The aim of this paper is to examine population migration flows in relation to the eastern Poland and its economic situation. The empirical study refers to the period 2008-2010 corresponding to global financial and economic crisis which affected the intensity and directions of internal migrations in Poland. Ratio analysis, as well as taxonomical analysis was applied in the research
Objectives. The goal of this exploratory study was to examine whether locus of control significantly moderates the relationship between poverty and self-esteem. Participants and setting. The research sample consisted of 499 people (249 men) living in Slovakia. The sample selection was based on a representative quota for gender, age group and region. Hypotheses. It was hypothesized that poor people with low internal locus of control may view their economic situation as a result of their incompetence, cognitive skills, personality or other characteristics. This can devaluate their selfesteem more than in people with high internal locus of control. In a situation of high chance or high external locus of control, poor people may see their economic situation as a result of factors which are beyond their control. They may see themselves as unable to change their economic situation which can therefore devaluate their self-esteem more than in people with low external locus of control or chance. Statistical analysis. The hypotheses were examined using moderated multiple linear regressions. Results. In the present data, locus of control was not a significant moderator. The effect sizes in the relationship between poverty and self-esteem were small. Study limitations. The limitations of the present study are the lower reliability of the internality dimension of the Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale as well as the absence of meaningful covariates, e.g. duration or previous experiences of poverty or parental warmth.
SK
Cieľ. Cieľom tejto exploračnej štúdie bolo zistiť, či miesto kontroly moderuje vzťah medzi chudobou a sebahodnotením. Metóda. Vzorku tvorilo 499 ľudí (249 mužov) žijúcich na Slovensku. Výber vzorky bol reprezentatívny vzhľadom k rodu, veku a kraju. Hypotézy. Chudobné osoby s nízkou úrovňou vnútorného miesta kontroly by mali za príčinu svojej ekonomickej situácie považovať nedostatok vlastných zručností, kognitívnych schopností, špecifickú skladbu osobnostných alebo iných vlastností. To by malo následne pôsobiť devalvačne vo väčšej miere na ich sebahodnotenie ako u ľudí s vyššou úrovňou vnútorného miesta kontroly. V situácii s vysokou úrovňou vonkajšieho miesta kontroly alebo náhody by chudobné osoby mali za príčinu svojej ekonomickej situácie považovať faktory, ktoré sú mimo ich kontroly, a preto by to malo pôsobiť devalvačne vo väčšej miere na ich sebahodnotenie ako u ľudí s nižšou úrovňou vnútorného miesta kontroly. Štatistická analýza. K overeniu hypotéz boli počítané moderované viacnásobné lineárne regresné analýzy. Výsledky. Miesto kontroly nevystupovalo v analyzovaných údajoch ako signifikantný moderátor vzťahu medzi chudobou a sebahodnotením. Veľkosti účinkov pre vzťah medzi chudobou a sebahodnotením boli malé. Obmedzenia výskumu. Obmedzením sú nižšie hodnoty reliability škály vnútorného miesta kontroly dotazníka Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale ako aj absencia ďalších zmysluplných kovariátov, napríklad trvania chudoby, predošlých epizód chudoby alebo vrelosti rodičov.
The focus of the study is on contemporary concept of Facility Management (FM) that supports processes of management, especially real estate management. The study attempted to analyse the assumptions of standardization of real estate management within the FM concept. Analysis of the situation in the real estate market in Poland in 2013 showed the necessity of implementation of effective management, which concerns not only investment projects, but, particularly, the area of management of facilities and innovations, and taking measures aimed at increasing the value of real estate. The role and opportunities offered by certain contemporary methods of real estate management (benchmarking and outsourcing) have been discussed, particularly in terms of management of auxiliary processes. The study presented situation in the local construction sector and developer enterprises in Poland, particularly in terms of taking measures concerning formation of demand and customer preferences in the real estate market. The results obtained in the study were used to analyse situation in the market of real estate in Częstochowa, Poland, stimulated directly by tendencies observed in this local market and suggest the necessity of proper management of auxiliary processes, which will substantially contribute to improvement of enterprises’ operation.
