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1

APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC IN MEDICINE

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Jankowska D., Milewska A. J., Górska U.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2010

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issue 21(34)

7-24

EN

This paper presents the importance of logic in the medical field. Efficient and proper medical work is difficult without the knowledge of the rules of logic. Therefore, the paper will consider ways of implementing both classical logic and non-classical approach, e.g. temporal and fuzzy logic. The thesis will be supported by numerous examples illustrating how indispensable is the cognition of logic and showing how applying logic can effectively improve work in medicine.

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EVALUATION OF THE 2003-BASED POPULATION FORECAST OF THE CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE WARSAW AGGLOMERATION

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Kupiszewski M., Bijak J.

Studia Demograficzne

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2006

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issue 1(149)

68-81

EN

Demographic forecasts constitute an important information input for economic and social policies, as well as for a spatial organisation, which areas are crucial from the point of view of the Warsaw agglomeration. The paper aims at evaluating the recent population forecast of the Central Statistical Office for the period 2003-2030 in the context of the expected population changes of the capital city. The analysis concentrates on three elements of a forecast: the demographic data, the model of population dynamics, and assumptions on particular components of population change. Regarding data, it is argued that the current system of population statistics in Poland does not provide credible information on population stocks and structures, which causes a bias in the estimation of intensity of demographic events. As the main problem comes from the incompatibility of definitions, appropriate changes in legislation seem to be necessary. With respect to the model, the forecast should be prepared using a multi-regional model rather than the cohort-component method. The assumptions underestimate the role of migration (especially internal immigration to and international emigration from Warsaw) in the demographic development of the city. Hence, authors are of the opinion that the forecasted decline of the Warsaw population from the (underestimated) 1,688 thousand in 2002 to 1,532 thousand in 2030 is not realistic. It is argued that a population forecast for Warsaw should consider the specificity of the capital city and the whole agglomeration, which is an important migration destination for labour force from other regions of Poland. According to international standards, such a forecast should be made for the resident population. The 2003-based population forecast of the Central Statistical Office does not meet these criteria and thus can be hardly used for socio-economic policy purposes, spatial organisation, and development plans for the city and the Warsaw agglomeration.

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INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR LOCAL LABOUR MARKET - preliminary results of EURAREA project in Poland

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Golata E.

Studia Demograficzne

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2004

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issue 2(146)

30-65

EN

The paper presents results of unemployment estimation for small domains in Poland. The research was undertaken within the EURAREA project (IST-2000-26290), its main objective being to assess the effectiveness of 'standard' small area estimation techniques in the statistical systems of six European countries. Properties of indirect unemployment estimation at local labour markets in Poland have been studied for the proportion of ILO unemployed at two different levels of territorial division NUTS3 and NUTS4. The main objectives of the research were: to test how the standard Small Area Estimators would perform on Polish database and to determine their area specific properties, next to make evaluation for all areas, and to analyse of characteristics of the estimators' distribution and general estimators characteristics. The EURAREA approach of simulation using the 'standard' set of estimators is presented and applied.The properties of the estimators are discussed from the domain specific point of view and combining all areas. Conclusions drawn from simulation results can be synthesised as follows. The results confirm the basic properties of direct estimators: they are unbiased and have a high variance. Just oppositely, the indirect estimators have small variance but might be seriously biased when the assumptions are not met. The composite estimators serve as a compromise between the ineffectiveness of the direct estimation and a bias of synthetic approach.High values of relative estimation errors, which at the NUTS4 level ranged between 25-40%, seem to be unsatisfactory. Results obtained for NUTS3 are much better as the average value of the Relative Estimation Error does not exceed 25%. Nevertheless the measures of efficiency for small area estimation show an impressive gain in estimation precision when comparing with direct estimates. For NUTS4 the best results found for the synthetic and EBLUP estimators with area level covariates show the Mean Square Error about 85% smaller than the variance of the direct estimator. The gain obtained for NUTS3 level is also remarkable: it amounts to about 50% when applying the EBLUP estimator with area level covariates instead of direct one. However, estimation results are not stable for the area level as the analysis of the Relative Estimation Error distributions demonstrates. The biggest stability was observed for the EBLUP estimators. Their properties: rightward skewness, one peak and big kurtosis are also more preferable. The results of the study present the practical possibilities and benefits of adopting the techniques of small area estimation of unemployment in Poland.

