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Logos i Ethos
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2022
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vol. 60
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issue 2
7-28
EN
In contemporary analytical philosophy of religion, there is a discussion devoted to the problem of divine hiddenness. The main question it raises is “why isn’t God more obvious?” This discussion has a part in common with the discussion going on under the heading “axiology of theism”. The main question is whether we should want God to exist. Situated at the intersection of these two discussions is the so-called “axiological answer to the problem of divine hiddenness”. This answer is contained in the statement that a world in which God is not fully manifest is better than a world in which God’s obviousness would be greater. In this article I will follow in the footsteps of the proponents of the “axiological answer” to the question of divine hiddenness. The subject of my interest will be the question “should we want to see God more clearly?” Thus, I will consider the problem, which can be classified in the area of the “axiology of the phenomenology of religion”. Guides on the way to finding an answer to this question will be analytical philosophers of religion, as well as Blaise Pascal and Joseph Ratzinger. I will take up the consideration of the epistemic situation in which “ordinary” human beings find themselves, and expand it to include a Christological thread. I will present arguments for the thesis that we should not want to see God more clearly. 
PL
We współczesnej analitycznej filozofii religii toczy się dyskusja poświęcona zagadnieniu Bożej ukrytości. Główne pytanie, jakie w niej pada, brzmi: „dlaczego Bóg nie jest bardziej jawny?” Dyskusja ta posiada część wspólną z dyskusją toczącą się pod hasłem „aksjologia teizmu”. Główne pytanie tej dyskusji dotyczy kwestii, czy powinniśmy chcieć, aby Bóg istniał. Na skrzyżowaniu tych dwóch dyskusji sytuuje się tzw. aksjologiczna odpowiedź na problem Bożej ukrytości. Odpowiedź ta zawiera się w stwierdzeniu, że świat, w którym Bóg nie jest w pełni jawny, jest lepszy niż taki świat, w którym jawność Boga byłaby większa. W niniejszym artykule pójdę śladem zwolenników „aksjologicznej odpowiedzi” na pytanie o Bożą ukrytość. Przedmiotem mojego zainteresowania będzie pytanie: „czy powinniśmy chcieć widzieć Boga wyraźniej?” Podejmę więc problem, który zaliczyć można do obszaru „aksjologii fenomenologii religii”. Przewodnikami na drodze do znalezienia odpowiedzi na to pytanie będą analityczni filozofowie religii, a także Blaise Pascal i Joseph Ratzinger. Podejmę rozważanie nad sytuacją epistemiczną, w jakiej znajdują się „zwykłe” ludzkie byty i rozszerzę je o wątek chrystologiczny. Przedstawię argumenty na rzecz tezy, że nie powinniśmy chcieć widzieć Boga wyraźniej. 
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Oczekiwanie

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EN
The essay discusses human temporal orientation towards the future and reflects on the ways of living the present moment. Pascal’s observations on a tendency, characteristic of the human being, to neglect the present is confronted with the selected literary works whose protagonists are engrossed in anticipating whatever is to happen in a distant, indefinite time.
PL
W eseju mowa jest o ludzkiej orientacji temporalnej ku przyszłości i o wskazaniach dotyczących życia chwilą obecną. Myśl Pascala o właściwej człowiekowi tendencji do zaniedbywania teraźniejszości skonfrontowana zostaje z wybranymi utworami literackimi, których bohaterów pochłania oczekiwanie na coś, co ma się zdarzyć w odległym, nieokreślonym czasie.
