two experimental betatrons with the energies of 1.8 and 2.5 MeV were built in 1954 and 1955, respectively, and were followed by an industrial (defectoscopic) 15-MeV betatron in 1956. The latter was awarded a gold medal at the World Exhibition EXPO 58 in Brussels. Production of the first series of the betatron started in Laboratotni pristroje nat. corp. (Chotutice) in 1959. In the following years, the electron energy was increased to 17 MeV and later to 22 MeV. Since 1974, the industrial betatrons had been produced in the ZMA Ostrov in two variants: mobile and hanging. They were installed at the Skoda Works (Pilsen) and at other plants, and several instruments were exported. Development of the therapeutic betatron started in cooperation with the Chirana nat. corp. in 1960 and the first instrument was installed in a hospital in 1962. Since 1968, the therapeutic instruments had been produced in ZMA Ostrov. They operated at about 8 hospitals through the country and enabled radiation therapy to be carried out at energies of up to 19 MeV, both with the electron beam and X-rays.

3

DID THE WROCLAW PEOPLE WANT CHANGE? THE MEDIEVAL CONCEPTS OF THE CITY HISTORY PRESENT IN SELECTED WORKS OF LOCAL HISTORIOGRAPHY (Polish title below).

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Wiszewski P.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2010

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vol. 65

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issue 3

249-262

EN

(Polish title: Czy wroclawianie chcieli zmian? Sredniowieczne koncepcje dziejów miasta w wybranych dzielach historiografii wroclawskiej) The purpose of the article is to research into the way 'a change' was regarded by the local medieval historiography, and was it seen as an essential element of the history of the town. Three monuments of literature were chosen and analyzed: the first The Old Wroclaw Annals (from the first half of the 14th century), a chronicle by Peter Eschenloer (from the second half of the 15th century) and The Annals of Wroclaw Magistrate (from the beginning of the 16th century). The method chosen for the research is to analyze the references within the narrative and the presentation of the main problems crucial for the reception of ideas in the works. No elements, that would relate to the phenomenon of 'a change' in the survey of the history of the city, were found in The Old Wroclaw Annals. A change as an element necessary for the course of the history appears at the chronicle by Eschenloer, but it is not a focal point for forming the image of the past. The problem of choices made by the inhabitants plays an essential role. A change is only a derivative of the choices and is estimated lower than making steady and proper choices that not lead to any changes. A change as an essential problem does not appear within the annalistic entries in The Annals of the Wroclaw Magistrate, either. Stressing the meaning of 'a change' in forming the image of the history is, however, visible. Setup of the entries divides the history of the city into three periods: before it became part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, during disturbances in the 15th century, and after the end of the disturbances what was reached together with the coronation of Vladislav II for the king of Bohemia (1491). Thus, the meaning of 'a change' in the description of the past increased gradually. Further research is required, however, to answer the question, how 'a change' was estimated by general public.

4

Jewish Military Union in Warsaw Ghetto

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Wojcicki M.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2006

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issue 1(217)

35-47

EN

This article sheds a different than the prevailing light on the history of the Jewish Military Union (ZZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto. According to the author, this organisation was set up in the summer of 1942 by underground Zionist revisionist units and operated independently until the April 1943 uprising. The contacts between ZZW and the Polish underground were hardly vast, they were largely limited to commercial deals. In the period preceding the Ghetto uprising, ZZW probably carried out several operations against German agents and operatives. During the uprising the ZZW fighters were active chiefly in the area of Muranowski Square. Nearly all the ZZW members perished, including all the commanders

5

IBN TAWQ'S 'TA'LIQ'. A JOURNAL OF A DAMASCENE FROM THE TURN OF THE 16TH CENTURY ('Talik' Ibn Tauka. Dziennik damascenczyka z przelomu XV i XVI w.)

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Musiatewicz J.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2009

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issue 3-4 (230-231)

161-170

EN

Ta'liq is a journal of Ibn Tawq, a notary and court witness, who lived in Damascus in the second half of the 15th and the first decade of the 16th centuries. The manuscript of the journal was found in the Damascene Madrasat Adh-Dhahiriyya, a former seat of the Syrian National Library, some 40 years ago, but is still almost unknown among scholars. The journal contains an interesting material on everyday life of all strata of society living in Damascus at the turn of the 16th century, especially those who are rarely mentioned in other examples of Arabic historical literature. The aim of the article is to make an analysis of Ta'liq and assess its value as a source in ethnohistorical studies on the Middle East during the Mamluk rule.