4

Freedom fights and defence

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Zachar J.

Hadtudomany (Military Science)

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2004

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vol. 14

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issue 3/4

111-119

EN

The 300th anniversary of the Rakoczi War of Independence has drawn the attention of the Hungarian public to the mainstream of Hungarian military history in the socialist era. The author - in the light of the past events - highlights the role of Hungarian struggles for freedom in the defence of the country as a whole.

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LATVIA AND SOME ASPECTS OF THE GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE

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Ankrava S.

Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia

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2007

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issue 4(53)

7-12

EN

This paper discusses the process of the globalization of culture in the light of Pitirim Sorokin's cultural theory. Author of the paper draws parallels between the historical periods of the globalization process and Sorokin's three types of cultures: ideational, sensate and idealistic. The paper is produced on the basis of presentation given at the conference Culture Dialogue: Austria and Latvia's culture and literature in international and interdisciplinary discourse, held on 28 September 2006 in the Faculty of Modern Languages of the University of Latvia.

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BETWEEN SINFULNESS AND BEING CHOSEN. GOD-MAN RELATIONSHIP IN MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY (Pomiedzy grzesznoscia a wybraniem. Relacja bog-czlowiek w mitologii mezopotamskiej)

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Ulanowski K.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2010

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issue 3-4 (234-235)

141-154

EN

The understanding of the Mesopotamian civilization, especially the relations between humans and gods, is hardly known. The advanced and long-lasting studies have entitled us to establish the picture of a culture in which these relations where fundamental for its correct existence. From this perspective, the question of being chosen or rejected by gods is of great importance. This article seeks to find divine reasons for finding humans sinful or pious. Gods' attitudes are one thing, another one is how people obtained this knowledge. It is a question of communication between gods and humans. In Mesopotamian history, men treated gods with great respect and anxiety that was related to the definition of divine which can be rendered with an Akkadian term 'mellamu'. If one accepts such a division into two different worlds, could one find any notion of human disagreement for being totally subordinated? Is it right to talk about human disobedience or even revolt? Who from among animated beings was strong enough to object the powerful gods? This paper discusses the attitudes of heroes and kings who in their deeds challenged the 'perfect world' created for men by gods. Not only examples of gods' attitude towards humans are analysed but also the ways of human understanding of their own role in the world.

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TAXONOMY OF THE AGE STRUCTURE OF POLAND'S POPULATION (CITIES AND COMMUNITIES) IN THE YEARS 1988-2002 IN THE CONTEXT OF POPULATION AGEING

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Kurek S.

Studia Demograficzne

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2006

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issue 2(150)

78-95

EN

The article's aim was to create a categorization of the spatial population age structure in Poland, by the application of the Ward taxonomy method, in the context of population aging. To measure the regional differentiation in the advancement of the population ageing process and its dynamics, the following rates were used: the old age rate (the share of persons aged 65 and over), ageing index ISD and dynamic ageing index WSD. Five-year population age groups were used to define the types of taxonomic structures, which were then aligned from oldest to youngest based on the ageing indexes.The analysis for urban and rural areas was carried out for the census years, 1988 and 2002, and of the dynamics for the period 1988-2002. The Central Statistical Office provided the source data. Eight types of population age structure were recognized, both in the static and dynamic approach, which were characterized by a high spatial concentration. A more advanced ageing process was defined in the rural regions of central and eastern Poland. However a higher dynamics of the ageing process was noted in cities and, north and western parts of Poland.