EN
In the article, I analyze the representation of Blaise Pascal’s thinking that was presented by the German philosopher and theologian Romano Guardini. This author explored Pascal’s philosophy in the 1920s and 1930s when Germany experienced a large wave of interest in Kierkegaard’s thinking, known as the “Kierkegaard Renaissance.” Guardini participated actively in this renaissance but was strongly opposed to using Kierkegaard’s philosophy as an interpretative key for reading Pascal. He was concerned that the fashionable philosophy of Kierkegaard would overshadow Pascal’s intellectual originality. I will try to demonstrate that Guardini did not entirely succeed in resisting the temptation of following popular trends and himself used Kierkegaardian concepts and topics when discussing Pascal’s thought. Thus we encounter in his works a specific image of Pascal that reflects in great measure contemporary intellectual tendencies.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 3
163-214
PL
„Nie szukałbyś mnie, gdybyś mnie nie znalazł” – inna pascalowska odpowiedź na problem Bożego ukrycia Jedna z wersji problemu skrytości dotyczy ludzi, którzy szukają Boga i martwią się, że Go nie znajdują. Mając na uwadze tak strapionych poszukiwaczy Boga, Blaise Pascal wyobraził sobie Jezusa, który mówi im: „Nie szukałbyś mnie, gdybyś mnie nie znalazł”. To właśnie nazywam Pascalowskim Warunkiem Ukrycia (PWU). W pierwszej części tego artykułu twierdzę, że PWU prowadzi do nowej interpretacji odpowiedzi Pascala na problem ukrycia, znacząco odmiennej od interpretacji Pascala u Hicka czy Schellenberga. Krótko mówiąc: dla każdej osoby, która jest przygnębiona nieznalezieniem Boga i która (z tego powodu) poważnie rozważa argument z ukrycia, PWU wykazuje, że ich własne cierpienie jest dowodem na to, że Bóg w rzeczywistości nie jest dla nich ukryty (ponieważ pragnienie Boga zostało w nich wzbudzone przez samego Boga). W drugiej części artykułu odkładam na bok pytanie egzegetyczne i staram się rozwinąć tę oryginalną strategię jako współczesną odpowiedź na jedną z wersji problemu ukrycia, którą nazywam „problemem pierwszej osoby”. Twierdzę, że strategia PWU oferuje wiarygodną odpowiedź na problem pierwszej osoby. W rezultacie nawet jeśli musimy uzupełnić strategię PWU innymi, bardziej tradycyjnymi strategiami (aby odpowiedzieć na inne wersje problemu), strategia PWU powinna być prawdopodobnie częścią pełnej historii o Bożym ukryciu.
EN
One version of the Problem of Divine Hiddenness is about people who are looking for God and are distressed about not finding him. Having in mind such distressed God-seekers, Blaise Pascal imagined Jesus telling them the following: “Take comfort; you would not seek me if you had not found me.” This is what I call the Pascalian Conditional of Hiddenness (PCH). In the first part of this paper, I argue that the PCH leads to a new interpretation of Pascal’s own response to the problem, significantly different from Hick’s or Schellenberg’s interpretations of Pascal. In short: for any person who is distressed about not finding God, and who (for this reason) seriously considers the Argument from Hiddenness, the PCH would show that their own distress constitutes evidence that God is in fact not hidden to them (because this desire for God has been instigated in them by God himself). In the second part of the paper, I set aside the exegetical question and try to develop this original strategy as a contemporary response to one version of the Problem of Divine Hiddenness, which I call the “first-person problem.” I argue that the PCH strategy offers a plausibly actual story to respond to the first-person problem. As a result, even if we need to complement the PCH strategy with other more traditional strategies (in order to respond to other versions of the problem), the PCH strategy should plausibly be part of the complete true story about Divine Hiddenness.
EN
In a state of existential anguish, Blaise Pascal asked himself a fundamental question: “What is man in infinity?” He tried to answer this question in his unfinished reflections, collected in Thoughts. The conspicuous existential features of Pascal’s anthropology, as well as the deeply personal and passionately religious character of his thought, call for a comparison with the two centuries younger, polemical Danish religious thinker and “founding father” of existential philosophy, Søren Kierkegaard. In my article, I will try to explain the affinity of these thinkers to each other and point out several parallels in their ideas, focusing especially on those fundamental moments in which this affinity is particularly reflected and which, at the same time, underline the existential dimension of their anthropology: the paradox of existence, the concept of distraction as a phenomenon of existential escapism, and the existential situation of choice/wager. Although this article is primarily aimed at revealing the common intersections between the two thinkers, I will conclude it by also highlighting the point where their thinking diverges most markedly: their different understanding of the relationship between faith and reason, where, in the direction of fideism, Kierkegaard shows himself to be a far more radical thinker than Pascal.