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A COMMUNITY IN DIRE STRAITS - SITUATION OF ETHNIC GERMANS IN SLOVAKIA DURING YEARS 1944-1946

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Olejník M.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2008

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vol. 11

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issue 1

-

EN

The tragic fate of German community was one of the tragedies, which were result of Hitler's policy of aggression and utter disregard for the human rights. Slovak Germans, similarly like other German communities living in Europe, became entangled in Nazi ideology and paid a high price for it. In many cases they became the victims of events, which were beyond their power to control them. When war ended, they were stigmatized as the enemies of Czechoslovakia and majority of them ousted from their homesteads to unknown fate. A continuity of life of community, which for centuries contributed to economic, cultural and social development of Slovakia, was broken. Today both sides - Slovaks as well as Germans are working together on revitalizing their common heritage.(http://www.saske.sk/cas/)

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THE SEPARATIST PERIOD IN SYRIA, 1961- 1963

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Sorby K. R.

Asian and African Studies

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2009

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vol. 18

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issue 2

145-168

EN

On 28 September 1961 a group of Syrian army officers rebelled and announced Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. A new government was hastily formed from conservative (reactionary) Syrian politicians. Jamal Abdannaoir initially contemplated intervening, but changed his mind when all resistance rapidly faded to the coup. It was a time for his many enemies both in the Middle East and elsewhere to triumph. Western governments were delighted, but equally the leaders of Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia did nothing to conceal their pleasure. However, pan-Arab emotion was a powerful factor in a further coup in Iraq on 8 February 1963. Syria's fragile government could not long resist the joint pressure from Cairo and Baghdad. Exactly one month after the Iraqi revolt, a military coup in Damascus swept aside all the men who had been in power since the break-up of the UAR.

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ROMANTICISTS AND SOCIALISTS - IN CONSPIRACY, IN PRISON AND IN EXILE. REMARKS ON THE ETHOS OF 19TH-CENTURY POLITICAL PRISONERS

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Chrostek M.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

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2008

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vol. 17

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issue 1-2(33-34)

33-69

EN

The paper presents various attitudes adopted by Poles in conspiracy, in prison and in exile in Siberia in the 19th and the beginnings of the 20th centuries, with special focus on the differences between the generation of the romanticists and the socialists. The problem is analysed on the basis of source materials: Polish literary texts which dealt with the motif of the conspirator, prisoner and exile (19th century), and the memoirs, letters and testimonies of Polish prisoners and exiles (until 1914). The two kinds of sources have been contrasted by the author. Before they were arrested, the romantic conspirators strived to incite a national rising. Despite repeated failures, new underground organizations were continually formed, driven by a belief that victory was attainable. Socialists could not hope that the ideas they voiced would prevail, as they operated in much more difficult conditions (isolation, resentment by society). In prison, the romantic conspirators frequently broke down as a result of brutal investigative methods, while the socialists showed more courage and kept silent. In exile, the romantic conspirators kept up their spirits, they cultivated high moral values, and worked to develop themselves intellectually and materially, thus preserving the good image of Poles and contributing to civilizing Siberia. After the January Rising of 1863-64, disputes and conflicts began to appear among them with regard to their material conditions and political views. A crisis in the ethos of the Polish exile was observed at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The socialists were at loggerheads with one another, and there was infighting between their various parties and factions; they were very irritable, intolerant and resentful towards the Russians. They also got very badly on with the Russian administration, because of the mutinies and constant resistance which they put up. Among the revolutionary youth morale was very low - there were cases of alcoholism, thefts and denunciation. The attitudes of the two groups of Poles involved in conspiracies in the 19th century showed differences between the stages of conspiracy and imprisonment (with the socialists coming out slightly better than the romanticists), on the one hand, and exile in Siberia, on the other, where it was the socialists who undermined the noble ethos of the Pole developed by the romanticists.

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Artur Eisenbach: a Historian and Employee of the Jewish Historical Institute

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Gutman I.

Zaglada Zydów. Studia i Materialy (Holocaust. Studies and Materials)

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2007

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vol. 3

221-226

EN

The author gives a profile of Artur Eisenbach, a long-serving employee of the Jewish Historical Institute, and its director during 1966-1968.

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MODERN HISTORY OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK STATE FROM A REVISIONIST POINT OF VIEW: MARY HEIMANN, CZECHOSLOVAKIA. THE STATE THAT FAILED

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Dejmek J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2011

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vol. 109

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issue 2

344-358

EN

This review article scrutinizes a history of Czechoslovakia from the pen of the British based, American born historian Mary Heimann. This review critically assesses some of the author's propositions, which relate to, for example, the politics of inter-war Czechoslovakia and its minority policy. She also investigates issues of the resistance movement, which fought for the restoration of the Czechoslovak state in the years following World War II. Dejmek observes that the book under review often overlooks the international context of certain events. At the same time he also comments upon the selective manner in which they are chosen as well as considerable gaps in the use of English and American works on this topic, which contributes to rather numerous factual mistakes in this historian's interpretation.