8

Veřejné mínění o problematice českých dějin

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Pfeiferova S., Subrt J.

Naše společnost (Our Society)

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2009

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vol. 7

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issue 2

16-23

EN

The article of a mostly empirical character is drawn from archive data, from the sources of the Centre for Public Opinion Research, and from the first phase of the undertaking of a project of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic entitled 'The Sociological Research of the Historical Consciousness of Inhabitants of the Czech Republic'. The theoretical part of the text is based on the concept of collective memory, especially on the idea of the selectivity and changeability of contents saved in the memory. This article also presents quantitative data concerning the perspective held by public opinion on Czech history, and qualitative perspectives on historical consciousness attained through the use of focus groups.

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Aristophanes’s Entry onto the Contemporary Czech Stage between the Wars and during World War II

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Sipova P.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

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2009

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vol. 45

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issue I-II

34-48

EN

Since the end of the Second World War, well over eighty performances of Aristophanes's plays have been staged, meaning that ancient Greek comedy has become a permanent part of the Czech theatrical repertory. Over the course of more than eighty years, Aristophanes's plays have been staged almost every year, with four performances in different locations in the Republic being unexceptional. Lysistrata alone has been performed at least forty-five times since the end of the war, a figure comparable with performances of Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream. In the interwar period and during the Second World War the name of Aristophanes was associated with many directorial personalities, among whom Karel Capek and Jiri Frejka excelled, together with significant artists like Josef Capek and Antonin Heythum. Aristophanes comedy in translation by Ferdinand Stiebitz became the new novel material and a source of opportunities for the emerging generation of Czech avant-garde theatre; moreover, the stage performances on several occasions served as a pacifist manifesto (Frejka, Podhorsky) in difficult times of impending fascism.

10

Additions to the question of economic suburbanisation

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Koos B.

Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)

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2004

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vol. 18

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issue 1

59-72

EN

After the political-economic transition in Hungary the strict rules of the market economy enforced a rapid adaptation to these new conditions. One aspect of this adaptation is the re-examination of the firms' location. In consequence of this relocation the preceding high (urban) concentration of the economic activity has been reducing since the relocating firms prefer suburban location to rural or urban sites.

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THE ANALYSIS OF POLISH BENEFITS SYSTEM WITH THE APPLICATION OF MICROSIMULATION MODEL SIMPL (Analizy polskiego systemu podatkowo-zasilkowego z wykorzystaniem modelu mikrosymulacyjnego SIMPL)

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Myck M.

Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje

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2008

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vol. 11

87-107

EN

The author provides two examples of applications of SIMPL - the recently developed Polish microsimulation model. The model is first used to highlight very specific features of the Polish benefit system using stylised examples of households types and comparing their financial situation in Poland, Germany, and the UK. He then uses the model to analyse recent reforms of social security contributions and income taxes in Poland. Both the reduction in the SSC rates and an introduction of a child tax credit seem to benefit primarily households from the top of the income distribution. Households from the bottom income deciles seem to have benefited little from the recent reform package. The analysis shows that it will be difficult to address the problem of child poverty in Poland without reforming the system of benefits. Given the analysis in the first part of the paper, the author stresses that such reforms require a complex approach and must be conducted extremely carefully to account for their consequences on labour market incentives.

12

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN DEMOGRAPHY

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Fratczak E., Mynarska M.

Studia Demograficzne

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2007

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issue 2(152)

3-22

EN

Although the qualitative approach is not the core one in demography, demographers show an increasing interest in this type of research. An aim of this article is to outline the benefits of applying the qualitative methods in the population studies. The article starts from sketching the main characteristics of the qualitative methodology. The logic of the qualitative research process is presented and the possible procedures of sampling, data collection and data analyzing are described. Next, some examples of the recent qualitative research projects are given, which deal with the problems of population dynamics. We choose the ones that investigate the fertility and family dynamics, indicating what additional insights can be gained by adding the qualitative methods to statistical analyses. Our focus is on the two studies that explore the lowest-low and delayed fertility in the Polish context. We summarize the paper by delineating the main benefits of combining qualitative and quantitative methods in the field of population studies, strongly advocating such mixed approach for the future demographic research.