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Na pochybách. Pascal a Descartes

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EN
The opposition between the climactic thought of René Descartes and that of Blaise Pascal, although not very explicitly expressed at the time, is considered to be some kind of dispute between “reason and the heart.” An attempt at the relativization of these compartmentalizing poles brings the author of the study to a starting point that is common to Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and Pascal’s Pensées (Thoughts): the act of skepticism and radical doubt. Despite the differences in their skeptical pathways and their goals, the roots of the “systems” of thought of both philosophers grow from this act. The paper attempts to outline how the role of doubt can shape the problem of human knowledge, both on a general level and on the level of the highest, concrete knowledge of Divine Existence.
CS
Kontradikce vrcholného myšlení Reného Descarta a Blaise Pascala, byť ve své době nepříliš explicitně vyjádřené, bývají pokládány za jakousi rozepři „rozumu a srdce“. Pokus o relativizaci těchto škatulkujících pólů autorku studie přivádí k výchozímu bodu, jenž je společný Descartovým Meditacím o první filosofii i Pascalovým Myšlenkám: k aktu skepse a radikálních pochybností. Přes odlišnost jejich skeptických cest i jejich cílů vyrůstají právě z tohoto aktu kořeny myšlenkových „systémů“ obou filosofů. Příspěvek se pokouší načrtnout, jakým způsobem může role pochybností formovat problém lidského poznání, a to jak na obecné úrovni, tak v rovině konkrétního nejvyššího poznání Božské existence.
EN
The essay focuses on the survival of Pascal’s metaphors concerning the cosmic wasteland. It analyzes step-by-step the ways in which authors such as Immanuel Kant, George Milbrey Gould, Herbert George Wells, Thomas Henry Huxley, Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Vladimír Hoppe, Jacques Monod, and Eugene Thacker appropriated Pascal’s images of despair from the “eternal silence of infinite spaces”, which they have then used to develop their own arguments in favor of defending (or disparaging) the relevance of a human presence in the universe. The focus of the study lies in an analysis of these connections in the work of the Czech philosopher Vladimír Hoppe.
CS
Esej se zaměřuje na přežívání Pascalových metafor týkajících se kosmické pustiny. Postupně jsou v něm analyzovány způsoby, jakými si autoři jako Immanuel Kant, George Milbrey Gould, Herbert George Wells, Thomas Henry Huxley, Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Vladimír Hoppe, Jacques Monod a Eugene Thacker přivlastnili Pascalovy obrazy zoufalství z „věčného mlčení nekonečných prostorů“, které pak následně využili k rozvinutí vlastních argumentů ve prospěch obhajoby (či znevažování) náležitosti lidské přítomnosti ve vesmíru. Těžiště studie spočívá v analýze těchto souvislostí v díle českého filosofa Vladimíra Hoppeho.
PL
The text Symbolic and philosophical similarities between Jan Kasprowicz’s and Janis Rainis’ poetry presents the figure of Kasprowicz – a great Polish modernist, and Rainis – a Latvian poet and playwright, a man of the theater, author of numerous works for children and a recognized translator of the works of William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Gordon Byron, and Aleksander Pushkin. The analysis is directed toward the lyrical work of the Latvian and the Polish poet, emphasizing its symptomatic symbolism and philosophical influences (Blaise Pascal, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson) present in the phenomena of nature and love.
EN
The text Symbolic and philosophical similarities between Jan Kasprowicz’s and Janis Rainis’ poetry presents the figure of Kasprowicz – a great Polish modernist, and Rainis – a Latvian poet and playwright, a man of the theater, author of numerous works for children and a recognized translator of the works of William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Gordon Byron, and Aleksander Pushkin. The analysis is directed toward the lyrical work of the Latvian and the Polish poet, emphasizing its symptomatic symbolism and philosophical influences (Blaise Pascal, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson) present in the phenomena of nature and love.