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na sytuację życiową rodzin wielodzietnych. W badaniu zwrócono szczególną uwagę na sytuację ekonomiczną, mieszkaniową, a także kondycję psychiczną i wyzwania związane ze zdalną nauką w szkołach. Praca ma charakter przede wszystkim empiryczny. Prezentuje wyniki badań ilościowych rozszerzonych o katalog pytań otwartych. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań przeprowadzonych przez Związek Dużych Ro- dzin „Trzy Plus” wśród rodzin wielodzietnych w maju 2020 roku. Do analizy danych wykorzystano metody statystyczne. Sytuacja życiowa (w większości analizowanych wymiarów) większości rodzin wielodzietnych w okresie pandemii uległa pogorszeniu. Wśród najważniejszych problemów, z jakimi zetknęły się takie rodziny, były przede wszystkim: problemy związane z rynkiem pracy (zatrudnieniem, prowadzeniem przedsiębiorstwa) oraz sytuacją mieszkaniową (co z kolei powodowało pogorszenie kondycji psychicznej członków rodziny). Rodziny wskazywały jednak także na zacieśnienie relacji rodzinnych spowodowane przymusową izolacją i zwolnieniem tempa życia (brak dojazdów oraz zajęć dodatkowych i innych aktywności poza domem). W najtrudniejszej sytuacji były rodziny posiadające większą liczbę dzieci oraz mieszkające w mieszkaniach o małej powierzchni.
EN
The aim of the article is to show the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the living situation of large families. The study paid particular attention to the economic and housing problems, as well as the mental condition and challenges related to remote learning. The study was primarily empirical. The article presents the results of quantitative research extended by a catalogue of open questions, together with the results of research conducted by the “Three Plus” Association of Large Families in May 2020. Statistical methods were used to analyse the data. The living conditions (in most of the examined dimensions) of most families with many children deteriorated during the pandemic. The most important problems faced by such families were primarily related to the labour market (employment and running a business), and housing (related to a deterioration of the mental condition of family members). However, the families also indicated closer family relations, caused by forced isolation and slowed-down pace of life (lack of commuting, additional activities, and other activities outside the home). Overall, families with more children, and those living in smaller flats experienced the most difficult situation.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw rolnych krajów UE w dwóch różnych momentach czasowych oraz próba oceny zmian tej sytuacji w badanym okresie. Analizy przeprowadzono na podstawie danych FADN. Przedmiotem badań była sytuacja ekonomiczna, obejmująca potencjał wytwórczy, wyniki produkcyjne i ekonomiczne oraz wskaźniki fi nansowe. Na podstawie wybranych cech wykonano analizę skupień dla lat 2004 i 2013 oraz przedstawiono sytuację ekonomiczną utworzonych grup typologicznych. Stwierdzono, że w obu badanych latach w krajach UE można wyróżnić kilka typów rolnictwa. W badanym dziesięcioleciu zaobserwowano proces konwergencji w zakresie sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw rolnych w UE, a na procesie tym najbardziej skorzystały podmioty czeskie, a także estońskie i łotewskie.
EN
The aim of the paper was to present the economic situation of farms in the countries of the EU at two different moments in time, and to attempt to assess changes in their situations in the considered period. Analyses were carried out on the basis of FADN data. The object of the study was the economic situation, including production potential, production and economic results and financial indicators. Based on selected characteristics, cluster analysis was performed for 2004 and 2013 and the economic situations of created typological groups was presented. It was found that in both the given years agriculture in the EU countries can be divided into several types. In the studied decade, convergence in the economic situation of farms in the EU was observed. Most Czech, Estonian, and Latvian entities benefited from this process.
East-Central Europe being distinguished – despite different views – a geographical space does not constitute a distinct and coherent political, economic, social, and cultural space. Changes taking place in contemporary Europe, in particular those associated with integration processes mark a new, specific dividing line, different from that during the Cold War. It runs across the geographical, and, consequently, social, political, economic and cultural space of East-Central Europe. It is constructed by both different standards and indicators of social, political and economic life in that part of Europe and the specific shape of cultural identity. The research objective of the paper is to identify and analyze the “fracture” of social space in this part of Europe. It is assumed that social space is a complex, multifaceted construction. Especially significant seems to be the problem of the political empowerments of civil society and its limitations, the problem of the socio-economic situation, and the problem of cultural identity. It is also assumed that the EU’s political strategy currently being pursued, consisting in relinquishing the prospect of EU enlargement towards the east to include selected countries of the so-called post-Soviet area, contributes to strengthening “the fracture” of East-Central Europe. This is apparently the result of the European Union’s implementation of “A Europe of Projects” strategy, which is the measures undertaken under the European Neighbourhood Policy, Eastern Partnership, or Black Sea Synergy.