13

THE METAMORPHOSES OF OEDIPUS THE KING

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Stehlikova E.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

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2009

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vol. 45

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issue I-II

49-55

EN

The staging of Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus the King has a long tradition on the Czech stage. It was staged for the first time in 1898, and up today information about 60 productions has been collated in the database of Czech productions of ancient plays (see www.olympos.cz). In the last few years, the figure of Oedipus has gained new features in Czech theatres (especially in Prague). The turnaround began, in particular, in Miroslav Krobot's production at the National Theatre (premiere 22 February 1996). Another untypical Oedipus was staged at Prague's Divadlo pod Palmovkou (Under Palmovka Theater) on 22 May 2002 under the directorship of Lucie Belohradska. A further level in a certain disparaging of the figure of Oedipus was introduced by Jan Novotny's production at the Strasnicky Theater (premiere 22 June 2008). In these three cases we are able to see a gradual degradation of the complex figure of Oedipus, and perhaps we are not far from the truth when we say that Oedipus is being gradually demythologized on the Prague stage and is drawing nearer to today's unflattering form of political representatives with all their arrogance and incompetence.

14

Bizancjum w rosyjskiej mysli filozoficznej czasów romantyzmu

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Bezwiński A.

Slavia Orientalis

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2009

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vol. 58

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issue 4

463-480

EN

The acceptance of Christianity from Byzantium by Kievan Rus' meant that a specific model of county's functioning had to be accepted for long centuries. It was an alliance of ecclesiastical and emperor authority, the famous 'symhony' which appered in Rus', and later in Russia, as an increasing submission of the Orthodox to the country. The Russian philosophical notion which reached its intellectual independence in Romanticism had to deal with the Byzantium-Russia problem in some way. It was connected with searching for the identity of the Russians themselves and detemining the future. The first person to point out this matter was Nikolai Karamzin. A mature way of handing the problem was presented by Piotr Chaadaev who evaluated in a negative way not only accepting baptism from Byzantium, but also the consequences of it. The creators of the Slavophil doctrine. Aleksei Khomyakov and Ivan Kireevsky, approached the above in a different way. By analyzing the consequences of the Byzantine heritage on the development of Russia they were looking for positive elements. They stated that by accepting baptism and teachings from Byzantium Russia saved the true and pure Christianity. Simultaneously, a new Empire, Russia, was being built on the fall of an old Empire. The image of Byzantium in Romaticism has two dimensions. The first one is connected with the external functioning of Byzantium, and the second one includes the spiritual dimension - heritage in theology of the Church fathers. According to slavophils it became a part of the theological notion in Rus' and Russia.

15

PRODUCTION OF SENECA'S PHAEDRA IN PRAGUE

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Cadkova D.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

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2009

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vol. 45

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issue I-II

69-72

EN

Although the performance of Seneca's tragedies basically has no great tradition in the Czech Republic and Seneca is unknown to the general public as an author of tragedies, the team of Divadlo v Dlouhe decided to present a performance of his Phaedra. Thus a remarkable, even artistic performance was created, based on highly stylized movements and declamations, emphasizing the poetic nature of the text and experimenting with the theatrical space. The article provides a description of this performance.

16

FAMILY POLICY IN AUSTRIA: A LESSON FOR POLAND

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Fihel A.