Studia Ełckie
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2026
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vol. 28
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issue 1
23-38
EN
This article attempts to explain what love is. It compares two perspectives on love. Drawing on Blaise Pascal’s “Discourse on the Passions of Love” and Aristotle’s “Nicomachean Ethics”, two conceptions of love are analyzed (focusing on selected aspects). The author addresses topics such as: love and ambition (two main passions that don’t coexist well and weaken each other), man and pleasures, self-love, love and action, and love and reason. Among the conclusions drawn from this analysis, it is worth emphasizing that love and reason are inseparable; love cannot be faked. True love, therefore, is not a blind impulse, but a passion mediated and deepened by reason. Pascal’s reflection leads to a radical reformulation of the concept of love. It should not be understood simply as something that happens, but as a complex activity involving the highest human faculties.
EN
Undoubtedly, Heidegger’s concept of the history of being belongs among the most inspiring, but also the most problematic, themes of his entire intellectual work. At its analysis in the professional literature there often emerges the impression that, in the framework of his philosophy, Heidegger “overlooked” most thinkers in favor of his obvious “favorites.” The text presented here belongs to a series of thought experiments that attempt, together with Heidegger and an imaginary “on behalf of him,” to figure out how this or that supposedly “neglected” thinker would have figured in his conception of the history of being. Viewed from the point of view of time, it might seem at first glance that Pascal belongs to the epoch of the history of being, which Heidegger authorially associates primarily with René Descartes, labeling it with the term “perceptio.” However, upon closer and more careful reflection (Besinnung in German, a term by which Heidegger himself refers to his thinking “method”), it becomes clear that Pascal belongs – like Hobbes and Spinoza – more to the epoch referred to as “actualitas,” which is authorially associated primarily with Thomas Aquinas.
CS
Heideggerův koncept dějin bytí patří bezpochyby k nejinspirativnějším, ale zároveň i nejproblematičtějším tématům celého jeho myšlenkového díla. Při jeho analýze vzniká v odborné literatuře dost často dojem, jako by rámci svého konceptu Heidegger „opomíjel“ většinu myslitelů na úkor svých zjevných „favoritů“. Zde předkládaný text náleží do řady myšlenkových experimentů, jež se pokoušejí, spolu s Heideggerem a jakoby „za něho“, vymyslet, jak by ten či onen domněle „opomenutý“ myslitel figuroval právě v jeho koncepci dějin bytí. Nahlíženo z časového hlediska by se na první pohled mohlo zdát, že Pascal spadá do epochy dějin bytí, již Heidegger autorsky spojuje především s Reném Descartem a označuje ji pojmem „perceptio“. Při bližším a pozornějším zamyšlení (něm. Besinnung, což je pojem, jímž Heidegger sám označuje svou myslitelskou „metodu“) se však ukáže, že Pascal patří – podobně jako Hobbes a Spinoza – spíše do epochy označované jako „actualitas“, jež je autorsky spojována zejména s Tomášem Akvinským.
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Pascalova hlediska

70%
EN
The initial part of the paper deals with the situation of the knowing person in the context of the limits of knowledge. It focuses primarily on Pascal’s interpretation of the exhortation to know oneself, which will subsequently become the unifying motif of the entire text presented here. Although only Thoughts is discussed here, there presently follows a passage focusing on the broader context of this topic within the framework of the entirety of Pascal’s life and work. Following this part comes the primary analysis of the paper, which is dedicated to the question of how Blaise Pascal takes perspective into account in the context of knowledge. The given problem is first introduced by an excursion into Pascal’s reflections on two types of thinking (l’esprit de géométrie and l’esprit de finesse) and the ways of knowledge. The primary part of the analysis is focused especially on Pascal’s “observing,” where observation is focused above all on fragments in which the French philosopher takes into account the inconstancy of the human in the partiality of the point-of-view, emphasizes the instability of knowledge and its methods, uses the metaphor of painterly perspective and reflects on the (im)possibility of having truth. At the same time, Pascal’s reflections are supported by the approaches of some later thinkers – Friedrich Nietzsche and José Ortega y Gasset. Taking into account the promising nature of knowledge, and coming to terms with it, is identified as an expression of Pascal’s intellectual unpretentiousness and humility.