After 1793 Szadek was included in Kalisz department in South Prussia province. The department was divided into 18 districts, of which Szadek was one. Prussian government attached great importance to the development of cities. They were intended to act as economic centres. Szadek was situated away from main transport routes and was not supplied with sufficient warehousing infrastructure to stimulate radical capitalist transformation. The towns along arterial roads experienced fast development. Prussian government, though deriving increasingly high revenues from the annexed provinces, supported the development of crafts, industry and trade. During the period 1793/94–1808 Szadek’s population grew to 972 inhabitants (30.9% growth). The period of Warsaw Duchy was very demanding financially because of high costs connected with the military requirements. A garrisonon of Duchy soldiers was stationed in Szadek, which was a great strain on the town’s budget. It hampered municipal development projects, which could not be implemented until the period of the Congress Kingdom. Despite difficult conditions Szadek showed a growth tendency, although it was weaker than in the period of Prussian rule. In 1810 the population grew to 1149. The situation worsened drastically in 1812, with the passage of the troops of Great Army, and subsequent passage of Russian troops in 1813–1815, which affected all towns in the Kalisz department.
In 1810–1811 two delegations of the Lithuanian nobility visited St. Petersburg in an attempt to draw attention of the Russian authorities to the problems of the West Guberniyas. One of them was headed by Duke Xavier Drucki-Lubecki. His Memorandum, probably intended for Michail M. Speranski, provides insight into the main ills of the Polish Guberniyas. Lubecki outlined the principal directions of the desired reforms of the economic situation, the political system of the guberniyas, as well as certain institutions of Polish-Lithuanian law.
The paper examines the impact of development of agricultural sector on performance of the cooperative banks in Poland in years 1997-2004. The levels of the agricultural development and the economic/financial situation of the banks were assessed by using country-level and regional-level aggregate indicators based on the factor analysis. The research results show that the type of region (i.e. voivodeship and macro-region) has a statistically significant impact both on the aggregate indicator of agricultural development and the aggregate indicator of banks’ performance. As for the relationship between the agricultural development level and the economic/financial situation of banks, statistically significant correlations were found only for four out of sixteen voivodeships.
The main aim of the work was to identify the situation and present changes in the economic climate in Poland as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic. The sources of materials were the literature on the subjectas well es data from the Central Statistical Office. The work uses a comparative method, the indicators of the economic situation were used, the Gini concentration coefficient for the number of cases was calculated and the degree of concentration was presented using the Lorenz curve. Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients were also used. The descriptive, tabular and graphic methods were used to present the research results. The deterioration of the economic situation was found in all sectors of the economy, the greatest in services and industry, and the smallest in construction. There were also differences in the activities assigned to particular sectors. As a rule, larger enterprises were less affected by the economic crisis. The scale of the economic downturn in 2020 was greater than in 2008-2009. The economic situation during the epidemic was influenced by the administrative ban on conducting business activity and the possibility of remote work. Activities that were performed remotely gained or lost less. In the absence of such a possibility and the closure of the plant, there was no chance of obtaining satisfactory revenues. The greater number of cases in a given voivodeship was associated with better economic conditions and the demand for transport services, delivery of goods directly to homes.
PL
Celem głównym pracy było rozpoznanie sytuacji i przedstawienie zmian w koniunkturze gospodarczej Polski w wyniku epidemii COVID-19. Źródła materiałów stanowiła literatura przedmiotu, dane GUS. W pracy wykorzystano metodę porównawczą, posługiwano się wskaźnikami koniunktury, obliczono współczynnik koncentracji Giniego dla liczby zachorowań oraz przedstawiono stopień koncentracji za pomocą krzywej Lorenza. Zastosowano również współczynniki korelacji liniowej Pearsona. Do prezentacji wyników badań wykorzystano metodę opisową, tabelaryczna i graficzną. Stwierdzono pogorszenie się koniunktury gospodarczej we wszystkich sektorach gospodarki, największe w usługach i przemyśle, najmniejsze zaś w budownictwie. Występowały też różnice w działalnościach przypisanych do poszczególnych sektorów. Z reguły większe przedsiębiorstwa mniej odczuwały skutki kryzysu gospodarczego. Skala pogorszenia się koniunktury w 2020 r. była większa niż w latach 2008-2009. W czasie epidemii miały na nią wpływ zakaz administracyjny prowadzenia działalności oraz możliwość wykonywania pracy zdalnej. Te działalności, które były wykonywane zdalnie, zyskiwały lub traciły mniej. W przypadku braku takiej możliwości i zamknięciu zakładu nie było szansy na uzyskiwanie zadawalających przychodów. Większa liczba przypadków zachorowań w danym województwie wiązała się z lepszą koniunkturą i zapotrzebowaniem na usługi przewozowe, dostawy towarów bezpośrednio do domów.