11

Polozapomenutý český historik střední a jihovýchodní Evropy František Hýbl

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Havlikova L.

Slovanské historické studie (Slavonic Historical Studies)

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2007

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vol. 32

297-310

EN

The authoress of the study gives a profound portrait of Frantisek Hybl (1875-1929). He studied history at the Philosophical Faculty of Charles IV University of Prague, where, under such masters as J. Goll, he was trained in the exacting methods (positivism). During his study he interested in the history of central and South-eastern Europe from the Antiquity and Middle Ages till the Modern Ages. The diversity of Hybl's life and career provides an image of his scientific work, which is, for all the hardship and anxiety, impressive. After finishing his studies he was a teacher in Moravia (Olomouc, Boskovice) and after returning in Prague he continued in teaching and in studying of the medieval and modern history of Slavic peoples (Czechs, Moravians, Bulgarians) and the politico-cultural relations between Byzantium and the Slavs on the one hand, and of the ancient history of Greeks and Romans on the other hand. His textbooks in this matter were very popular. Hybl prepared also several articles on the Bulgarian history and his top work in the field of medieval and modern studies is History of the Bulgarian people (Dejiny naroda bulharskeho I-II, Praha 1930) that thematically continued the same named K. Jirecek's work and has the crucial importance in the development of Bulgarian historical studies in the Czech Republic.

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Подражания римским фибулам с луковичными навершиями» в Балтии

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Kulakov V. I.

Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim

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2007

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vol. 48

251-266

EN

The subject of the article is a detailed analysis of form and design of fibulae occurring in Barbaricum at the close of the Roman period and in the time of the migration of nations, aimed at the establishment of their origin and function in the then barbaric societies, and especially in the Baltic region. The prototypes of the fibulae were used as emblems of Roman legionaries; the ornamental ones indicated higher (but not the highest) military ranks. Adopted and imitated by Germanic tribes travelled also to the Baltic region. The author proposes a hypothesis that the occurrence in this region of a late type of fibulae with bulbous terminals (Zwiebelknopffibeln) can be linked with the group composed of the representatives of various Germanic tribes - mentioned by Jordanes (6th c.) - known as Vidivari (which in the Gothic language stands for people of Vidi).

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MEMOIRS OF A VARSOVIENNE (Wspomnienia warszawianki)

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Proner-Pogonowska M.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

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2009

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issue 1(229)

45-80

EN

Maria Asterblum was born in Warsaw in 1897, used the name Proner after getting married, during World War II was in hiding, using the name Pogonowska, which she continued to use after the war. She died in Israel 14 July, 2009. In her memoirs written in Israel in the years 1995-2000 she describes her childhood and youth. She was descended from an assimilated bourgeois family that had weak ties to Jewish tradition. She was one of the first female students at the physics faculty of Warsaw University, revived in 1917. In the supplement, the authoress' daughter mentions her relatives which fell victims to the Holocaust.

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Kuzmiuk-Ciekanowska A.

Studia Źródłoznawcze. Commentationes

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2005

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vol. 43

19-26

EN

Christian is the monastic author of 'The Life of St. Wenceslas and St. Ludmila', also known as 'The Legend by Christian', written in Bohemia probably in 992-994. For many years he has been the source of a number of controversies. A thorough analysis of the sources, and especially the oldest lives of St. Adalbert (Wojciech, Voytech) and the 'Legend' itself, makes it possible to ascertain that the author came from the Bohemian Premyslid dynasty and was the brother of Duke Boleslaus II. Certain researchers, incapable of accepting that the son of Boleslaus I could have written about his own father in such derogatory terms, and basing themselves on a mistaken interpretation of Brunon of Querfurt, tried to prove that Christian was the uncle of St. Adalbert and originated from the Slavnik dynasty. The recognition of Christian as a Premyslid, which today no longer gives rise to any doubts, leads to questions about the reason why he had dedicated his work to a member of the Slavnik dynasty as well as the nature of the relations between him and St. Adalbert, which the 'Legend' depicts as extremely close. It also appears that the 'Legend' was the outcome of cooperation involving not only the monk and the bishop, but also Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia who was interested in propagating a cult of his dynasty's patron saint. This cooperation, probably inspired by Christian, a member of a mission dispatched to Rome in order to escort Adalbert, was rendered possible by the concessions made both by the duke (and expressed in an edict issued in 992) and the bishop, who consented to become the patron of the whole undertaking and to propagate the 'Legend'. Unfortunately, the death of the bishop (997) and subsequently of Boleslaus put a halt to a wider reception of this work.

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