CS
Úvodní část příspěvku se věnuje situaci poznávajícího člověka v kontextu mezí poznání. Pascalova interpretace výzvy Poznej sebe sama je následně spojujícím motivem celého předkládaného textu. Ačkoli jsou zde probírány pouze Myšlenky, následuje pasáž zaměřená na širší souvislosti tohoto tématu v rámci Pascalova díla a života. Na tuto část navazuje ústřední analýza příspěvku, která je věnována otázce, jak Blaise Pascal zohledňuje perspektivnost v poznání. Danou problematiku nejprve uvozuje exkurz do Pascalových úvah o dvojím typu myšlení (l’esprit de géométrie a l’esprit de finesse) a o některých poznávacích schopnostech. Hlavní část analýzy je zaměřena na Pascalova „pozorování“ a věnuje se zejména těm fragmentům, v nichž francouzský filosof zohledňuje nestálost člověka v zaujetí hlediska, zdůrazňuje nestálost poznání a jeho způsobů, používá metaforu malířské perspektivy a reflektuje (ne)možnost mít pravdu. Zároveň jsou v této souvislosti Pascalovy úvahy podpořeny i přístupy pozdějších myslitelů – Friedricha Nietzscheho a Josého Ortegy y Gasseta. Zohledňování perspektivnosti poznání a vyrovnávání se s ní je identifikováno jako výraz Pascalovy myslitelské skromnosti a pokory.
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70%
EN
The text presented here is dedicated to the specific features of Pascal’s thought that Nietzsche pursued in his middle period – especially in the works Human, All Too Human and Dawn of Day. The key question that the author tries to answer is: How does Pascal’s tragic view of the world relate to the negative conception of freedom of Nietzsche’s “free spirits”? In his analysis, the author focuses primarily on the opposition between the concepts of the herd and the contemplative life, as well as on the motifs of distraction, boredom, and despair. Last but not least, the article analyzes Nietzsche’s concept of the strong and predisposed temperament, which he applies specifically to Pascal, Montaigne, and Nietzsche himself. In the conclusion of the study, the author attempts to prove the connection between the process of liberation and healing in all three of the above-mentioned authors.
CS
Předkládaný text je věnován specifickým rysům Pascalova myšlení, na které Nietzsche navazoval ve svém středním období – především v dílech Lidské, příliš lidské a Ranní červánky. Klíčovou otázkou, na niž se autor snaží nalézt odpověď, je: Jak souvisí Pascalovo tragické vidění světa s negativním pojetím svobody Nietzschových „svobodných duchů“? Ve své analýze se zaměřuje především na protiklad pojmu stádnosti a rozjímavého způsobu života, dále pak na motivy rozptýlení, nudy a zoufalství. V neposlední řadě analyzuje Nietzschův pojem silného a náchylného temperamentu, který aplikuje konkrétně na Pascala, Montaigneho i Nietzscheho. V závěru studie se autor snaží prokázat souvislost mezi procesem osvobozování a uzdravování u všech tří výše zmiňovaných autorů.
Świat i Słowo
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2020
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vol. 35
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issue 2
213-224
EN
The text Symbolic and philosophical similarities between Jan Kasprowicz’s and Janis Rainis’ poetry presents the figure of Kasprowicz – a great Polish modernist, and Rainis – a Latvian poet and playwright, a man of the theater, author of numerous works for children and a recognized translator of the works of William Shakespeare, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Gordon Byron, and Aleksander Pushkin. The analysis is directed toward the lyrical work of the Latvian and the Polish poet, emphasizing its symptomatic symbolism and philosophical influences (Blaise Pascal, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson) present in the phenomena of nature and love.
Principia
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2022
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vol. 69
37-55
EN
This essay attempts to weigh in on the problem of evil in politics. The starting point follows the political reflections of B. Pascal and M. Montaigne. Here, the history of philosophy is used to conceptualize the problems of the present and, in fact, those that are enduring. Thinking about the sources of power and a state’s legitimacy proves to be a universal meditation on human destiny and freedom when challenged by existential threats.
PL
Esej jest próbą rozważenia problemu zła w polityce. Punktem wyjścia są refleksje polityczne B. Pascala i M. Montaigne. Historia filozofii służy tutaj do konceptualizacji problemów aktualnych i w gruncie rzeczy nieprzemijających. Namysł nad źródłami władzy i legitymizacją państwa okazuje się uniwersalną medytacją dotyczącą ludzkiego losu i wolności w obliczu egzystencjalnych zagrożeń.
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