Studia Demograficzne

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2007

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issue 1(151)

61-83

EN

The article presents contemporary family policy in Austria in the context of unfavourable demographic changes, such as the decreasing number of births and the increasing instability of marriage. The extended system of family benefits and the regulations on maternity and parental leaves, being advantageous to parents, make Austria one of the most family-friendly countries in Europe. However, until the 1990s, the Austrian government supported maternal care for children and women's withdrawal from the labour market by giving priority to the provision of cost compensation of women's economic inactivity. That policy turned out to be unadjusted to both labour market requirements and social preferences.Since the mid 1990s, several new family policy measures were implemented, aimed at promoting part-time jobs for mothers, or the use of maternal and parental leaves by both parents. However, underdevelopment of institutional care for children, as well as lack of flexible work patterns, make it still difficult, to reconcile work and family in Austria. Austrian experts proved, that the prolonged parental leave had only a temporary impact on fertility. Therefore, financial transfers, which compensate direct costs of children, should be supplemented by measures aimed at improving general conditions to make them more favorable for decisions about having children, like supporting employment of parents, especially employment of young mothers, developing child care services and family-friendly institutions, in general.

17

The effect of the IT revolution on the system of source research

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Hangya G., Kende G.

Hadtudomany (Military Science)

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2004

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vol. 14

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issue 3/4

87-98

EN

The intensive development of IT and the widespread use of computers have changed the research habits of experts, altered the strategies of research as well as the type of sources employed. As a result, the system of research sources will also change and the potential of scientific research of the Internet will be utilized more. The search engines created to search the incredible amount of information available on the Internet cannot keep up with the growth of the Internet. The authors see the solution to the problem in creating a modern research technique. The primary goal of the article is to demonstrate the theoretical model of this application (a certain expert system).

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MODELLING OF MORTALITY AMONG PEOPLE OVER 80 YEARS OF AGE

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Purzynski J., Gazinska M., Mojsiewicz M.

Studia Demograficzne

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2005

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issue 1(147)

30-49

EN

This paper addresses the issue of numeric calculations related to the modelling of the probability of dying within a year among people aged 80 years and over. According to 'The Force of Mortality between the Ages of 80 and 120' (A.R. Thatcher, V. Kannisto, J.W. Vaupel, 1999), the applicability of the following models were analysed: Gompertz, Weibul, Heligman-Pollard, Kannisto, logistic, and Coale-Kisker. After appropriate modification of the formulas, the authors achieved a better goodness of fit for the logistic and the Coale-Kisker models than that reported in the aforementioned publication. A hyperbolic-tangent model was proposed - being an equivalent to the logistic model - and it provides a much better goodness of fit for the empirical data.

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Zarzadzanie miejscami kultu religijnego w kontekscie rozwoju turystyki kulturowej

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Goral A.

Turystyka Kulturowa

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2012

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issue 1

19-34

EN

The considerations presented in the following article concentrate around the issue of the influence of tourism development on the process of preserving and passing on the spiritual values of religious cult sites with the example of chosen monuments inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The reflections were based on the analysis of the available subject matter literature combined with the study of cultural tourism management in sacral and sacred sites, mentioned above. The aim of the study - which included churches, temples and necropolises - was to understand how the development of cultural tourism influences the spiritual character of the sacred places of the World Heritage and what methods of protection are used in order to prevent them from losing their sacral dimension. Moreover, the aim of the mentioned project was to check if and how tourism stimulates the preservation and passing on of the spiritual values of sacral monuments. Based on the conclusions drawn from the collected data analysis, the author suggests the protection methods of the sacral monuments intangible character from the threat of rapid tourism development which, at the same time, ensure sustainable development of cultural tourism in those places.

20

SOCIAL WORK AND THE STATE (Praca spoleczna a panstwo.)

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Bukowiecki S.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2011

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vol. 14

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issue 3(52)

23-33

EN

The next (25) part of Cooperative Thought Library reminds of articles of two Polish professors: S. Bukowiecki's 'Social work and the state' and J. Kurnatowski's 'Solidarity', which appeared in 1929 in the 'Yearbook of Social and Political Sciences of the Free Polish University'.

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APPLICATIONS OF LOGIC IN MEDICINE