Some problems of the governmental regulations in the agricultural sector are discussed. Basing on experience of the developed countries some directions of increasing the efficiency of coordination of the market mechanism in the agro-industrial complex and state support of this complex a suggested.
The paper presents the results of a study examining the stability of the grouping of Polish powiats (communes) in Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship in relation to the economic situation in the years 2007–2021. The aim of the research was to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic affected the economic situation of the powiats. The data used for the calculations were provided by the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland. On the basis of selected variables characterising the situation of enterprises and the labour market, as well as the financial condition of powiats, the values of the synthetic measure were determined for each powiat in the particular years. Subsequently, the powiats were grouped according to the three averages method (separately for each year). Based on selected similarity measures, the stability of the grouping of powiats was assessed year-to-year in the analysed period. The research demonstrated that the grouping was very stable, which means that in general the pandemic did not affect the economic situation of the powiats.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania stabilności grupowania powiatów woj. zachodniopomorskiego ze względu na sytuację gospodarczą w latach 2007–2021. Celem badania było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy pandemia COVID-19 wpłynęła na sytuację gospodarczą powiatów. Dane do obliczeń zaczerpnięto z Banku Danych Lokalnych GUS. Dla każdej jednostki wyznaczono wartości miary syntetycznej w poszczególnych latach z wykorzystaniem wybranych zmiennych charakteryzujących sytuację przedsiębiorstw, sytuację na rynku pracy oraz sytuację finansową powiatów. Następnie pogrupowano powiaty za pomocą metody trzech średnich (osobno dla każdego roku) i na podstawie wybranych miar podobieństwa oceniono stabilność grupowania powiatów w analizowanym okresie rok do roku. Wykazano, że grupowanie powiatów charakteryzowało się bardzo dużą stabilnością, co oznacza, że pandemia zasadniczo nie zmieniła ich sytuacji gospodarczej.
The assessment information to assess the current and future business activity, changes in economic situation. The expected production of goods and services in the next 12 months improved. In the second quarter of 2015, the inflationary expectations slackened. In Q2 2015, the negative assessments of the respondents on all aspects of the economic activity over the next 12 months became somewhat weaker. Enterprises reported again positive expectations about the increase in the next 12 months of both total sales and external sales. For the second quarter in a row the respondents have expected decreases in investment.
W niniejszym artykule Autorzy podjęli próbę oceny interwencji w sektorze rolnym w państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej z punktu widzenia uzasadnienia jej wahaniami koniunktury. Postawiono tezę, zgodnie z którą otrzymywane przez producentów rolnych subwencje nie służą korygowaniu sytuacji ekonomicznej gospodarstw spowodowanej zmianami koniunktury, która jest efektem dynamiki cen. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie 2005–2011 na podstawie analizy korelacji między wskaźnikami wsparcia rolnictwa publikowanymi przez Bank Światowy oraz syntetycznym wskaźnikiem koniunktury oszacowanym na podstawie wielkości uzyskanego/utraconego przychodu z tytułu zmian cen produktów rolnych. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników uprawniony jest wniosek, iż współczesny interwencjonizm w sektorze rolnym w państwach członkowskich UE pozostaje w oderwaniu od zmian koniunktury, przez co aktualnym celem wspólnej polityki rolnej jest nie tyle stabilizacja rynków, lecz zapewnienie odpowiedniego poziomu dochodów właścicielom gospodarstw rolnych, co jest możliwe dzięki świadczeniu przez nich usług pozaprodukcyjnych oraz rentom politycznym.
EN
In this article, the Authors attempt to evaluate whether the interventions in the agricultural sector in the European Union Member States is justified by the economic situation in the sector. There is a thesis, according to which subsidies received by agricultural producers do not serve in correcting the economic situation of farms resulting in the dynamics of prices. The study was conducted in the period 2005–2011. It is based on the analysis of correlation between indicators of support for agriculture published by the World Bank and the synthetic indicator of economic situation estimated on the basis of earned/lost revenue due to changes in prices of agricultural products. Conclusively, contemporary intervention in the agricultural sector in the EU Member States remains in isolation from changes in the economic situation. This makes the current objective of the Common Agricultural Policy not to stabilize markets, but to provide an adequate level of income to the owners of farms, which is carried out by the rents obtained for the provision of nonproduction services and political rents.
Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014 and then in 2022 was associated with an influx of immigrants to Poland, unprecedented in recent history, most of whom found employment in Poland relatively quickly. The article aims to examine the factors influencing employment and declarations regarding the intention to remain in Poland permanently among various groups of immigrants from Ukraine remaining in Poland. Groups of men and women were analysed, as well as the division into refugees (forced immigrants) related to the full-scale war that began in 2022 and previous economic immigrants. It has been confirmed that among all immigrants a very good knowledge of the Polish language has a positive impact on employment and declarations of settlement in Poland. However, the analyses confirm that the same factors often have different impacts on people belonging to different analysed groups. For example, knowledge of the Polish language was essential for finding work for female refugees. Still, it was not important to take up work by voluntary immigrants who arrived before the war. No negative impact of child benefits on the employment of forced immigrants was found, but in the case of previous immigrants, these benefits were associated with a significantly lower probability of employment. The differences in motivations of different groups of Ukrainian immigrants in Poland are important from the point of view of policies facilitating the economic integration of immigrants in Poland. They are also important for predicting the propensity for settlement migration in Poland or potential returns to Ukraine in the future.
Celem tego opracowania jest charakterystyka gmin o dużym nasyceniu ONW typ specyficzny strefa I oraz ocena funkcjonowania gospodarstw rolnych z tych gmin, na tle analogicznych gospodarstw z gmin spoza ONW, które prowadziły nieprzerwanie rachunkowość dla Polskiego FADN w latach 2016-2018. W pierwszej części opracowania dokonano opisu metody wyznaczania oraz charakterystyki obszarów z ograniczeniami naturalnymi (ONW) typ specyficzny strefa I w Polsce, które Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – PIB w Puławach (IUNG-PIB) wyznaczył na zlecenie Ministerstwa Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi (MRiRW) oraz Komisji Europejskiej (KE), w oparciu o wartości progowe wskaźnika waloryzacji rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej (WWRPP) i opracowanego w tym celu wskaźnika cenności przyrodniczo-turystycznej (WCPT). Obszary te obowiązują w naszym kraju od 2019 r. i obejmują 1233,7 tys. ha UR. W drugiej części opracowania dokonano oceny funkcjonowania gospodarstw rolnych z gmin o dużym nasyceniu ONW typ specyficzny strefa I (co najmniej 80% UR ONW typ specyficzny strefa I w powierzchni UR w gminie) na tle analogicznych gospodarstw z gmin spoza ONW, które prowadziły nieprzerwanie rachunkowość dla Polskiego FADN w latach 2016-2018. Ustalono, że gospodarstwa z gmin z ONW typ specyficzny strefa I na tle gospodarstw będących punktem odniesienia charakteryzują się m.in. mniejszą wartością kapitału, wyższym wiekiem ich kierowników oraz gorszą jakością użytkowanych gleb. Ponadto mają niższe produktywności czynników produkcji oraz mniejszy dochód w przeliczeniu na 1 ha UR i na 1 FWU, co ogranicza ich możliwości rozwoju.
EN
The purpose of this study is to characterize municipalities with a high share of LFAs (specific type zone I) as well as to assess the functioning of farms located in such municipalities against the background of analogous farms in non-LFA municipalities which kept accounts for the Polish FADN continuously in 2016-2018. The first part of the study describes the method of determining and characterizing areas with natural constraints (LFA) of specific type located in zone I in Poland designated by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – NRI (IUNG-PIB) on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MRiRW) and the European Commission (EC). These areas were determined on the basis of the threshold values of the Nature and Tourism Index (WCPT) and the Index for the Valorisation of Agricultural Production Area (WWRPP). They have functioned in our country since 2019 and include 1233,7 thousand ha UAA. The second part of the study presents the functioning of farms located in municipalities with a high share of LFAs (specific type zone I) (at least 80% UAA LFA specific type zone 1 in total UAA) against the background of analogous farms in non-LFA municipalities that kept accounts for the Polish FADN continuously in 2016-2018. It was found that farms located in LFAs are characterized by lower capital value, older farm owners, and poorer quality of used soils. In addition, they incur lower costs per 1 ha of UAA, have worse production effects and lower factor productivity. Moreover, they have lower income per 1 ha of UAA, and thus smaller development opportunities.
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